I-Tech Tales: Ibuyekeza Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa ka-Caren Gussoff.

Yiziphi izingqinamba ze-nanobot apocalypse?

Izazi ze-nanotechnology zanamuhla ziphupha amarobhothi amancane angalapha--noma abangele--izinkinga ezinkulu.

Amathoyizi amancane ochwepheshe abasabisa i-Tacoma

Ku-Caren Gussoff Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa, umbhali usebenzisa lelo qiniso ukuze asakhele umhlaba we-post apocalyptic obonisa amathuba abanzi e-nanotechnology.  Ihlala eSeattle ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-21, Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa ichaza izwe elafeza iphupho lonjiniyela bezokwelapha yonke indawo: ukusungulwa kwama-nanobots ezokwelapha abizwa ngokuthi ama-bots "MaGo" athembisa ikhambi laso sonke isifo somuntu kanye nesiqinisekiso sobusha nobungqabavu ukuphila kwakho konke. Akekho ophila phakade, kodwa ngamabhothi e-MaGo, wonke umuntu ushona esemncane esemdala.

Kuze kube khona okungahambi kahle, futhi uhlobo olusha lwe-bot lwenza abantu abaningi bagule kakhulu. Umsuka wama-bots, kanye nemiphumela yawo exakile yengqondo ezisulungeni zabo, kubhekwa ngamehlo abalingiswa abaningi abazindaba zabo zihlangana ngendlela engaqondakali ngendlela eyenza inoveli izwakale njenge-Bizarro World crossover phakathi. Seinfeld futhi Umgwaqo.

Izinto zobuchwepheshe nezokubhala zomsebenzi kaGussoff zombili zigxile embonweni wokuthi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu, lokho okungenzeki kumuntu oyedwa kungaba nokwenzeka eqenjini. Lokhu kubhekiselwa kukho esihlokweni; "Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa" ukuhlolwa komcabango wakudala kuzibalo. Uma kunenombolo engu-X yabantu ephathini, yimaphi amathuba okuthi babelane ngosuku lokuzalwa?

Yiziphi izingqinamba?

Abantu abaningi bayamangala lapho befunda ukuthi amathuba aphakeme ngisho nasemaqenjini amancane - emva kwakho konke, kunezinketho ezingu-366 kuphela. Idlala ngalo mbono wemiphumela engalindelekile equlwini, imigqa yezindaba exubene yabalingisi abahlukahlukene yonke iyedlula—ngisho noma abalingiswa bengakuqapheli lokho.  Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa, njengegama layo, isikhumbuza ukuthi lapho kuneziguquko ezanele, izenzo zethu ezingasho lutho ziba nemiphumela emikhulu kunaleyo esiyilindele.

Kunengqondo ukuthi amanethiwekhi amakhulu abantu angaba nokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi okuyinhlekelele, okungahleliwe. Ingabe i-chaos theory efanayo iyasebenza kuma-nanorobots? Nakuba kungakaze kushiwo ngokuqondile, Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa iphakamisa ukuthi njengoba singena kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile, amathuba enhlekelele angase abe phezulu kunalokho esikucabangayo.

I-Real World Nanotech Yazisa Indaba

UGussoff, owayenguthisha wezesayensi, wenza ucwaningo oluningi lomqondo nge-nanorobotics, futhi uyaqonda ukuthi imishini eminingi emincane esebenza ndawonye ingaveza umphumela omkhulu. Amabhothi e-MaGo ayimishini elula enemigqa embalwa yekhodi, kodwa angahlelwa ukuze asebenzise ukubambisana ukuze afinyelele imigomo emikhulu yezokwelapha, nokuthi lolo hlelo lungashintsha kanjani ukuze kuhlanekezelwe leyo migomo. Njengodokotela wegciwane, ngibonile ukuthi ama-nanomachines angavela kanjani ukuze abambisane nomphumela wesistimu. UGussoff uthola kahle.

Ngikhulume noGussoff mayelana nendlela awathola ngayo ama-bots e-MaGo, futhi wahlanganisa uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithombo. Ekuqaleni, wahlanganisa iphepha lokuqala locwaningo mayelana nokuphila isikhathi eside nephepha elihle kakhulu lokubuyekeza i-nanomedicine lango-2009, “Umthelela We-Nanotechnology Ekulethweni Kwezidakamizwa,” ngu-Omid C. Farokhzad noRobert Langer, bobabili be-MIT-Harvard Center for Nanotechnology Excellence. 

Eqaphela ukuthi i-nanotechnology ingaletha izidakamizwa ezandisa ukuphila, uGussoff wacabanga ukuthi yini futhi babekwazi, futhi kwazalwa amabhothi e-MaGo. Wenza umsebenzi omningi ethola izincwadi zokufunda ezazifinyeleleka futhi ezinemibono emihle ngekusasa le-nanotechnology. Uyancoma I-Nanomedical Device and Systems Design: Izinselele, Amathuba, Imibono, ihlelwe nguFrank Boehm, oyi-CEO yenkampani ye-nanomedical tech. Kuyifanele intengo yekhava engu-$170 uma unentshisekelo kubuchwepheshe be-nanomedical.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uGusoff wabheka ukuthi amadola ocwaningo asetshenziswa kanjani futhi waqaphela ukuthi lokho akubiza ngokuthi izimo “ezihehayo”, “…lezo ezithinta ukubonakala kwethu kwangaphandle, noma lezo ezihlasela isitho somzimba 'esifiselekayo' zithola amadola amaningi— elula futhi elula.” Ekudaleni i-MaGo bots, elungisa lezi zimo "ezihehayo" futhi isebenze njengomthombo wobusha, wahlanganisa lezi zinhloso zezokwelapha nezimiso azifunde ezincwadini ze-nano-engineering. Emhlabeni wakhe, ukulangazelela komuntu ukuxazulula lezi zifo “ezihehayo” kwasenza sangayinaki imiphumela, futhi asekelwe ocwaningweni lwakhe lwe-nanomedicine. 

Uma ukhuluma naye ngalokhu, uqala ukubona ukuthi kwakubhalweni Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa iyingxenye encane yokuqonda kwe-nanomedicine kaGussoff. Kepha umbuzo osalayo: ingabe umcabango wakhe, okungcono noma okubi kakhulu, uhambisana nokwenzeka emhlabeni wangempela we-nanomedicine?

Ama-Nanorobots Angempela...enziwe nge-DNA?

Enye yezinhlelo zami engizikhonzile zomhlaba wangempela ze-nanomedicine umsebenzi we UDkt. Ido Bachelet at I-Israel's Bar Ilan University.  UDkt. Bachelet usebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi “DNA origami” ukuze akhe ama-nanomachines nge-DNA. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi yini engenziwa ngalobu buchwepheshe. Amaswishi ayinkimbinkimbi nemishini kulawa ma-nanomachine ayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, njengokuthwala imithwalo yemithi ebulalayo enobuthi iye kumaseli wesimila, futhi idedele impahla yayo kuphela uma iqinisekile ukuthi isifinyelele ingqamuzana udokotela. Ufuna ukubulala. 

Futhi lowo umsebenzi olula nje uDkt. Bachelet athi ama-nanomachine akhe angawenza. Ngokufanayo namabhothi e-MaGo, ukuhlela imishini ye-DNA kaDkt. Phezulu kwekhanda lami, ngingacabanga uhlobo lwalawa ma-nanorobot olungangena esikhundleni sesimiso sokuzivikela ezifweni esihlulekayo seziguli ezinengculaza. Noma imishini engalungisa umonakalo odalwe yizifo zobuchopho eziwohlokayo ngaphambi kokuba kube yinkinga. Amathuba awapheli, kodwa uma uthanda okwengeziwe, UDkt. Bachelet wenza umsebenzi omuhle echaza umsebenzi wakhe kule nkulumo evela ku-TEDMED Israel.

Kodwa-ke, asikwazi ukuwehlisa amathuba amabi we-nanomedicine aphakanyiswa nguGussoff encwadini yakhe. Ingabe i-nanorobots ye-DNA kaDkt Bachelet inethuba lokusibulala sonke? Lowo akuwona umbuzo onobuwula - ama-nanorobots ezokwelapha asebenzayo azofana kakhulu namagciwane asenza sigule, ngemuva kwakho konke - kodwa unempendulo elula: I-DNA origami iyinqubo ecophelelayo yokuxuba imicu emifushane ye-DNA indawo yaselabhorethri. Le mishini ye-DNA ayiziphindaphindi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ayinalo ithuba lokuguquka okungahleliwe okukhona kokuthile okufana ne-MaGo bots. Ngakho-ke, ama-nanorobots kaDkt. Bachelet awakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo ebulalayo engalindelekile Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa.

Imishini Yensimbi: futhi Inketho

Noma kunjalo, imishini ye-DNA akuyona into abantu abaningi abacabanga ngayo lapho othile ethi "ama-nanorobots," noma kunjalo. Esikhundleni salokho, umbono uhlanganisa imishini yensimbi neye-silicon ezikalini ezincane, kanye ne-MaGo bots ye Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa zisekelwe kuleyo modeli. Ukusebenza kulolo hlobo lwerobhothi kuseyingane, kodwa kuyindawo yocwaningo olusebenzayo nolunomdlandla. 

Okwamanje, amaphrojekthi we-robotics asezingeni eligcwele nawo ayasebenza “izixuku” zamarobhothi angabambisana ukuze afeze izinto ezinkulu.  Kukhona izinhlelo zokusebenza zezempi, ezokukhiqiza, nezokundiza, kodwa njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-robotics buba buncane, asikho isizathu sokuthi lobu buchwepheshe bokuklama isixuku ngeke bube nezicelo zezokwelapha. Uma u-Gussoff eqinisile, noma kunjalo, kuzobaluleka ukufaka izivikelo, ezikhawulela ukuziphindaphinda kwamarobhothi anjalo ezokwelapha, noma okungenani kuwavimbele ekuguquleni ngezindlela eziyingozi.

I-Nanotech Ingase Isenze Singafi

Eqinisweni, izinzuzo ezinhle ezingaba khona zinkulu kakhulu ukuthi singazami ukuthuthukisa lobu buchwepheshe. Inqobo nje uma sihlakaniphile mayelana nokufaka izivikelo ezigwema inhlekelele efana nale evezwe encwadini Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa, kuningi okungazuzwa. Ama-nanorobot ezokwelapha awanawo nje amandla okwelapha izifo; zingaphinde zilawule umzimba wethu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuze zisenze siphile isikhathi eside, sikhiqize kakhudlwana, futhi ngokuvamile saneliseke futhi sisebenze ngempumelelo ezimpilweni zethu. Lokho kungase kushintshe izinto eziningi ngomphakathi, inqobo nje uma sinolwazi lwesayensi esingalusebenzisa lapho ama-nanomachine eselungele isikhathi esibalulekile.

Ucwaningo ngokuphila isikhathi eside komuntu seluvele luqongelela ulwazi oluzosetshenziswa kuma-nanomedicine. Kunamaphepha amasha esandiso sempilo nsuku zonke, futhi nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukukufingqa konke lapha, isibonelo esisodwa isambulo sakamuva lowo msebenzi wokulungisa we-enzyme ye-AMPK, etholakala kubantu nakwezinye izilwane eziningi, wandisa isikhathi sempilo yezimpukane ngama-30%. 

Njengamanje lolu lwazi alusizo empilweni yomuntu, ngoba asinabo ubuchwepheshe bokungena kumaseli futhi sivule futhi sivale izakhi zofuzo ngokuthanda kwakhe. Ngokuthuthuka kwe-nanomedicine efana ne-MaGo bots in Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa, lolu hlobo lolwazi lungasetshenziswa ekwandiseni ukuphila komuntu okungokoqobo. Nokho, kungase kuthathe isikhathi—ngethemba lokuthi sonke sizophila ukuze sibone usuku olusivumela ukuba siphile phakade.

Bangasibulala NGEMPELA Sonke?

Vele, asikwazi ukuxoxa ngalezi nanorobots zendabuko zendabuko Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa ngaphandle kokuxoxa futhi mayelana nethuba lemiphumela emibi kubo, futhi-okungukuthi, ithuba lokuthi inqwaba yamarobhothi ekugcineni izosibulala sonke. Akubonakali kukude kangako, noma ngabe imishini ingakwazi ukuziphindaphinda. Eqinisweni, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, "isipoki emshinini" ku- I-International Space Station yethule isamba samasathelayithi amancane amane, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-CubeSats, ngaphandle kokwaziswa komuntu. I-CubeSats iyingxenye yenhloso yesayensi yesu “loquqaba”, kodwa ngokuvamile idinga umyalo womuntu ukuze iqale. Uma becikeka futhi bezethula, kungenza umuntu angakhululeki ngamathemba okusebenzisa inqwaba yamarobhothi kwezokwelapha.  Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa ethinta lokho kuphatheka kabi.

Angicabangi ukuthi uGussoff uzama ukudlala kulokhu ukungakhululeki ukuze asabise ekuthuthukiseni i-nanomedicine, noma kunjalo. Izinganekwane ezinhle ze-technopocalypse ze-hubris yomuntu azikona ukuhlala kude nobuchwepheshe obusha. Inganekwane yesayensi ye-Technopocalypse imayelana nokubheka ngaphambi kokuthi sigxume—hhayi mayelana nokugwema ukugxuma ngokuphelele. Akusho lutho Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa lahla i-nanotechnology. Eqinisweni, abalingiswa abaningi bayaqhubeka nokuyisebenzisa ukuze bazigcine bephila, naphezu kwendlela i-nanotech ekhohlakele eklebhule ngayo umhlaba wabo. Kunalokho, ukuphawula kwalo msebenzi ku-nanotechnology kuyisixwayiso. Indlela izinto ezimi ngayo njengamanje, imali yocwaningo yabelwa kabi izimbangela ezikha phezulu, futhi uma singazazi futhi singanakile, singakha okuthile okunemiphumela eyingozi. Umlayezo uyisixwayiso—hhayi ukumiswa kwe-nanomedicine.

I-Apocalypse ivinjelwe

Lokho kusho, angikhathazekile kakhulu. Abacwaningi bezokwelapha bavame ukuba nokukhathazeka okunjengalokhu okuza kuqala ezingqondweni zabo. Ngokuphambene nalokho ongase ukucabange kumafilimu e-Bond, akekho ofuna ukuba udokotela oqede umhlaba. Umphakathi wonjiniyela bezokwelapha unemithetho eminingi njengoba unjalo, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi izivivinyo zomtholampilo zizokwakhiwa ukwenza le mikhiqizo iphephe kunabagibeli bamahhashi abancane be-apocalypse. Phakathi kwezimo ze-apocalyptic ezingigcina ngingalali ebusuku, i-nanotech isenza sonke izinga lokuzibulala liphansi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, yenza ukufundwa okuhle okuthakaselayo, okunezinga lokubhala elifana nenganekwane yesayensi yakudala, ezuze umklomelo.

Eqinisweni, lapho ngiyifunda, yangikhumbuza umhlaba ohlukene wodumo lukaNeal Stephenson. I-Diamond Age, okuphinde kugxile ekusaseni le-nanotech. Ngokuphambene, Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa ayinabo ubudlova ngaphandle kodonga futhi iqukethe abalingisi abahlukahlukene abahlanganisa abantu bezinhlanga eziningi, izinkolo, kanye nezimo zocansi. Ukulingana kobulili nakho kuzuzwe kahle. Uma uthandile I-Diamond Age, kodwa ufuna okuthile okunomqondo othuthukisiwe wokumelela kanye ne-nanotechnology eyaziswa isayensi yamanje, uzoyithanda Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa.

Sekukonke, Inkinga Yosuku Lokuzalwa kunokuningi ongakwengeza engxoxweni ye-futurist ezungeze i-nanotechnology kanye ne-nanorobotics. Ububanzi bayo bezobuchwepheshe obuncane buvumela ukuphenywa kwezindaba zabantu zangempela kanye nezingozi ezingase zibe khona onjiniyela be-nanotechnology okuzodingeka bazigweme ngokuklama okuhle. Kusiphoqa ukuthi singacabangi nje kuphela ngemiphumela engenakwenzeka ye-nanorobotics, kodwa futhi nangemiphumela engenakwenzeka yezenzo zethu. Ububanzi bobubanzi bomuntu kanye nemigqa yezindaba eyeqanayo yenza indaba ephilayo, ephefumulayo ezwakale sengathi yenzeka esikhathini esizayo sangempela. Njengoba umfundi enqamula lokho uGussoff akucabangayo, kubonisa imibono yethu yekusasa namuhla, futhi kusivumela ukuba sizibuze ukuthi ikusasa lika-2014 lizowulolonga kanjani umhlaba—ingabe sizokuqaphela esikuthuthukisayo, noma sizovumela izifiso ukuba zithathe singene endaweni eyingozi? Imigqa yekhodi engalungile eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ingenza umehluko.