Ukukhula kwenkulumo-ze kahulumeni: Ukukhuphuka kokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho okubonakalayo okuxhaswe nguhulumeni

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• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• December 12, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Ukwanda komhlaba wonke kwenkulumo-ze esekelwa uhulumeni kuguqule ngokuphawulekayo isimo sedijithali, izinkundla zokuxhumana zibe inkundla yempi yemikhankaso yokuqamba amanga. Ohulumeni baya ngokuya besebenzisa amasu ayinkimbinkimbi afana nabantu abakhiqizwe yi-AI namavidiyo mbumbulu, okwenza kube inselele kumapulatifomu nakubasebenzisi ukuhlukanisa iqiniso nenganekwane. Lo mkhuba okhulayo awuthinti nje umbono womphakathi kanye nokhetho kodwa futhi uphazamisa ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe futhi uphoqelela isenzo somthetho sokuphatha ubuqotho bokuqukethwe kwedijithali.

Ukukhula kwenkulumo-ze kaHulumeni

Ngokusho kwe-University of Oxford's Internet Institute, imikhankaso yenkulumo-ze exhaswe nguhulumeni yenzeka emazweni angama-28 ngo-2017 futhi yanda yafinyelela emazweni angama-81 ngo-2020. Inkulumo-ze isiphenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile kohulumeni abaningi nezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Isetshenziselwa ukungcolisa igama lalabo abamelene nabo, ilolonge imibono yomphakathi, ithulise ukuphikiswa, futhi igxambukele ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2015, ambalwa amazwe asebenzisa i-bots yezokuxhumana kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe ukuze akhokhe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi imikhankaso ye-computational propaganda. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2016, inkulumo-ze yezokuxhumana inyukile, ikakhulukazi njengoba iRussia igxambukela kunhlolovo yeBrexit yase-UK kanye nokhetho lwase-US. Kusukela ngo-2022, cishe lonke ukhetho luhambisana nomkhankaso wokuqamba amanga ngezinga elithile; futhi eziningi zenziwa ngobungcweti.

Abaphenyi base-Oxford bagcizelele ukuthi ohulumeni namaqembu ezepolitiki batshale izigidi ekuthuthukiseni “amasosha e-cyber” ukuze bavale amazwi aqhudelanayo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Amaqembu amavolontiya, izinhlangano zentsha, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekela imibono kahulumeni zivame ukufakwa kulawa masosha asebenzisa i-cyber ukusabalalisa ulwazi olungamanga. 

Izinkundla zokuxhumana ezifana ne-Facebook kanye ne-Twitter zizame ukupholisa izinkundla zazo futhi zisuse la masosha asebenzisa i-cyber. Phakathi kukaJanuwari 2019 noNovemba 2020, izinkundla zisuse ama-akhawunti namakhasi angaphezu kuka-317,000 kuma-akhawunti e-troll farm. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi sekwephuze kakhulu ukuqeda lawa ma-akhawunti mbumbulu. Ohulumeni sebeba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emikhankasweni yabo, betshala imali kubantu abakhiqizwe ku-inthanethi abakhiqizwe yi-Artificial Intelligence (AI) kanye nokuqukethwe okuyinkohliso.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Okhethweni lukazwelonke lwango-2016 ePhilippine, owagcina ephumelele uRodrigo Duterte wasebenzisa i-Facebook ukuze afinyelele abavoti beMillennial futhi akhuthaze "ukuhamba ngokushisekela izwe." UDuterte, owaziwa ngendlela yakhe yokuphatha “i-iron-fist”, ubesolwa ngokwephula amalungelo abantu “empini yakhe yokulwa nezidakamizwa” yizinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa ne-UN Human Rights Council. Kodwa-ke, leli gama elibi lakhulisa umkhankaso wakhe wokhetho, ikakhulukazi ku-Facebook, inkundla esetshenziswa cishe amaphesenti angama-97 abantu basePhilippines.

Uqashe osomaqhinga ukuthi bamsize akhe ibutho lomhlaba wonke labantu nama-blogger. Ukulandela kwakhe okukhulu (okuvamile okunonya nokulwa) kwakuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Duterte Die-Hard Supporters (DDS). Lapho esekhethiwe, uDuterte waqhubeka nokuhlomisa i-Facebook, wehlisa isithunzi futhi wafaka ejele abagxeki abakhuluma amazwi, okuhlanganisa nentatheli eyawina uMklomelo KaNobel uMaria Ressa kanye noSenator weqembu eliphikisayo uLeila De Lima. Ukusebenzisa kukaDuterte izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuthuthukisa inkulumo-ze yabaphathi bakhe futhi athethelele ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okusabalele ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe kuyisibonelo esisodwa sokuthi ohulumeni bangasebenzisa kanjani zonke izinsiza ezitholakalayo ukuphazamisa imibono yomphakathi. 

Ngo-2020, abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yase-Oxford baqopha ukuthi amazwe angama-48 abambisana nezinkampani ezizimele kanye nezinkampani zokumaketha ukuze zihole imikhankaso yolwazi lokubulala izinambuzane. Le mikhankaso ibimba eqolo, cishe i-USD $60 billion ezinkontilekeni. Ngaphandle kwemizamo ye-Facebook nezinye izingosi zokuxhumana zokulawula ukuhlaselwa kwamapulazi, ohulumeni ngokuvamile banesandla esiphezulu. NgoJanuwari 2021, lapho i-Facebook isusa ama-akhawunti anezixhumanisi ezisolisayo zomkhankaso wokhetho kabusha lukaMongameli wase-Uganda u-Yoweri Museveni, uMuseveni wayenabahlinzeki besevisi ye-inthanethi abavimba konke ukufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo.

Imithelela yokukhula kwenkulumo-ze kahulumeni

Imithelela ebanzi yokukhula kwenkulumo-ze kahulumeni ingase ihlanganise: 

• Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwamavidiyo angama-deepfake akhipha imisebenzi “eyihlazo” okuthiwa yenziwa ngosopolitiki.
• Izinkundla zokuxhumana zifaka imali eningi ku-bot weeding kanye nokwakha ama-algorithms ukukhomba ama-akhawunti mbumbulu. Ezinye izinkundla zingagcina ziphushelwe ukuthi zamukele izinqubomgomo zokuqinisekisa ubunikazi zabo bonke abasebenzisi bazo.
• Izifundazwe ezigunyaziwe zivimbela izinkundla zokuxhumana ezizama ukumisa imikhankaso yazo yenkulumo-ze futhi zimiselele lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihloliwe. Lesi sinyathelo singase siholele ekwenyukeni kwezakhamizi zakubo ekwandeni nasekufundisweni.
• Abantu abasakwazi ukuhlonza ukuthi yimiphi imithombo esemthethweni ngoba imikhankaso ye-propaganda izoba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ikholeleke.
• Amazwe ayaqhubeka nokuhlomisa izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuze asole abamelene naye, axoshwe noma abavalele ejele.
• Izizwe ezitshala imali kumasu okuphikisana nenkulumo-ze, okuhloswe ngawo ukuvikela ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nombono womphakathi emikhankasweni yethonya langaphandle.
• Izikhungo zomthetho ezishaya imithetho eqinile kokuqukethwe kwedijithali, ezilwela ukulinganisa inkulumo ekhululekile nesidingo sokunqanda inkulumo-ze edukisayo.
• Ukungezwani kwezombusazwe kuyanda njengoba amazwe esolana ngokusabalalisa ulwazi olungamanga, okunomthelela ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezivumelwano zokuhwebelana.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uma izwe lakini liye labhekana nomkhankaso wenkulumo-ze oxhaswe uhulumeni, waba yini umphumela?
• Uzivikela kanjani emikhankasweni yenkulumo-ze exhaswe nguhulumeni?