Ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengcupheni yokushabalala nezingasekho: Ingabe ekugcineni singayibuyisa i-wolly mammoth?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• July 20, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi ivusa isithakazelo ekuhlanganiseni izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala nezingasekho ukuze kubuyiselwe imvelo. Nakuba le biotechnology inikeza izinzuzo ezingaba khona, ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuguquguquka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nezingqinamba zokuziphatha kuyaqhubeka. Imithelela ebanzi ihlanganisa ukwanda kokumela amalungelo ezilwane, isabelo-mali sikahulumeni sokucwaninga ngezakhi zofuzo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-cloning ezitshalweni nakubantu ngenjongo yokongiwa.

Ukwenza ingqikithi yezilwane ezisengozini nezingasekho

Njengoba amakhono obuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo i-CRISPR ithuthuka, umphakathi wesayensi uhlola amandla okwenza izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala nezingasekho. Le ndlela ihlose ukubuyisela lezi zinhlobo ezindaweni zazo zemvelo, kube nesandla ekubuyiselweni nasekulinganiseni kwezinhlelo zemvelo. Esimweni esiphawulekayo, izazi ze-paleontologists eNyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina zathola izinsalela zama-dinosaur ngo-2021, ezazihlanganisa namaseli agcinwe ngendlela emangalisayo. Nakuba lokhu okutholakele kubalulekile, ukusebenza kwe-cloning izibankwakazi kusalokhu kungatshazwa, kodwa umqondo uvula iminyango kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.

Umqondo wokusebenzisa i-cloning ukuze usize emizamweni yokongiwa kwemvelo awuyona nje ithiyori. Ekuthuthukisweni kwentuthuko, i-US Fish and Wildlife Service ibike ukwenziwa ngempumelelo kwe-black-footed ferret ngo-2021. Le mpumelelo yenziwe yaba nokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa isampula yethishu efriziwe egcinwe e-San Diego Zoo. Ukubuyiselwa kwama-ferrets anezinyawo ezimnyama endle kungathuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kwe-ecosystem, okubalulekile empilweni yazo nokuzinza.

Lokhu kuthambekela kwe-biotechnology kubangela imithelela eminingi emphakathini nasendaweni ezungezile. Nakuba inikeza indlela entsha yokongiwa kwemvelo, ukucatshangelwa kokuziphatha kanye nemvelo kuyavela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubuyiselwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo kungase kuphazamise izimiso zemvelo ezikhona noma kubangele imiphumela engalindelekile. Ukwengeza, ukufinyeleleka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokulawulwa kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngendlela efanele. 

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo okuhloswe ngaso ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane buveza umbono oyingqayizivele wokubhekana nezinselele zesimanje. Okunye okuphoqayo kokusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe ukuhlanganiswa okungenzeka kwe-woolly mammoth DNA nendlovu yase-Asia, isihlobo sazo esiseduze kakhulu esiphilayo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo kungase kuhlomise izindlovu zase-Asia ikhono lokukhula ezindaweni ezibandayo, kunciphise ukuncika kwazo endaweni eyandayo enomswakama neyomile esengozini ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela wemvelo wama-mammoth woboya, ohilela ukwakhiwa kwama-tundra emathafeni ngokugawulwa kwezihlahla, unamandla okuthuthukisa ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni, ukuncintisana ngisho namahlathi emvula.

Kodwa-ke, abagxeki baphakamisa ukukhathazeka okufanelekile mayelana nokusebenza kokubuyisela izinhlobo zezilwane ezingase zingasakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nendawo yamanje, okungase kuphumele ekuhloleni okuhlulekile. Inkinga yezimiso zokuziphatha yokugcina lezo zinhlobo zezilwane ziboshiwe noma ukuzixhaphaza ukuze ziboniswe esidlangalaleni nazo zinkulu. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, abasekeli balo batusa ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamathuba angenamkhawulo wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. 

Ohulumeni nezinkampani ze-biotech kungase kudingeke babhekane nebhalansi ebucayi phakathi kwentuthuko yesayensi kanye nesibopho sokuziphatha. Izinzuzo ezingaba khona, kusukela ekwehliseni izinsongo zemvelo kuye ekwandiseni ukuqonda kwethu izakhi zofuzo, akunakuphikwa. Kodwa-ke, ukungaqiniseki kanye nokukhathazeka okuphathelene nokuziphatha okuphathelene nokuvuswa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezashabalala kudinga indlela elinganiselwe, egcizelela ukucutshungulwa kwesayensi okuqinile, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo okucatshangelwayo, nokuxhumana nomphakathi.

Imithelela yokwenza izilwane ezisengozini nezingasekho

Imithelela ebanzi yokwethulwa kabusha kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala nezingasekho endle ingase ihlanganise:

• Izishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane zinxenxa imithetho ecacile namalungelo ezilwane ezifuywayo, okuhlanganisa nendlela yokusingatha “ukuhlola okuhlulekile.”
• Ohulumeni basebenzisa kancane kancane isabelomali sonyaka ekuqothulweni kwezilwane zomdabu.
• Amazoo akha amalabhorethri ahlanganisayo aklanyelwe ukuqoqa, ukugcina, nokuphatha amasampula e-DNA futhi enze izinqubo zokuhlanganisa njengoba kudingeka.
• Ososayensi bofuzo benza uhlobo oluthile lwezinhlobo ezidumile ngezinjongo zemfundo noma zokuzijabulisa, okuhlanganisa ama-dinosaurs amancane nezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile.
• Ukwenyuka kokuqashwa kweziqiwi emhlabeni wonke njengezilwane ezifuywe zibuyiselwa endle kancane kancane.
• I-cloning efanayo kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezisengcupheni yokushabalala ezingabuyiselwa ngezinjongo ezifanayo ezilwaneni ezashabalala.
• I-cloning efanayo kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR isetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni abantu.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ucabanga ukuthi izinhlobo ezingasekho kufanele zibuyiselwe endle?
• Ucabanga ukuthi ohulumeni bazozilawula kanjani izilwane ezifuywayo?