Mphamvu ya Dzuwa ndi kukwera kwa intaneti yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P4

Tayankhula za kugwa kwa mphamvu zonyansa. Tayankhula za mapeto a mafuta. Ndipo tangolankhula za kuwuka kwa magalimoto a magetsi. Kenako, tikambirana za mphamvu zomwe zimachititsa kuti zinthu zonsezi zisinthe—ndipo zakonzedwa kuti zisinthe dziko monga tikudziwira m’zaka ziwiri kapena makumi atatu zokha.

Pafupifupi zaulere, zopanda malire, zoyera, mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso.

Ndi chinthu chachikulu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mndandanda wonsewu ufotokoza zomwe zikuchitika komanso matekinoloje omwe angasinthe anthu kuchoka kudziko lopanda mphamvu kupita kudziko lokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pomwe akufotokoza momwe izi zidzakhudzire chuma chathu, ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku. Izi ndi zinthu zamutu wokongola, ndikudziwa, koma musadandaule, sindiyenda mwachangu momwe ndikuwongolera.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mawonekedwe odziwikiratu a mphamvu pafupifupi zaulere, zopanda malire, zoyera, zongowonjezedwanso: mphamvu ya dzuwa.

Dzuwa: chifukwa chiyani zimagwedezeka komanso chifukwa chake sizingapeweke

Pakalipano, tonse tikudziwa bwino za mphamvu ya dzuwa: timatenga mapanelo akuluakulu otengera mphamvu ndikuwalozera ku gwero lalikulu kwambiri la solar system (dzuwa) ndi cholinga chosintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi ogwirika. Mphamvu zaulere, zopanda malire, komanso zoyera. Zikumveka zodabwitsa! Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani dzuwa silinachoke zaka zambiri zapitazo teknoloji itapangidwa?

Chabwino, ndale ndi chikondi chathu ndi mafuta otsika mtengo pambali, chopunthwitsa chachikulu chakhala mtengo. Zinali zodula kwambiri kupanga magetsi ochulukirapo pogwiritsa ntchito sola, makamaka poyerekeza ndi malasha kapena mafuta. Koma monga amachitira nthawi zonse, zinthu zimasintha, ndipo pamenepa, zimakhala bwino.

Mukuwona, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magwero a mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mpweya (monga malasha ndi mafuta) ndikuti imodzi ndi teknoloji, pamene ina ndi mafuta. Ukadaulo umayenda bwino, umakhala wotsika mtengo komanso umapereka kubweza kwakukulu pakapita nthawi; pamene mafuta oyaka, nthawi zambiri, mtengo wake umakwera, umakhala wosasunthika, umakhala wosasunthika, ndipo pamapeto pake umachepa pakapita nthawi.

Ubale uwu wawoneka bwino kwambiri kuyambira chiyambi cha 2000s. Ukadaulo wa solar wawona kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimapanga mlengalenga, zonse pomwe ndalama zake zatsika (75 peresenti mzaka zisanu zapitazi zokha). Pofika chaka cha 2020, mphamvu ya dzuwa idzakhala yopikisana pamtengo ndi mafuta, ngakhale popanda thandizo. Pofika chaka cha 2030, mphamvu ya dzuwa idzagula kachigawo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndikugwira ntchito bwino. Pakalipano, mafuta aphulika pamtengo kupyola zaka za m'ma 2000, pambali pa ndalama (zachuma ndi zachilengedwe) zomangira ndi kusamalira malo opangira magetsi (monga malasha).

Ngati titsatira njira za dzuwa, katswiri wa zamtsogolo Ray Kurzweil adaneneratu kuti dzuwa likhoza kukwaniritsa 100 peresenti ya zosowa zamakono zamakono m'zaka makumi awiri zokha. Kale magetsi oyendera dzuwa awonjezeka kawiri pazaka ziwiri zilizonse pazaka 30 zapitazi. Mofananamo, a International Energy Agency idaneneratu kuti dzuwa (dzuwa) lidzakhala gwero lalikulu kwambiri lamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi pofika chaka cha 2050, patsogolo pa mitundu ina yonse yamafuta amafuta ndi mafuta ongowonjezwdwa pamodzi.

Tikulowa m'nthawi yomwe mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamafuta amafuta, mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso zidzakhala zotsika mtengo. Ndiye izi zikutanthauza chiyani m'dziko lenileni?

Ndalama za solar ndi kutengera zafika povuta

Kusintha kudzabwera pang'onopang'ono poyamba, ndiye mwadzidzidzi, chirichonse chidzakhala chosiyana.

Anthu ena akamaganizira za kupanga magetsi a dzuŵa, amaganizirabe za makina opangira magetsi oyendera dzuŵa odziyimira pawokha kumene mazana, mwina masauzande, a magetsi oyendera dzuwa amapaka m'chipululu chakutali kwambiri cha dzikolo. Kunena zowona, kuyika kotereku kudzatenga gawo lalikulu pakusakanikirana kwathu kwamphamvu kwamtsogolo, makamaka ndi mtundu wazinthu zatsopano zomwe zikubwera.

Zitsanzo ziwiri zofulumira: Pazaka khumi zikubwerazi, tiwona ukadaulo wama cell a solar ukukulitsa luso lake kusintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala mphamvu kuchokera pa 25 peresenti kufika pafupifupi 50 peresenti. Pakadali pano, osewera akulu ngati IBM alowa mumsika ndi otolera dzuwa omwe angathe kukulitsa mphamvu ya dzuwa 2,000.

Ngakhale zatsopanozi zikulonjeza, zimangoyimira gawo laling'ono chabe la zomwe mphamvu zathu zidzasinthika. Tsogolo la mphamvu ndi kugawikana kwa mayiko, za demokalase, ndi za mphamvu kwa anthu. (Inde, ine ndikuzindikira momwe izo zinamvekera zopunduka. Chitani nazo izo.)

Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'malo mopanga magetsi kukhala pakati pazithandizo, magetsi ochulukirapo ayamba kupangidwa komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito: kunyumba. M'tsogolomu, dzuwa lidzalola anthu kupanga magetsi awo pamtengo wotsika kusiyana ndi kupeza magetsi kuchokera kumalo awo. Ndipotu izi zikuchitika kale.

Ku Queensland, Australia, mitengo yamagetsi yatsika mpaka pafupifupi ziro mu July wa 2014. Kawirikawiri, mitengo imakhala pafupifupi $ 40- $ 50 pa ola la megawati, ndiye chinachitika ndi chiyani?

Dzuwa zachitika. Padenga dzuwa, kunena ndendende. Nyumba zokwana 350,000 ku Queensland zili ndi mapanelo adzuwa pamwamba pa denga, zonse zikupanga ma Megawati 1,100 a magetsi.

Panthawiyi, zomwezo zikuchitikanso kumadera akuluakulu a ku Ulaya (Germany, Spain, ndi Portugal, makamaka), kumene mphamvu ya dzuwa yafika pa "grid parity" (mtengo wake wofanana) ndi mitengo yamagetsi yamagetsi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chikhalidwe. France ngakhale adakhazikitsa malamulo kuti nyumba zonse zatsopano m'malo azamalonda zimangidwe ndi denga la zomera kapena dzuwa. Ndani akudziwa, mwina malamulo ofananawo tsiku lina adzawona mazenera a nyumba zonse ndi nyumba zosanja zitasinthidwa ndi mapanelo adzuwa owoneka bwino—inde, mawindo a solar panel!

Koma ngakhale zitatha zonsezi, mphamvu ya dzuwa idakali gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kusinthaku.

Mabatire, osati agalimoto yanu yokha basi

Monga momwe mapanelo adzuwa adatsitsimutsidwa pachitukuko komanso ndalama zambiri, momwemonso mabatire. Zosintha zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo. chimodzi, awiri, atatu) akubwera pa intaneti kuti awapangitse kukhala otchipa, ang'onoang'ono, okonda zachilengedwe, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, amawalola kusunga mphamvu zambiri kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chomwe ndalama za R&D izi ndi zodziwikiratu: mabatire amathandizira kusunga mphamvu zosonkhanitsidwa ndi dzuwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito dzuŵa silikuwala.

M'malo mwake, mwina mudamvapo za Tesla kupanga kuphulika kwakukulu posachedwa pomwe adayambitsa Tesla powerwall, batire yapakhomo yotsika mtengo yomwe imatha kusunga mphamvu mpaka 10-kilowatt maola. Mabatire ngati awa amalola mabanja mwayi woti achoke pagululi (ayeneranso kuyika ndalama padzuwa la padenga) kapena kungowapatsa mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera gridi yazimitsidwa.

Ubwino wina wa batire m'nyumba za tsiku ndi tsiku ndizomwe zimakhala zotsika mtengo wamagetsi m'mabanja omwe asankha kuti azikhala olumikizidwa ndi gridi yamagetsi am'deralo, makamaka omwe ali ndi mitengo yamagetsi yamagetsi. Ndi chifukwa chakuti mutha kusintha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu zanu kuti mutolere ndi kusunga mphamvu masana pamene mitengo yamagetsi ili yotsika, kenako n’kuchoka pagululi pokoka mphamvu zapakhomo pa batire yanu usiku pamene mitengo yamagetsi ikukwera. Kuchita izi kumapangitsanso nyumba yanu kukhala yobiriwira kwambiri chifukwa kuchepetsa mphamvu zanu usiku kumachotsa mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mafuta onyansa, monga malasha.

Koma mabatire sadzakhala kusintha masewera kwa pafupifupi eni nyumba; mabizinesi akuluakulu ndi zothandizira ayambanso kukhazikitsa mabatire akumafakitale awoawo. M'malo mwake, amayimira 90 peresenti ya ma batire onse. Chifukwa chake chogwiritsira ntchito mabatire chimakhala chofanana ndi mwini nyumba wamba: zimawalola kusonkhanitsa mphamvu kuchokera kuzinthu zowonjezereka monga dzuwa, mphepo, ndi mafunde, ndikumasula mphamvuzo madzulo, ndikuwongolera kudalirika kwa gridi yamagetsi panthawiyi.

Ndipamene timafika ku gawo lachitatu la kusintha kwa mphamvu zathu.

Kuchuluka kwa intaneti ya Energy

Pali mkangano uwu womwe umapitilira kukankhidwa ndi otsutsa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zomwe zimati popeza zongowonjezwdwa (makamaka dzuwa) sizingapange mphamvu 24/7, sangadaliridwe ndi ndalama zazikulu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake timafunikira magwero anthawi zonse amphamvu monga malasha, gasi, kapena nyukiliya kuti dzuwa lisawale.

Chimene akatswiri ndi andale omwewo amalephera kutchula, komabe, n'chakuti malo a malasha, gasi, kapena nyukiliya amatseka nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo kapena kukonza kokonzekera. Koma akatero, satseka kwenikweni magetsi a mizinda imene akutumikira. Tili ndi chinthu chotchedwa national energy grid. Chomera chimodzi chikazima, mphamvu yochokera kufakitale yoyandikana nayo imayamba kufooka nthawi yomweyo, kuchirikiza zosoŵa za magetsi za mzindawo.

Ndi kukweza pang'ono, gululi lomwelo ndilomwe zongowonjezwdwa zidzagwiritsa ntchito kuti dzuwa likapanda kuwala kapena mphepo siomba m'dera limodzi, kutaya mphamvu kumatha kulipidwa kuchokera kumadera ena komwe zongowonjezera zikupanga magetsi. Ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito mabatire akumafakitale omwe tawatchula pamwambapa, titha kusunga mphamvu zambiri zongowonjezedwanso masana kuti zitulutsidwe madzulo. Mfundo ziwirizi zikutanthawuza kuti mphepo ndi dzuwa zimatha kupereka mphamvu zodalirika mofanana ndi magwero amphamvu amphamvu.

Njira yatsopanoyi yogulitsa mphamvu zapakhomo ndi zamafakitale ipanga "intaneti yamagetsi" yamtsogolo - njira yokhazikika komanso yodziwongolera yomwe (monga intaneti yokha) imatetezedwa ku masoka achilengedwe komanso zigawenga, komanso siziwongoleredwa. ndi aliyense monopoly.

Pamapeto pa tsiku, mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso zichitika, koma sizitanthauza kuti zofuna zapakhomo sizingachitike popanda kumenyana.

Solar imadya chakudya chamasana

Zoseketsa mokwanira, ngakhale kuwotcha malasha pamagetsi kunali kwaulere (zomwe zili choncho makamaka ku Australia, imodzi mwa mayiko ogulitsa malasha akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi), zimawonongabe ndalama kuti zisungidwe ndi kuyendetsa magetsi, kenako kunyamula magetsi ake pamtunda wamakilomita mazana ambiri. zingwe zamagetsi kuti zikafike kwanu. Zomangamanga zonsezo zimapanga gawo lalikulu la bilu yanu yamagetsi. Ndicho chifukwa chake ambiri a Queenslanders omwe mwawawerenga pamwambapa adasankha kusiya ndalamazo popanga magetsi awo kunyumba—ndi njira yotsika mtengo chabe.

Pamene mtengo wadzuwawu ukuchulukirachulukira kumadera akumidzi ndi m'matauni padziko lonse lapansi, anthu ambiri asiya kugwiritsa ntchito ma gridi amdera lawo mwagawo kapena kwathunthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe zilipo zidzatengedwa ndi anthu ocheperako, zomwe zitha kukweza ndalama zamagetsi pamwezi ndikupanga chilimbikitso chokulirapo chandalama kwa "ogwiritsa ntchito ma solar mochedwa" kuti awononge ndalama zoyendera dzuwa. Uku ndiye kubwera kwakufa komwe kumapangitsa kuti makampani azigwira ntchito usiku.

Kuwona sitima yonyamula katundu iyi ikukwera, makampani ena obwerera m'mbuyo asankha kulimbana ndi izi mpaka kutha kwamagazi. Apempha kuti asinthe kapena kuthetsa ndondomeko za "net metering" zomwe zimalola eni nyumba kuti agulitse mphamvu zowonjezera dzuwa mu gridi. Ena akugwira ntchito kuti apange opanga malamulo kuvomereza zowonjezedwa pa kukhazikitsa ma sola, pamene ena akugwirabe ntchito kuyimitsa kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso komanso zogwira ntchito bwino iwo alamulidwa kuti azikumana.

Kwenikweni, makampani othandizira akuyesera kuti maboma apereke ndalama zothandizira ntchito zawo ndipo, nthawi zina, amakhazikitsa malamulo olamulira okha pamagetsi am'deralo. Izo ndithudi si ukapitalist. Ndipo maboma sayenera kukhala mubizinesi yoteteza mafakitale kuzinthu zatsopano zosokoneza komanso zapamwamba (mwachitsanzo, solar ndi zina zongowonjezera) zomwe zimatha kuzisintha (ndikupindulitsa anthu kuti ayambenso).

Koma ngakhale ndalama zambiri zokopa anthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchedwetsa kutsogola kwa solar ndi zina zongowonjezwdwa, njira zanthawi yayitali ndizokhazikika: solar ndi zongowonjezera zimayikidwa kuti zidye chakudya chamasana. Ichi ndichifukwa chake makampani oganiza zamtsogolo akutenga njira ina.

Zida zapadziko lapansi zakale zimathandizira kutsogolera dongosolo lamphamvu ladziko latsopano

Ngakhale sizokayikitsa kuti anthu ambiri adzichotsa pagululi - ndani akudziwa, chimachitika ndi chiyani mwana wanu wam'tsogolo akamayendetsa Tesla moledzera mu batire ya m'nyumba m'garaji yanu - anthu ambiri Ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma gridi awo amderalo mocheperako pakadutsa zaka khumi. .

Ndi zolemba pakhoma, zothandiza zochepa zasankha kukhala atsogoleri m'tsogolomu zongowonjezwdwa ndi kugawa maukonde mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe angapo a ku Ulaya akuika gawo la phindu lawo lamakono kuti agwiritse ntchito magetsi atsopano, monga dzuwa, mphepo, ndi mafunde. Zothandizira izi zapindula kale ndi ndalama zawo. Zowonjezeredwa zogawidwa zinathandizira kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa ma gridi amagetsi m'masiku otentha achilimwe pomwe kufunikira kunali kwakukulu. Zongowonjezedwanso zimachepetsanso kufunikira kwa mabungwe kuti akhazikitse ndalama m'mafakitale atsopano komanso okwera mtengo apakati ndi ma mayendedwe otumizira magetsi.

Makampani ena othandizira akuyang'ana mopitilira muyeso kuti asinthe kuchoka pakukhala opereka mphamvu kukhala opereka mphamvu. SolarCity, kampani yoyambira yomwe imapanga, kuyendetsa ndalama, ndikuyika makina amagetsi adzuwa, yayamba sinthani kupita ku chitsanzo chotengera ntchito kumene amakhala, amasamalira, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mabatire apanyumba a anthu.

M'dongosolo lino, makasitomala amalipira mwezi uliwonse kuti akhale ndi ma solar panels ndi batri ya nyumba yomwe imayikidwa m'nyumba mwawo - yomwe ingathe kulumikizidwa ndi gulu lamagetsi lamtundu wa hyper-local community (microgrids) -ndipo mphamvu zawo zapakhomo zimayendetsedwa ndi ntchito. Makasitomala amangolipira mphamvu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pang'ono amawona ndalama zawo zamagetsi zikuchepetsedwa. Angapangenso phindu mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zochulukira zomwe nyumba zawo zimapanga kuti azipatsa mphamvu anansi awo omwe ali ndi njala yamphamvu.

Zomwe pafupifupi zaulere, zopanda malire, mphamvu zoyera zimatanthawuza

Pofika m'chaka cha 2050, dziko lonse lapansi liyenera kusinthiratu magetsi ake okalamba ndi magetsi. Kusintha malowa ndi zinthu zotsika mtengo, zoyera, komanso zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu zimangopangitsa ndalama. Ngakhale kusintha kwachitukukochi ndi zongowonjezera kumawononga mtengo wofanana ndi kuyika magwero amagetsi achikhalidwe, zongowonjezera zimapambanabe. Ganizilani izi: mosiyana ndi magwero amphamvu apakati, magetsi ogawidwa, omwe amagawidwanso sanyamula katundu wofanana ndi ziwopsezo zachitetezo cha dziko chifukwa cha zigawenga, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta onyansa, kukwera mtengo kwachuma, kuwonongeka kwanyengo ndi thanzi, komanso kusatetezeka kwakukulu. kuzimitsidwa

Kuyika ndalama pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zongowonjezera kungathe kuyatsa dziko lamafakitale kuchotsa malasha ndi mafuta, kupulumutsa maboma mathililiyoni a madola, kukulitsa chuma pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zatsopano zongowonjezera komanso kuyika gridi yanzeru, ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wathu wa kaboni pafupifupi 80 peresenti.

Pamene tikulowa m’nyengo ya mphamvu zatsopanozi, funso limene tiyenera kudzifunsa ndilakuti: Kodi dziko lokhala ndi mphamvu zopanda malire limaoneka bwanji? Zidzakhudza bwanji chuma chathu? Chikhalidwe chathu? moyo wathu? Yankho ndi: zambiri kuposa momwe mukuganizira.

Tifufuza momwe dziko latsopanoli lidzawonekere kumapeto kwa mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Mphamvu, koma choyamba, tiyenera kutchula mitundu ina ya mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso komanso zosasinthika zomwe zitha kukhala ndi mphamvu tsogolo lathu. Chotsatira: Zotsitsimulanso motsutsana ndi Thorium ndi Fusion Energy Wildcards: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P5.

TSOGOLO LA ENERGY SERIES LINKS

Kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kwanthawi yamphamvu ya kaboni: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P1

Mafuta! Choyambitsa nthawi yongowonjezedwanso: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P2

Kukwera kwagalimoto yamagetsi: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P3

Renewables motsutsana ndi makadi amphamvu a Thorium ndi Fusion: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P5

Tsogolo lathu m'dziko lamphamvu: Tsogolo la Mphamvu P6