Ukulahleka kombono kanye ne-CRISPR: Ikhambi lobumpumputhe?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• June 16, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Ukuhlolwa kwakamuva ngobuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo be-CRISPR kubonise isithembiso ekwelapheni izinhlobo ezithile zobumpumputhe bofuzo. Ngokukhomba nokuguqula isakhi sofuzo esiyinkinga ethile, ucwaningo oluncane lukwazile ukuthuthukisa umbono kwezinye iziguli, nakuba ukwelashwa kungasebenzi unomphela ngenxa yemikhawulo yamanje yobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kweqa ekwelashweni kwezakhi zofuzo, uma kuthuthukiswa, kungashintsha kakhulu izimboni zokunakekela amehlo, kunciphise isidingo semisebenzi ethile ehlobene nombono, futhi kuthuthukise izinga lokuphila nokukhiqiza kwezomnotho ngokwenza abaningi bakwazi ukuphinde babone noma bathuthukise ukubona kwabo.

Ukulahleka kombono kanye nomongo we-CRISPR

I-World Health Organization (WHO) ilinganisela ukuthi okungenani abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.2 banenkinga yokubona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe abantu abangu-200,000 e-US bahlushwa izifo ze-retinal zofuzo ezingenaso isixazululo. Ngo-2021, idatha evela ocwaningweni olwalufuna ukwelapha izimo zamehlo ezinofuzo yakhishelwa umphakathi okokuqala ngqa. Imiphumela yayo yokuqala ibithembisa kakhulu, ngokusho kwabanye abahlaziyi bemboni.

Ucwaningo lwaqala ngo-2019 futhi lwaluqhutshwa ngabakwa-Editas Medicine e-United States nase-Allergan e-Ireland. Ucwaningo luzame ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo be-CRISPR ukuze buqondise uguquko oluthile kufuzo oluhlobene nobumpumputhe bokuzalwa. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-retina, ingxenye yeso ekwazi ukuzwa ukukhanya, futhi kuphumela ekulahlekelweni kwamangqamuzana azwa ukukhanya.

Isakhi sofuzo esiqondiswe ngokucacile ekuhleleni ucwaningo lwaziwa ngokuthi yi-CEP290, isakhi sofuzo kwesinye isikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Leber congenital amaurosis Type 10. Sekukonke, iziguli eziyisithupha zithole ukwelashwa ngomjovo ongaphansi kwe-retina esweni elilodwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu erekhodiwe ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. ukwelashwa kwenziwa. Iziguli ezimbalwa zathintwa ukuvuvukala okuncane, okuxhumene nokwelashwa okungalawulwa ngokunikeza ama-steroid. Ezine zeziguli zithole ubuhlungu bamehlo ngenxa yokwelashwa. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa okulawulwa ucwaningo kwakungesona isisombululo esihlala njalo ngenxa yokungabikho kobuchwepheshe obukwazi ukulungisa ikhodi yofuzo eshintshiwe ku-DNA yesiguli.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Imboni ye-Optometry ingashintsha kakhulu uma izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha ezifana nokuhlelwa kofuzo okusekelwe ku-CRISPR kuthuthuka futhi kutholakalele ukusetshenziswa umphakathi. Amakolishi okuqeqesha i-Optometry kanye ne-Ophthalmologist angase adinge ukuthi abuyekeze izinto zawo zezifundo ukuze ahlanganise okutholakele namathuluzi ashintsha inkambu. Ngokunjalo, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zingase zifune ukusebenzisana nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe ukuze zifinyelele lobu buchwepheshe ngezinjongo zokufundisa.

Emashumini eminyaka azayo, lapho ubumpumputhe buyalapheka—kungaba ngokusetshenziswa kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukufakwa kwe-electronic retinal—izinga lokuphila lezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke liyoba ngcono kakhulu. Laba bantu bebezothola ukuzimela okukhulu, kanye nekhono lokuphinda bangene noma bathuthuke kalula kubasebenzi. 

Khonamanjalo, izinsiza ezehlukene ezihambisana nombono zingathinteka kabi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isibonelo, isidingo sabanakekeli bomndeni nabaqeqeshiwe sizokwehla, sinciphise izindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zikazwelonke. Izinhlangano zezinja eziqondisayo kanye nezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ezizinikele kwabangaboni zingase zidinge ukushintsha ukugxila kwazo. Abakhiqizi bezibuko zamehlo bangase babone isidingo esinciphile. Izikhungo zezokwelapha ezihlinzeka ngokuhlinzwa kwamehlo nge-laser ezigulini ezingaboni kahle zingathola izicelo ezimbalwa ezigulini ezifanele. 

Imithelela yobuchwepheshe obusekelwa yi-CRISPR obulapha ubumpumputhe kanye nokubona okuhlanekezelwe

Imithelela ebanzi yobuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo ezihlinzeka ngokwelashwa okusha kwezimo zamehlo zofuzo zingabandakanya: 

• Ukwelapha izifo zamehlo ebezingelapheki ngaphambilini.
• Ukushintsha amaphethini esidingo kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha izimo zamehlo, okuthinta kabi izisebenzi ezithinta lezi zimboni.
• Abantu bakwazi ukufundela nokwenza imisebenzi okungenzeka ukuthi bebevinjwe ukuthi bayenze noma bayifake izicelo ngenxa yokungaboni kahle. 
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga labantu emkhiqizweni wezomnotho, kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kuzwelonke.
• Ukwehliswa kancane kancane kwamazinga ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingozi ezihlobene nokungaboni kahle.
• Ingcindezi yomphakathi enkulu kohulumeni nezinkampani zomshwalense ukuthi zimboze ngokugcwele ukwelashwa okwelapha izinhlobo ezahlukene zobumpumputhe kanye nokuphazamiseka kokubona.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uma unikezwa inketho yokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwamehlo okusekelwe ku-CRISPR, ungakusebenzisa? 
• Ingashintsha kanjani inkambu ye-Optometry uma ukwelashwa kokuhlela izakhi kungaqeda izimo ezithile zamehlo? 
• Yiziphi ezinye izimboni noma amabhizinisi angase athintwe ukuthuthuka kwezinga labantu embonweni?