Thina, abantu (ku-inthanethi): i-e-democracy kanye nekusasa likahulumeni kanye nokubusa

Umbono wethu ngohulumeni kanye nendlela asebenza ngayo ubulokhu usekelwe kuzo zonke lezo zifundo ze-Civics: sisebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota ukuze sithumele othile ozomela izintshisekelo zethu, enze imithetho yobuciko, futhi ayisebenzise ezingeni lendawo noma likazwelonke. Nakuba uhlelo mhlawumbe lusebenze sonke lesi sikhathi (naphezu kokubhikisha okukhulu kwakamuva kwabanye), aluphelele neze.

Kukhona labo abazwa sengathi iphimbo labo alizwakali, noma ngabe bayingxenye yedlanzana noma cha; ngesinye isikhathi udaba abaluzwa kakhulu lubonakala lungekho eduze kwerada yosopolitiki abakhethiwe. Futhi iningi lawo wonke umuntu unalo mbono kahulumeni njengaleli qembu elibusayo—futhi umuntu kufanele enze izinqubo ze-labyrinthine ezenza ukuveza umbono kungakufanelekeli. Kwabaningi, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokunganeliseki iwukuba bavele bavote laba 'bameleli' baphume esikhundleni—kodwa yini eyenzekayo, okwamanje, ngaphambi komjikelezo wokhetho olandelayo?

Ubuchwepheshe bushintsha imodeli, ngoba buye bathatha izinto ezaziwumgomo kahulumeni ngokwesiko futhi lokhu kwanikeza izakhamizi ngqo: ukufinyelela olwazini kanye nezindlela zokuhlanganisa umphakathi. Njengezakhamuzi zekhulu lama-21, manje sesinolwazi olutholakalayo ngokuthinta noma ngokuswayipha ngomunwe. Ngalokhu kufinyelela olwazini kufika ukuphuthuma ukukhuluma ngakho—futhi ubuchwepheshe businike izinkundla zokungena ku-inthanethi ukuze siveze umbono, siqoqe ukuvumelana futhi sihlanganise umphakathi. Yilokhu kuguquguquka kwamandla ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nemidiya emisha okuwumgogodla wesenzo i-e-democracy.

UTeresa Harrison unguSolwazi wezokuXhumana kanye noFaculty Fellow e-Center for Technology in Government eNyuvesi e-Albany. Ukholelwa ukuthi yilokhu kusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kanye nolwazi olunamandla okuthuthukisa nokwenza ngcono izinqubo nezinqubo zentando yeningi.  

"Labo abathanda intando yeningi ye-elekthronikhi ngokuvamile bagxile ekutheni amathuluzi edijithali akhona afana nenkundla yezokuxhumana angadala kanjani noma aqhubekisele phambili imikhuba emisha yentando yeningi ngaphandle kokuvota noma imibukiso ebonakalayo," kusho uSolwazi Harrison. "Imithombo yezindaba emisha ikhulise imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, ukubhuloga kanye nezicelo ze-inthanethi njengezibonelo zendlela abantu abangaveza ngayo imibono yabo futhi bafune ushintsho."

Izikhungo zikahulumeni sezivele zisebenzise amakhono ezobuchwepheshe ukuze zisebenze kangcono izifunda zazo: izinsiza eziningi zikahulumeni seziyatholakala futhi zilethwa nge-inthanethi. Ngokufanayo, ukusabalalisa ulwazi ku-inthanethi kungafinyelela abantu abaningi, ngokushesha okukhulu; izikhungo zikahulumeni manje zinawo futhi zilawula ama-akhawunti e-Facebook noma izibambo ze-Twitter.

USolwazi Harrison ukholelwa ukuthi izikhungo “ezijwayelekile” manje sezivumelana nezimo: “Ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni (manje) zisebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuxhumana nomphakathi… ikhava kanye nokuthi zingakanani izinsiza ongazisebenzisa ekuzihlanganiseni.”

Amathuba adlulela ngalé kokucubungula imibhalo ku-inthanethi, noma ukubuyekeza idolobha ngemithetho yakamuva kamasipala: kuthiwani uma izakhamizi ngazinye noma imiphakathi ingasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze ixhumane nohulumeni ngokuqondile—ukuze ube nezwi lokuthi yiziphi izincwadi okufanele zicutshungulwe, noma lokho Izimiso kufanele ziqukathe?

Ukukhuluma, nokubandakanya wonke umuntu engxoxweni

Ukukhululeka okulinganiselwe abantu manje abangabeka ngakho imibono yabo kubalulekile emcabangweni we-e-democracy, ngoba lokhu kushintsha indlela abazibona ngayo, kusukela ezibukelini kuya kubahlanganyeli abanamandla ohlelweni lwentando yeningi. Ukuba khona kwendawo eku-inthanethi kungakhomba amanye amalungu omphakathi anentshisekelo, angaphinde azibandakanye futhi aphendule. 

U-Sharna Quirke ufunde ukuthi ohulumeni emazingeni asekhaya nawezwe basebenzise kanjani ubuchwepheshe ukuze baqhubekisele phambili ukuxoxisana nababambisene nabo. Ubona le nkulumo yomphakathi nohulumeni ibalulekile ku-e-democracy:

“Abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekuvezeni umbono wabo ngoba kulula ukukwenza lokho usebenzisa i-laptop noma i-tablet futhi kungenzeka ukuthi uzwakale noma ubonakale. Ngaphambilini, bekufanele ubhalele umhleli wephephandaba incwadi noma ubhalele iLungu lakho lePhalamende incwadi, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuthi iyafundwa, ingasashicilelwa. Kodwa uma ubeka umbono wakho kubhulogi, noma ingxoxo eku-inthanethi noma nge-Twitter, awutholi nje kuphela indlela eyanelisa yokukhuluma, ungase wenze nabanye abantu babe nesithakazelo (kulezi zinkinga).”

Ngisho noma ubuchwepheshe bedijithali bubonakala bugcwele usuku nosuku, ukusebenzelana kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi kusalokhu kufana: ulwazi luphathwa futhi lucutshungulwe nguhulumeni ngaphambi kokusakazwa emphakathini. Ukuveza imizwa noma impendulo, isakhamuzi sidlula eziteshini ezisemthethweni futhi silindele impendulo. Ukuhwebelana empeleni kuyizindlela ezimbili, phakathi kukahulumeni nesakhamuzi esithintekayo.

I-e-Democracy iphendula lezi zingxoxo zibe imodeli ebandakanya wonke umuntu, njengoba uNksz. Quirke echaza, imvelo engunxantathu kakhudlwana. Ekwakheni leyo ndawo eku-inthanethi lapho abanye emphakathini bengabamba iqhaza futhi babambe iqhaza engxoxweni. Lokhu kuqwashiswa kwemibono yabanye kudala ukuqonda okukhulu, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu kuthuthukisa ukungafihli ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo zezombusazwe.

Ukukhuphuka kosopolitiki kungase kuqhubeke. Nakuba izikhulu ezikhethwe ngokufanele ngokombono zimele izintshisekelo zomphakathi, ukuba nezinhlelo zezombangazwe ezihlukene kungase kucheme lokhu kumelwa. Usosayensi wezombangazwe u-Aries Arugay uchaza lokhu ngokuthi "izindleko zokuthengiselana", lapho isikhulu sithatha lezi zithakazelo futhi sizilungise ukuze zifezeke ngenxa yezombangazwe. UDkt. Arugay ukholelwa ukuthi isakhamuzi esinolwazi, nesinolwazi singanciphisa, uma singaziqedi ngokuphelele, lezi zindleko. 

“Yize la ma-ejenti esenamandla ezepolitiki, izakhamizi manje sezingakwazi ukusebenzisa izwi (lazo), zifune ukuthi izinto zibe sobala, noma zicindezele ohulumeni ukuthi baphendule (ngobuchwepheshe) ... ,” kusho uDkt. Arugay. 

Ukuzibandakanya kufana nokubamba iqhaza: ukuthi i-e-democracy isebenza kanjani

Njengoba abaningi bethu sisebenzisa amathuluzi aku-inthanethi nezinkundla zokuxhumana, ohulumeni manje sebefuna izindlela zokusebenzisa lezi zimo zengqondo eziguqukayo. Ukubona lokhu kuguquguquka kokuthi imiphakathi ifuna ukuzibandakanya kanjani nokubamba iqhaza kugqugquzele ubambiswano oluningi lwemikhakha eminingi olubheka ukuthi izinqubo ze-inthanethi zingasetshenziswa kanjani ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zentando yeningi.

IZINHLELO ze-e-DEMOCRACY ESESEBENZA EMHLABENI WONKE:

• Ngo-2011, i-Obama Administration yenza ingosi ye-inthanethi, engahlangene neqembu elithi "We the People" (WtP) lapho izakhamuzi zingathumela khona izicelo zazo ngokuqondile. Impendulo zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60 iyabanjiswa kunoma yisiphi isicelo esithole amasignesha angaphezu kuka-100,000.  https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/
• Ukubona izicelo ezigcinwe kungobo yomlando ngesikhathi sokuphatha kuka-Obama: https://petitions.obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/
• Uhulumeni wobumbano waseCanada unengosi efanayo, ethembisa impendulo zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-45:  https://petitions.parl.gc.ca/en/Home/Index
• I-Center for e-Democracy in Canada ibiqhuba i-Internet Voting Project, ebifunda izimo zengqondo kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuvota nge-inthanethi phakathi nokhetho. Amaphrojekthi okulinga asungulwe komasipala abakhethiwe base-Ontario:  https://www.internetvotingproject.com/
• I-Crowdsourcing yasetshenziswa e-Iceland ukunquma ukumelwa kwezinguquko zomthethosisekelo njengempendulo enkingeni yezomnotho yango-2009.

• Izinhlelo eziku-inthanethi zasungulwa uhulumeni wasekhaya wase-Milton Keynes, e-UK ukuze kwandiswe ukubamba iqhaza kwentsha emisebenzini yezombangazwe neyomphakathi, okwabe sekunwetshwa ekubonisaneni nezakhamizi eziku-inthanethi mayelana nezinhlelo zokuthutha umphakathi kanye nentuthuko yasemadolobheni.

Uhulumeni kufanele abuyisele ngokuzithandela isifiso sezakhamizi sokuzibandakanya—futhi ukwenza lokhu kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-inthanethi kube nemiphumela ebonakalayo. USolwazi Harrison ucaphuna ingosi yezikhalazo eku-inthanethi ye-Obama Administration ethi “We the People” (WtP) njengendawo esunguliwe yokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamizi zakhe. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, i-WtP iqoqe amasiginesha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 zezikhalazo ezahlukene ezingu-480,000, ezihlanganisa izindaba ezivela kumalungelo omphakathi ukuya kwezokuphepha kwezwe, kuya ekuguqulweni kukahulumeni. KuDkt. Harrison, i-WtP iyisibonelo sendlela ekhiqiza intshisekelo nokubamba iqhaza ngempumelelo, futhi leyo ekhuthaza ukusebenzelana okuqondile okungananoma yikuphi ukulamula kweqembu lezepolitiki, noma inhlangano yabezindaba:

“Izicelo ze-elekthronikhi yinto ethokozisayo yentando yeningi ngoba yenza izakhamizi ezijwayelekile zikwazi ukuveza imibono yazo futhi ziqoqe ukwesekwa… singathanda ukusho ukuthi i-WtP ibe nomthelela emigomeni ethile ye-Obama Administration. Yebo, akekho owaziyo ukuthi i-WtP ingaba namuphi umphumela esikhathini esizayo, kodwa okwamanje isatholakala ku-Trump Administration. "

Ingabe siyalibona ikusasa lapho imiqondo nokusebenza kwe-e-democracy kungezona nje izimpendulo ezindabeni ezihlonziwe, kodwa njengezingxenye ezigxilile ohlelweni lwezepolitiki? UNksz. Quirke ukholelwa ukuthi uma sekunokuqonda kangcono ukuthi izinhlelo eziku-inthanethi zinethonya kanjani ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo kanye nokulethwa kwezidingo, lokhu kungase kube njalo:

"Ushintsho lwesiko luyadingeka kokubili emazingeni okuphatha kanye nezombusazwe kahulumeni," uNksz Quirke uyahlongoza, "ukuze izinhlelo eziku-inthanethi zisetshenziswe ngokuhambisana nezindlela ezivamile zokuxoxisana ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, futhi kancane kancane zikhishwe ukuze kukhulunywe ngezihloko eziningi. noma izingxabano.”

USolwazi Harrison uyavuma ukuthi ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kufanele kube nokuzimisela okuhambisanayo kwabaholi nezikhungo zokufunda le ndlela entsha 'yokulalela' nokuxhumana nomphakathi we-inthanethi, nge-caveat ebalulekile: "Lokhu ngeke kusho ukulalela kuphela amazwi aphezulu nanamandla," uyaxwayisa, "ukugwema ukucwaswa emphakathini wamanje kudinga ukuthi sithole izindlela zokwenza ukuthi wonke umuntu akwazi ukufinyelela, futhi sibheke izindlela zokuxazulula ukungqubuzana nokuhlukunyezwa, okwenzeka ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ngendlela yokuhlukumeza. , ubuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi nokunye okunjalo.”