Cloning and synthesizing viruses: Mokhoa o potlakileng oa ho thibela mafu a seoa a tlang

• Author:
• Lebitso la sengoli

  Quantumrun Ponelopele
• September 29, 2022

Kakaretso ea kutloisiso

Mafu a tšoaetsanoang a lebisitse ho tsoelopele ea kokoana-hloko ea kokoana-hloko bakeng sa ho tsebahatsa kapele le nts'etsopele ea ente. Leha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li kenyelletsa mekhoa e mecha e kang ho sebelisa tomoso bakeng sa phetiso ea SARS-CoV-2, ho ameha ka polokeho le ntoa ea likokoana-hloko ho ntse ho tsoela pele. Lintlafatso tsena li ka boela tsa tsamaisa tsoelo-pele litabeng tsa bongaka, temo le thuto, ho theha bokamoso ka likarolo tse lokiselitsoeng hamolemo tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo le biotechnology.

Cloning le synthesizing likokoana-hloko moelelo oa taba

Mafu a bakoang ke likokoana-hloko a 'nile a lula a le kotsi ho batho. Mafu ana a tšoaetsanoang haholo a bakile mahlomola a mangata historing, hangata a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa liphellong tsa lintoa le liketsahalo tse ling tsa lefatše. Litlaleho tsa ho qhoma ha kokoana-hloko, joalo ka sekholopane, maselese, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), SARS-CoV (severe acute breathing syndrome coronavirus), kokoana-hloko ea ntaramane ea 1918, le tse ling, li tlaleha liphello tse bohloko tsa mafu ana. Likokoana-hloko tsena li entse hore bo-rasaense lefatšeng ka bophara ba kopane le ho kopanya likokoana-hloko ho li khetholla kapele le ho hlahisa liente tse sebetsang hantle le li-antidote. 

Ha seoa sa COVID-19 se qhoma ka 2020, bafuputsi ba lefats'e ba ile ba sebelisa cloning ho ithuta sebopeho sa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa vaerase. Bo-rasaense ba ka ’na ba rōka likotoana tsa DNA ho etsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa kokoana-hloko ebe ba li kenya baktheria. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona ha o lokele livaerase tsohle—haholo-holo coronavirus. Hobane li-coronavirus li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kholo, sena se etsa hore ho be thata hore baktheria e ikatise hantle. Ho phaella moo, likarolo tsa genome li ka ba tse sa tsitsang kapa tsa chefo ho libaktheria-le hoja lebaka le e-s'o utloisisoe ka botlalo. 

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, livaerase tsa cloning le synthesizing li ntšetsa pele boiteko ba ntoa ea likokoana-hloko (BW). Ntoa ea likokoana-hloko e ntša likokoana-hloko kapa chefo e reretsoeng ho bolaea, ho thibela, kapa ho tšosa sera ha e ntse e senya moruo oa naha ka tekanyo e nyenyane. Likokoana-hloko tsena li nkoa e le libetsa tse bolaeang batho ba bangata hobane esita le tse nyenyane li ka 'na tsa baka likotsi tse ngata. 

Tšusumetso e senyang

Ka 2020, peisong ea ho nts'etsapele ente kapa kalafo ea COVID-19, bo-ramahlale ba tsoang Univesithing ea Bern e thehiloeng Switzerland ba ile ba fetohela sesebelisoa se sa tloaelehang: tomoso. Ho fapana le livaerase tse ling, SARS-CoV-2 ha e khone ho holisoa liseleng tsa motho ka laboratoring, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho ithuta. Empa sehlopha se ile sa hlahisa mokhoa o potlakileng le o sebetsang oa ho kopanya le ho kopanya kokoana-hloko ka ho sebelisa lisele tsa tomoso.

Ts'ebetso, e hlalositsoeng pampiring e phatlalalitsoeng koranteng ea mahlale ea Nature, e sebelisitse phetoho e amanang le phetoho (TAR) ho kopanya likhechana tse khutšoane tsa DNA ho li-chromosome tse felletseng liseleng tsa tomoso. Mokhoa ona o ile oa lumella bo-ramahlale hore ba potlakele le ha bonolo ho etsisa kokoana ea lefutso. Mokhoa ona o sebelisitsoe ho kopanya mofuta oa vaerase o kentseng protheine ea motlalehi oa fluorescent, e lumellang bo-ramahlale ho lekola lithethefatsi tse ka bang teng bakeng sa bokhoni ba bona ba ho thibela vaerase.

Leha tšibollo ena e fana ka melemo e mengata ho feta mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea cloning, e boetse e na le likotsi. Ho koala likokoana-hloko ka har'a tomoso ho ka lebisa ho ata ha tšoaetso ea tomoso ho batho, 'me ho na le kotsi ea hore kokoana-hloko e entsoeng e ka baleha lab. Leha ho le joalo, bo-rasaense ba lumela hore mokhoa oa cloning o fana ka sesebelisoa se matla sa ho ikatisa livaerase kapele le ho etsa liphekolo kapa liente tse sebetsang hantle. Ho feta moo, bafuputsi ba ntse ba etsa lipatlisiso ka ts'ebetsong ea TAR ho kopanya likokoana-hloko tse ling, ho akarelletsa le MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) le Zika.

Litlamorao tsa cloning le synthesizing livaerase

Litlamorao tse pharalletseng tsa livaerase tsa cloning le synthesizing li ka kenyelletsa: 

• Ho tsoela pele ho etsa lipatlisiso ka livaerase tse ntseng li hlaha, ho nolofalletsa mebuso ho itokisetsa mafu a seoa kapa mafu a seoa a ka bang teng.
• Biopharma e potlakisa nts'etsopele ea lithethefatsi le tlhahiso khahlanong le mafu a vaerase.
• Tšebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea kokoana-hloko ea cloning ho khetholla libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko. Leha ho le joalo, mekhatlo e meng e ka etsa se tšoanang ho hlahisa chefo e betere ea lik'hemik'hale le likokoana-hloko.
• Mebuso e ntse e hatelloa le ho feta hore e be pepeneneng mabapi le lithuto tsa eona tsa vaerase tse lefelloang ke sechaba le phetiso e ntseng e etsoa lilaboratoring tsa eona, ho kenyeletsoa le merero ea tšohanyetso ea hore na livaerase tsena li ka phonyoha neng.
• Matsete a maholo a sechaba le a poraefete ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa cloning virus. Merero ena e ka lebisa keketsehong ea mesebetsi lekaleng.
• Katoloso lefapheng la bongaka ba motho ka mong, ho loants'a liphekolo ho latela liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa motho ka mong le ho eketsa katleho ea liphekolo tsa vaerase.
• Nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e nepahetseng ea taolo ea bioloji ea temo, e ka fokotsang ho itšetleha ka chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka lik'hemik'hale le ho khothaletsa temo e tsitsitseng.
• Litsi tsa thuto tse kenyelletsang theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea baeloji ho kharikhulamo, e lebisang ho basebetsi ba nang le boiphihlelo ho virology le genetics.

Lipotso tse lokelang ho nahanoa

• U nahana hore livaerase tsa cloning li ka potlakisa lithuto tsa mafu a vaerase joang hape?
• Likotsi tse ling tse ka bang teng tsa ho hlahisa livaerase ka laboratoring ke life?