Rediyon ultrafast da ba a sani ba yana sake bayyana a ainihin-lokaci

Tsawon ɗarurruwan mitoci a cikin kewayawa da ke barin wani tambari kusan babu kowa a saman Duniya, Cibiyar Binciken Arecibo da ke Puerto Rico zai yi kama da ba da kamanni iri ɗaya ga mai kallon idon tsuntsu kamar yadda raƙuman wata ke yi wa idon ɗan adam idan an gan shi daga Duniya. Ganin cewa yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, Arecibo Observatory kuma yana daya daga cikin ƴan na'urorin hangen nesa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin share fagen zurfin fahimtar filin da ba a san shi ba na sararin samaniya. Ko da yake ba kamar yadda ake cinyewa a cikin adadin sararin samaniya da ya mamaye ba, Parkes Observatory a Ostiraliya (auna girman 64m a diamita) kuma yana haifar da sha'awa sosai a tsakanin al'ummar astrophysicist kusan shekaru goma yanzu. 

Wannan ya faru ne a wani bangare ga masanin ilmin taurari Duncan Lorimer, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin masu bincike na asali a Parkes Observatory don gano wani nau'in aikin sararin samaniya na musamman da ba kasafai ba: rediyon ultrafast ya fashe wanda ya fito, kamar yadda bayanai ke nuna, nesa da nesa. wuri mai nisa sosai a wajen namu Milky Way.

Duk ya fara ne a cikin 2007, lokacin da Lorimer da tawagarsa ke zazzage tsoffin bayanan bayanan na'urar hangen nesa daga 2001 kuma, kamar yadda za a iya samu, sun ci karo da igiyar rediyo guda ɗaya bazuwar, guda ɗaya, kuma mai tsananin gaske na tushen da ba a sani ba. Wannan igiyar rediyo guda ɗaya, ko da yake yana da ɗari ɗari ɗaya kawai, an ga yana fitar da kuzari fiye da yadda rana za ta yi a cikin shekaru miliyan. Bakin wannan FRB (fashewar rediyo mai sauri) kawai ya zama kamar ya fi jan hankali yayin da ƙungiyar ta fara nazarin inda ainihin wannan lamari mai ƙarfi, mai dorewa na millisecond ya fito daga farko. 

Ta hanyar auna tasirin tasirin sararin samaniya da ake kira plasma dispersion - wani tsari wanda ke tabbatar da ainihin adadin raƙuman rediyo na electrons da suka yi hulɗa da su tare da hanyarsu zuwa yanayin duniya - sun ƙaddara cewa waɗannan radiyo masu sauri sun yi tafiya daga nesa fiye da kewaye. na mu galaxy. A zahiri, ma'aunin tarwatsawa ya nuna cewa fashewar rediyo mai sauri da aka gani a cikin 2011 ya samo asali ne daga sama da shekaru biliyan haske. Don sanya wannan a cikin hangen nesa, namu galaxy yana auna tsawon shekaru 120,000 kawai a cikin diamita. Ana ganin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa suna fitowa ne daga shekaru biliyan 5.5 masu haske.

Kamar yadda wannan binciken ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a lokacin ga al'ummar astrophysicist, faifan bidiyo na baya-bayan nan na fashewar rediyo mai sauri, wanda aka sake gano shi a Parkes Observatory a Ostiraliya, ya fara cika wani muhimmin yanki ga wannan wasan wasa mai ban mamaki. Tawagar a Ostiraliya ba kawai ta yi rikodin ɗaya daga cikin fashewar rediyo guda bakwai kawai ba (zuwa iliminmu) daga cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, sun sami damar kama taron a ainihin-lokaci. Saboda shirye-shiryen da suka yi, tawagar ta sami damar faɗakar da sauran na'urorin na'urar hangen nesa a duniya don karkata hankalinsu kan daidai ɓangaren sararin sama tare da yin bincike na biyu a kan fashe don ganin wane (idan akwai) za a iya gano tsayin daka. 

Daga waɗannan abubuwan lura, masana kimiyya sun koyi mahimman bayanai waɗanda ƙila ba za su gaya mana ainihin menene ko kuma inda FRB's ke fitowa ba, amma yana ɓata abin da ba su bane. Wasu za su yi jayayya cewa sanin abin da ba haka ba yana da mahimmanci kamar sanin abin da yake, musamman ma lokacin da kake hulɗa da al'amarin mai duhu, kamar yadda ba a san shi sosai game da wannan batu fiye da kowane nau'i na sararin samaniya.

Lokacin da akwai babban rashi na ilimi, ka'idodin kimiyya duka suna da kyau da rashin hankali za su tashi. Irin wannan lamarin ya kasance tare da fashewar rediyo mai ban mamaki, inda Lorimer ya yi hasashen cewa lamarin zai yaɗu ne cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, yana mai cewa "Na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, za a sami ƙarin ra'ayoyi fiye da fashewar mutum." 

Har ma an ji shi yana goyon bayan hasashen da ake yi cewa wannan fashe-fashe na iya zama alama ce ta bayanan sirri. Duncan Lorimer, masanin astrophysicist wanda ya jagoranci tawagar a Parkes Observatory kuma wanda FRB's tun lokacin da aka sanya wa suna, an ji shi yana wasa tare da ra'ayin cewa waɗannan raƙuman ruwa na iya zama sakamakon wasu abokantaka na abokantaka da ke ƙoƙarin lalata 'sannu' da safe. daga wasu taurari masu nisa da nisa. An nakalto Lorimer yayin wata hira da NPR, yana mai cewa "har ma an yi tattaunawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen game da sa hannu daga wayewar duniya," kodayake har yanzu bai tabbatar da ko ya goyi bayan wadannan zarge-zargen ba. 

A hakikanin gaskiya, yawancin al'ummar kimiyya suna ganin sun dan jinkirta sanya kowane nauyi a cikin wadannan, ko kuma wani abu don haka, hasashe kamar yadda suke kawai; theories ba tare da wani sauti hujja.

Kafin ma akwai wasu ra'ayoyin da za a yi jayayya, duk da haka, FRBs da Lorimer ya samo asali daga bayanan baya a cikin 2001 masana kimiyya sun yarda da su sosai (har kwanan nan) don samun dalili da wuri wanda ya fi na gida a cikin ƙasa har ma da ƙasa da asali. a asali. Yayin da Lorimer da tawagarsa suka tattara misali guda ɗaya na FRB daga bayanansu na 2011, babu wasu lokuta da aka rubuta na waɗannan raƙuman radiyo da aka samar daga ko dai a cikin bayanan Parkes Observatory ko wasu na'urori masu ra'ayi a duniya. Kuma kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka san suna da matukar shakku game da duk wani rahoto ko binciken da aka samar ba tare da wani nau'i na tabbaci na ɓangare na uku ba, Lorimer ya fashe a matsayin wani nau'i na fasahar da ta fara gano shi. Wannan zato kamar yana karuwa ne kawai lokacin da a cikin 2013, wani fashe huɗu ya gano ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa ta Parkes, duk da haka a wannan lokacin FRBs sun nuna halaye waɗanda suka zana kamanceceniya da yawa ga kutsewar rediyo da aka sani da asalin ƙasa: perytons.

Masana kimiyya sun iya kammala daga babban matakan watsawa na Lorimer cewa sun fito ne daga yankin astronomical. Kimiyyar fasaha da ke bayan wannan ma'aunin, wanda zai taimaka wajen fahimtar dalilin da yasa aka yi kuskuren waɗannan raƙuman ruwa da perytons, a zahiri abu ne mai sauƙi. Nisa da wani abu ya kasance, mafi yawan plasma yana hulɗa da shi (watau cajin ions), wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da rarrabuwa, ma'ana ƙananan mitoci zasu zo bayan masu sauri. Wurin da ke tsakanin lokacin da waɗannan lokutan isowa suke yawanci yana nuna tushen asalin da ke ciki ko wajen kewayen taurarinmu. Irin wannan nau'in bakan tarwatsewa gabaɗaya baya faruwa tare da abubuwan da aka samo a cikin galaxy ɗinmu, sai dai ga sabon yanayin perytons. Kodayake ba'a da halayyar tushen da ke fitowa daga sararin samaniya, perytons ainihin asalin ƙasa ne kuma, kamar fashewar Lorimer, Parkes Observatory ne kawai ya lura da shi. 

Yanzu zaku iya fara ganin yadda masana kimiyya waɗanda tun farko suka ba da shawarar tushen FRBs su kasance na asalin sama sun fara lalacewa ta hanyar fasahar nasu, kuskure mai sauƙi wanda kawai za a iya danganta shi da rashin bambance-bambance a cikin samfuran su. Kafirai da masu kafirta sun yi ta yin shakku game da baiwa wadannan igiyoyin ruwa matsayi na ban mamaki, kamar wani lamari na musamman, har sai da suka tabbatar da ganin wadannan igiyoyin ruwa daga wani na'urar hangen nesa a wani wuri daban. Lorimer har ma ya yarda cewa binciken nasa ba za a ba da irin haƙƙin kimiyyar da al'umma ke buƙata ba har sai an rubuta tabbaci daga wani gidan kallo ta hanyar amfani da "ƙungiyoyi daban-daban [da], kayan aiki daban-daban".

A cikin Nuwamba na 2012, addu'o'in matsananciyar addu'o'in Lorimer da sauran masu bincike waɗanda suka yi imani cewa waɗannan FRB sun fito daga wajen galaxy ɗinmu sun sami amsarsu. FRB12110, fashewar rediyo mai sauri iri ɗaya da aka ruwaito a Ostiraliya, an gano shi a Arecibo Observatory a Puerto Rico. Nisa tsakanin Puerto Rico da Ostiraliya - kusan kilomita 17,000 - shine kawai nau'in sararin samaniya da masu bincike ke fatan sanyawa tsakanin abubuwan da aka gani na FRBs, yanzu suna iya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ba wani abu bane na ko dai na'urar hangen nesa ta Parkes ko kuma wurin da yake.

Yanzu da waɗannan FRBs sun tabbatar da halaccin su a cikin binciken ilimin taurari, mataki na gaba shine gano inda waɗannan fashe suke fitowa daga ainihin abin da ke haifar da su. Gwaji a na'urar hangen nesa ta SWIFT ya tabbatar da cewa akwai majiyoyin X-ray guda 2 da ke cikin hanyar FRB, amma baya ga wannan, ba a gano wasu tsayin daka ba. Ta hanyar rashin gano kowane nau'in aiki a cikin sauran nau'ikan bakan, masana kimiyya sun sami damar keɓance wasu ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa da yawa daga ɗaukar su azaman ingantattun bayanai na asalin FRB. 

Baya ga rashin lura da waɗannan fashewa a cikin kowane tsayin tsayi, sun gano cewa FRBs sun kasance da'irar da'ira maimakon layi, yana nuna cewa dole ne su kasance a gaban wani filin maganadisu mai ƙarfi. Ta hanyar kawar da su, masana kimiyya sun iya karya yiwuwar tushen waɗannan fashe zuwa sassa uku: Rushe ramukan baƙar fata (wanda aka sani da blizars), manyan flares da aka samar daga magnetars (tauraron neutron tare da babban filin maganadisu), ko kuma cewa sun kasance. sakamakon karo ne tsakanin taurarin neutron da bakar ramuka. Dukkanin ra'ayoyin guda uku suna da yuwuwar kasancewa a wannan lokacin, saboda bayanan da ba mu sani ba game da waɗannan fashe masu ƙarfi har yanzu sun fi ilimin da muka tsara.