Interstellar, warts ndi zonse, zimatengera Christopher Nolan ku infinity ndi kupitirira - nkhani zaukadaulo

nyenyezi, Epic yatsopano ya scifi space exploration yochokera kwa Christopher Nolan, yakhudzidwa ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu chifukwa cha sayansi yake ndi chiwembu.

Chomwe ndidachiwona pafupipafupi chinali chidutswa cha Annalee Newitz mu io9, "Lekani Kuyika New Age Pseudoscience mu Sayansi Yathu Yopeka," koma sanali yekha. Anthu amene ndimawadziwa ndi kuwalemekeza anapeza zifukwa zambiri zokhalira kudana ndi kukonda filimu imene sindinkaganiza kuti ingapangidwe. Ndipo mkati mwa zokambirana zonsezi, ndikusangalala kuti tinapeza mwayi wotsutsana.

Komabe mutha kumva zambiri za Interstellar, Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuti owonetsa komanso otsutsa onse avomereze kuti ichi ndi chochitika chodziwika bwino chazopeka za sayansi. Filimuyi ilibe maulendo apamwamba omwe tingayembekezere mu opera ya mumlengalenga, komanso ilibe kuwonetseredwa mopitirira muyeso komwe kumapha mafilimu ena apamwamba a sayansi.

M'malo mwake, Interstellar ili ndi nkhani yomwe anthu amalipira kuti awone ndiyeno amalimbikitsa anzawo. Kaya nkhaniyo ndiyabwino kapena yoyipa sizofunikira monga momwe zidachitikira: ochita zisudzo adakumana ndi wotsogolera wamkulu komanso wasayansi wodziwika bwino. adatsimikiziridwa kuti omvera adzagula tikiti yowonera kanema komwe sayansi ndi imodzi mwa nyenyezi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wotsogolera aliyense amene akufuna kuyesa kupanga china chake ngati Interstellar, kapena china chake bwino, akhoza kuloza pa umboni uwu wa lingaliro pamene Hollywood bajeti ayamba mapazi ozizira.

Komabe, zili bwino? Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kupita mozama.

Anthu Mabiliyoni Asanu ndi Awiri Ndi Theka: Tiyeni Tiyambitse Phwando Latsopano Mu Space

Interstellar imafotokoza nkhani ya Dziko Lapansi lomwe mwachilengedwe lawonongeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mitunduyi tsopano yayamba kuonda, magulu ankhondo akugawanika, ndipo anthu ambiri amakakamizika kukhala alimi kuti angopeza chakudya chokwanira. Potsutsana ndi izi, katswiri wakale wa zakuthambo, Cooper (Matthew McConaughey), ali ndi masomphenya odabwitsa omwe amamufikitsa kwa mphunzitsi wake wakale, Pulofesa John Brand (Michael Caine). Brand tsopano ndi mutu wa NASA, ndipo ali ndi ndondomeko yopulumutsa anthu.

Dongosololi likudalira ena angapo a deus ex machinae mufilimuyi. Wanzeru wodabwitsa watsegula mphutsi yokhazikika pafupi ndi Saturn, yomwe imatsogolera ku dongosolo la mapulaneti angapo, onse omwe angakhale madera a anthu.

NASA yatumiza kale okonda zakuthambo amaulendo anjira imodzi kuti akafufuze dziko lililonse. Zomwe zidatumizidwanso zinali "inde" ngati adatha kutera padziko lapansi mphamvu kuthandizira koloni. Cooper akafika, pali mapulaneti atatu oti afufuze, koma cholinga choyambitsa kuthetsa chikhoza kukhala tikiti yanjira imodzi. Posiya ana ake ndikulonjeza kuti tsiku lina adzabweranso, Cooper akuyamba kulamula ulendo womwe ungapulumutse zamoyo.

Ulendo wamlengalenga wokhala ndi zowoneka bwino komanso fizikisi yopindika m'malingaliro imayamba. Ponseponse, kanemayo amasiyanitsa anthu, ndi Cooper, nthawi yochepa komanso kusimidwa motsutsana ndi zaka zambiri zomwe ofufuza amawotcha pongoyesa kupita kumalo ndi malo. Kuti tichite izi, ndakatulo ya Dylan Thomas ("Musapite mofatsa ...") imaseweredwa panthawi yofunika kwambiri yakusowa ndi kutaya.

Uthengawu, womwe umaperekedwanso mu zokambirana, ndikuti wosimidwayo adalowa aliyense moyo ukhoza kupanga zinthu zodabwitsa zanzeru. Chomaliza cha trippy, chokhudza kulumpha kwa chikhulupiriro mu dzenje lakuda, chimayika mwala wapamwamba pa lingaliro ili ndikukhazikika mu mfundo za sayansi.

Wotsogolera, Wolemba, ndi Katswiri Wasayansi Akuyenda Ku Hollywood

Pofuna kuwululidwa kwathunthu, ndiyenera kuzindikira kuti ndagawana nawo tebulo la chakudya chamadzulo ndi m'modzi mwa opanga filimuyi kangapo: Dr. Kip Thorne, mnzanga wa Caltech alumnus ndipo mosakayikira ndi katswiri wodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa quantum. mphamvu yokoka.

Kufotokozedwa ngati "mlangizi" pa sayansi, zoona zake, Kip, yemwe amawoneka ngati Michael Caine ndipo amaumiriza ophunzira ake kuti agwiritse ntchito dzina lake loyamba, ndiye adayambitsa lingaliro loyambirira la Interstellar.. Anachita kampeni kwa zaka zambiri kuti apange filimu yomwe imachita sayansi ndi nkhani pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri.

Ndinali pa chakudya chamadzulo ndi Kip, sabata lomwelo adayika Stephen Spielberg pa lingaliro la filimuyo, ndipo zinali zovuta kuti ndisatengeke ndi chidwi cha Kip kuti filimu yokhudzana ndi mabowo akuda ndi physics ingakhalenso ndi uthenga wozama waumunthu.

Nthawi zina "Onetsani, Osanena" Zimabweretsa Mavuto

Sindikuganiza kuti filimuyi imakwaniritsa zolinga zake, makamaka chifukwa chakuti sayansi yapamwamba ndi yovuta kulowa. Anthu ambiri akudzudzula chifukwa cha zinthu zina zimene zinangopeka mufilimuyi, komanso chifukwa cha umisiri watsopano wachilendo wosonyezedwa.

Interstellaris yodzaza ndi zinthu zosangalatsa zomwe zimadalira zomwe zikuwoneka ngati sayansi yotambasuka. Kanemayo amapewa kufotokoza zinthu izi mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa zitha kukhala bala lakufa kwa nkhaniyo. M'malo mokuuzani momwe chilichonse chaching'ono chimagwirira ntchito, Interstellar amakuwonetsani mapulaneti ndi zapamlengalenga ndikuyembekeza kuti muwakhulupirira kuti apeza bwino.

Tsoka ilo, nthawi zina zimalakwitsa kutali kwambiri ndikuwonetsa, kusiya zinthu zambiri zosokoneza pazenera. Mapulaneti omwe ali m'mphepete mwa dzenje lakuda, kuwonongeka kwa mbewu zomwe zimamera bwino ndi nayitrogeni, ndi dzenje lakuda lozungulira zonse zimabweretsedwa patebulo —ndipo ndawawona akung'ambika ndi otsutsa amalingaliro abwino omwe samatero. sindimazindikira kuti malingaliro osamvetseka awa ndi othekadi.

Kunena zoona, zinthu zonsezi “zimaloledwa” ndi sayansi. Pansi pamikhalidwe yapadera, pulaneti ndikanathera khalani pafupi ndi dzenje lakuda popanda kusweka. Popeza zomera zimachita bwino ndi nayitrogeni, zingakhalenso zomveka kuti mabakiteriya osakaniza nayitrogeni kapena chomera cha parasitic chikhoza kuwononga mbewu. Ndipo pamwamba pa kukula kwina, ena amaganiza kuti mabowo ambiri akuda ndi ozungulira ngati Interstellar'sGargantua. Kwa ena, komabe, sikokwanira kuti sayansi ndi yotheka - iyeneranso kukhala yotheka kwambiri kotero kuti iyenera kukhala yamba.

Sayansi Yosatheka Ndi Sayansiyi

Vuto ndilakuti, sayansi simagwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyo. Simamvera malamulo athu ndi zoyembekeza zathu. Ndi gawo la zosangalatsa.

Sayansi ili ndi zidziwitso zosayembekezereka komanso deta yomwe imadalira kwambiri mwayi kuposa chilichonse chomwe chimamveka mwanzeru. Chilengedwe chimakhala ndi chizolowezi chotidabwitsa ndi chowonadi chovuta chomwe ngakhale nthanthi zolimba ziyenera kusintha kuti zimvetsetse.

Kukongola kwa sayansi ndikuti ife do sinthani kuti mutenge choonadi ichi. Ndicho chimene chimapangitsa ndondomekoyi kukhala yasayansi. Interstellar amamvetsetsa izi.

Imatidziwitsa potchula m'modzi mwa otchulidwa ake - mwana wamkazi wanzeru wa Cooper, Murph, pambuyo pa Murphy's Law. Cooper akubwerezanso osati ngati "ngati chinachake chitha kulakwika mwina chitha," koma mocheperapo, "chilichonse chomwe chingachitike, chidzachitika." Ndikungolakalaka kuti kanemayo afotokoze mfundoyi motsindika kwambiri.

Ndi njira yasayansi yowonera zomwe sizingatheke. Ngakhale Dziko lapansi ndi pulaneti lomwe silingatheke. Koma ziri pano, ndipo ifenso tiri. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa ndi chilengedwe chachikulu kunja uko ndi chirichonse chimene chingachitike mmenemo, chidzatero. Kwa iwo amene amati n'kosatheka kukhala ndi zinthu zosayembekezereka izi mufilimu, ndikunena kuti akuyiwala kudabwitsa kwake komwe kulipo kuti atenge.

Koma Mukamagwiritsa Ntchito Zosatheka, Muyenera Kudzifotokozera Nokha

Inde, pali mavuto ozama ndi filimuyi. Pamene Annalee Newitz akunena kuti mapeto ndi "pseudoscientific woo" pomwe Cooper amayendetsa mphamvu yokoka pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya chikondi, sakulondola-koma si vuto lake. Newitz ndi munthu wanzeru kwambiri ndipo Interstellar alibe chowiringula cholephera kumumvetsetsa. Kanemayo amachita ntchito yoyipa kwambiri pofotokoza zomwe Cooper ndi Murph akuchita kumapeto kwa filimuyo, komanso chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti pakhale yankho lamavuto omwe alipo.

Ngakhale kuti pamapeto pake ndi za mphamvu yokoka, kusimba nthano kosatheka kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kulekanitsa sayansi yokoka kuchokera ku mfundo yakuti chikondi ndi chinthu. zolimbikitsa chifukwa cha zochita za Cooper, osati mphamvu yeniyeni.

Popeza anthu ambiri adatengapo sayansi kusukulu yasekondale, ndikulephera kwakukulu kuti filimuyo ikuyembekeza kuti tidziwe komwe sayansi imathera komanso fanizo limayambira. Nolan akanayenera kugulitsa zinthu zina zosafunika kwenikweni kuti ziwonetsere omvera mzere pakati pa sayansi ya prosaic ndi mitu yandakatulo.

Pakati pamituyi, komabe, Interstella imapereka mphamvu zochititsa chidwi za nyenyezi, zidule zoyendetsa ndege, ndi mphindi zochititsa chidwi zomwe moona. do kugwirizana ndi omwe akuwonera. Kuwona zinthuzo zikusefukira, ndidakhululuka mphindi zokambitsirana movutikira komanso kusayenda bwino.

Kuyendetsa zombo zapamlengalenga kunali kosangalatsa kwambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimayendetsa chiwembu ndichofunika kwa otchulidwa nthawi zonse kuti azilinganiza zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri: data, mafuta, ndi nthawi. Zimawawonongera mafuta kuti asonkhanitse deta pa mapulaneti osiyanasiyana, koma akakhala ndi deta yambiri, amasunga nthawi yochuluka, komanso amafulumira kubwerera ku mabanja omwe adawasiya padziko lapansi. Pafupi ndi dzenje lakuda, pomwe nthawi imatha kufalikira kuti ana anu Padziko Lapansi azaka 50 pomwe mukukula tsiku, ndikofunikira kusunga nthawi.

Cooper ndi gulu lake amatsutsana, kupanga, ndi kukoka zidule zamatsenga kuti apeze ndalama zambiri ndikupeza dziko lomwe lingapulumutse anthu mwayi wawo usanathe. Ndizo Interstellar ndi chiyani kwenikweni. Mphamvu ya filimuyi ili mu sewerolo, lomwe limafanana ndi anthu osadziwika bwino Lipoti la Europa, zomwe ndingapangire anthu omwe amasangalala nazo. 

Pamwamba pa seweroli, palinso mfundo yakuti Interstellar ili ndi zokondweretsa kwambiri, ndi zolondola, zowonetsera malo zomwe zakhala zikuwonekera pafilimu.

Osati Kanema Wa Sayansi Yokha: Komanso Kanema Wopanga Sayansi Kuchitika

Gargantua ndiye malo owoneka bwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, filimu ya scifi imatha kuwonetsa zotsatira zake kwa akatswiri ojambula omwe angagulitse zenizeni za sayansi kuti azikongoletsa. Ayi, sichoncho kwa Interstellar. M'malo mwake, Kip adagwira ntchito ndi gulu la VFX kuti achite sayansi yeniyeni.

Pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta opanga mafilimu omwe dipatimenti ya sayansi ya zamoyo nthawi zambiri sakanatha kupereka zithunzi, amaika zakuthambo zenizeni m'masamu ndikupeza chinachake chomwe sichili chokongola, koma chidzabweretsa mabuku angapo a physics chifukwa palibe aliyense. adamasulira molondola dzenje lakuda mwanjira imeneyo.

Ndidafunsa Kip kuti ndi gawo liti la kulingalira kwa Gargantua lomwe akuganiza kuti ndilozizira kwambiri (mawu anga, osati ake), ndipo adayankha kuti "ndizowunikira pamapangidwe a kamera yakumbuyo ya kamera ikakhala pafupi ndi dzenje lakuda, komanso ma caustics amakhudza zithunzi zokhala ndi ma lens amphamvu. ”

Inde, izi zimafuna kumasulira pang'ono kuchokera kwa "katswiri wodziwika bwino wa sayansi" kupita ku "wina aliyense."

Zomwe akunenazi ndi mfundo yakuti mphamvu yokoka ya dzenje lakuda ndi yokwera kwambiri moti imatha kupindika cheza cha kuwala kuzungulira. Izi zimatchedwa gravitational lensing, ndipo lensing ya black hole yokoka imatha kukhudza kufalikira kwa kuwala mtsogolo komanso m'mbuyomu ("cone yowala zakale"). Izi zikutanthauza, mwachidule, kuti mphamvu yokoka ya dzenje lakuda imatha kupangitsa kuwala kumawoneka kwachilendo kwenikweni kwa wowonera pafupi ndi dzenje lakuda.

Komabe, matembenuzidwe ambiri a dzenje lakuda sanayese kujambula zithunzi kudzera pa kamera yowona.

Magalasi a kamera amapindikanso kuwala ndipo mawonekedwe ake amatchedwa "caustic structure." Kwa kamera yomwe ili pafupi ndi dzenje lakuda, mawonekedwe a caustic a kamera ndi mphamvu yokoka ya dzenjelo zimasewera pamodzi modabwitsa. Mumapeza zotsatira zachilendo pachithunzi chanu chomaliza zomwe simungaziwone patali.

Izi ndizofunikira kwa asayansi amtsogolo - zithunzi zoyamba za dzenje lakuda mwina zimachokera ku kamera ya mlengalenga, ndipo chifukwa cha Kip ndi Interstellar., tikhala ndi lingaliro la zomwe tingayembekezere.

Kip amandiuza kuti ali ndi pepala loti atuluke posachedwa lomwe limasanthula physics ya izi mwatsatanetsatane; Ndikupangira kuti muwone ngati mutha kutsatira fizikisi yamtunduwu.

Ngati simukudziwa zambiri za sayansi ya zakuthambo, ndikulozerani komwe kuli buku laposachedwa la Kip. Sayansi ya Interstellar, yotulutsidwa ngati mnzake wa filimuyo. Zolemba zonsezi zimachitira umboni kuti Interstellar ndi ukwati waukulu pakati pa Hollywood ndi sayansi yeniyeni.

Zovuta Zazikuluzi Zimayendetsedwanso ndi Sayansi

Pali zambiri, komabe. Zombo za m'mlengalenga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mufilimuyi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamakono zamakono zomwe zili ndi malire enieni. Choyamba mwa zolephera izi ndi chimodzi chomwe simukuwona zambiri kunja kwa dziko lamtsogolo ndi zopeka za sayansi: mfundo yosavuta yakuti mphamvu za rocket sizikhala zokwanira kuchotsa anthu onse padziko lapansi lomwe likufa.

Ndizowona. Dziko Lapansi ndi sitima yapamadzi ya Titanic ndipo kulibe mabwato opulumutsira anthu okwanira pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono. NASA mufilimuyi ikudziwa bwino izi ndipo ndondomeko ya Pulofesa Brand yopulumutsa anthu idapangidwa m'njira yosapulumutsa anthu onse. Pomwe Cooper ndi ogwira nawo ntchito akupita kukafunafuna nyumba yatsopano, Brand ayesa kuthetsa ma equation a quantum gravity omwe atha kuchotsa anthu onse padziko lapansi. Ndilo "Plan A."

Komabe kufunafuna sayansi sikumabwera ndi chitsimikizo ndipo Pulofesa Brand ali ndi dongosolo losunga zobwezeretsera. Mwana wake wamkazi (Anne Hathaway, yemwenso ndi pulofesa mosokoneza komanso amatchedwanso "Brand") adzapita ku ntchitoyo ndikunyamula miluza ya anthu oundana. Iyi ndi "Plan B" ndipo imadalira kugwiritsa ntchito chiberekero chochita kupanga. Brand (wamng'ono) ndi munthu yekhayo pa mission yemwe angathe kunyamula mwana, pambuyo pake.

Ana Otuluka mu Toaster: Kodi Plan B Ingachitikedi?

Kukula kwa chiberekero chopanga kukuchitika pakali pano. Imatchedwa ectogenics, ndipo ndiyofunikira kwa sayansi yakubala komanso umisiri wamtsogolo womwe ungakulire ziwalo zamunthu kuchokera ku ma cell.

Mu 2003, Dr. Helen Liu waku Cornell adawonetsa kuti amatha kukulitsa miluza yanyama pansi pamikhalidwe yopangira popereka minofu ya chiberekero, madzi amniotic madzi, mahomoni, ndi zakudya mu chubu choyesera chophiphiritsira. Iye akupitiriza ntchito yake, ngakhale kukulitsa mluza wa munthu kwa milungu yosakwana iwiri, koma mayesero a anthu adzakhala ovuta chifukwa cha malamulo oyika malire a milungu iwiri. Komabe, potsirizira pake padzakhala chiberekero chochita kupanga, ndipo chifukwa cha kusapeŵeka kumeneko pali kale anthu akukamba za makhalidwe a chipangizo choterocho.

Interstellar, zomwe sizochitika zazikulu zachikazi, zimadumphira pazifukwa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi teknoloji yomwe imakulolani kukulitsa atsamunda mu microwave, ndipo ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti ndizozizira kuganiza. Ndi luso limeneli, Plan B ikanakhala yotheka m’dziko lenileni—kaya Dziko lapansi likufa kapena ayi.