The main effects of climate change on agriculture are an increase in crop productivity due to higher temperatures and CO2 concentrations (sugar and beet); an extension of the growing season; crop damage and production constraints as a result of waterlogging due to the increase in rainfall; crop damage from soil water deficits and/or brackish groundwater seepage; changes in the distribution, frequency and intensity of fungal diseases, insect pests and weed growth, especially for crops such as p