Jarumai na zahiri na rayuwa na gaske da kuma yadda zaku zama ɗaya

Shekaru da yawa, manyan jarumai, da miyagu sun mamaye al'adun pop. Ko ya kasance cikin haɗari tare da radiation gamma ko kuma sakamakon wani gwaji na kimiyya na gwamnati na sirri, waɗannan mutane da ake gani na yau da kullum suna samun ikon ceton rayuka, ko halaka su, tare da 'ƙarfafa iyawa.'   

Duk da haka, ba za mu iya taimakawa wajen tunanin ko waɗannan iyawar suna yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin duniyar almara ta kimiyya ba. Hakanan ba za ku iya musun cewa ba ku amsa wannan tambayar ba aƙalla sau ɗaya a rayuwar ku: Idan za ku iya samun iko mai ƙarfi, menene zai kasance? Yayin da kimiyya ke ci gaba kuma muka fara fahimtar kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da illolinsa, yi tunani sau biyu game da amsarka ga wannan tambayar domin tana iya zama gaskiya. 

Karatun hankali  

Duk da nisa da tunanin karatun hankali yake. masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Cambridge yi imani akwai iya zama tushen DNA a cikin ikon karanta tunanin wasu ta idanunsu. A cikin binciken da aka sani da "Karatun Hankali a Ido” Gwaji, ƙungiyar ta yi niyya don ƙayyade matakan jin daɗin fahimtar juna, wanda ya nuna cewa ya yi yawa ko kuma ya yi ƙasa sosai a cikin mutane masu nau'o'in nau'i na ciwon hauka. An tambayi mahalarta 89,000 daga ko'ina cikin duniya don gano bambance-bambance a cikin hotunan idanu, tare da lura da irin motsin da mutanen da ke cikin hotunan suka ji. Bayan gwajin Ido, duk mahalarta sun yi gwajin kwayoyin halitta, kuma tawagar ta nemi alakar sakamakonsu da kwayoyin halittarsu. 

Sakamakon ya nuna 'yan alaƙa daban-daban. Na farko, mata sun nuna hali maki mafi girma fiye da takwarorinsu maza. Wadannan matan kuma sun nuna karuwar bambancin akan chromosome 3 wanda aka samu kawai a cikin matan da ke da maki mai yawa, ba tare da dangantaka da mafi kyawun maki a cikin maza ba.  

Bayan binciken da aka yi akan wannan yanki na chromosomal, an gano cewa ya hada da kwayar halitta da ake kira LRRN1 (Leucine Rich Maimaita Neuronal 1). Ko da yake ba a siffanta shi da kyau ba, kwayar halittar ta nuna tana aiki a yankin striatum na kwakwalwar ɗan adam. Ba zato ba tsammani, wannan yanki na kwakwalwa an ƙaddara don taka rawa a cikin fahimtar fahimtar juna ta hanyar yin amfani da na'urar daukar hoto.   

Wataƙila ba za mu iya jin tunanin wani ba, amma ra'ayin shine cewa kwayoyin halitta na iya taka rawa wajen iya jin tausayin wani. Wannan yana nufin cewa za mu iya saka kanmu cikin takalmin wani. Amma ta yaya hakan ke faruwa kuma wane bangare na kwakwalwa ne ke da alhakin hakan?   

Amsar mai sauki ga wannan ita ce Wayoyin Madubi. Masana kimiyyar neuroscientists da ke aiki akan birai macaque ne suka fara gano su. Ƙungiyar ta lura da wani yanki na sel a cikin premotor cortex wanda ya amsa kai tsaye ga motsin zuciyar wasu.  

Vittorio Gallese, daya daga cikin wadanda suka gano na'urorin jikin madubi da kuma kwararre a fannin kwakwalwa a Jami'ar Parma da ke Italiya, ya kara da cewa. ya bayyana hakan "Muna rabawa tare da wasu ba kawai hanyar da suka saba yin aiki ba ko kuma su fuskanci motsin rai da jin daɗi, har ma da da'irar jijiyoyin da ke ba da damar waɗannan ayyuka iri ɗaya, motsin rai da ji." Wannan ya kira tsarin neuron madubi.  

Ɗaukar duka biyun neurons na madubi da kuma jigon LRRN1 cikin wasa, akwai bincike mai yawa da ya kamata a yi don gano yadda za a iya amfani da su don ƙara fahimtar fahimtar juna a cikin daidaikun mutane. Ba wai kawai wannan zai iya samun yuwuwar sanya ku zama kamar Farfesa X ko Doctor Strange ba, amma kuma yana iya zama mai tasiri wajen magance ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, irin su Autism da schizophrenia. A cikin waɗannan rikice-rikice, daidaikun mutane suna da nau'in tsarin da aka danne ko nakasa wanda ke rage ikon fahimtar duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Ƙarfin samar da jiyya na kwayoyin halitta wanda zai yuwu a gabatar da ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan sadarwar jijiya zai ƙara haɓaka rayuwar waɗannan mutane.  

Super Immunity  

Ko da yake ba kamar mai walƙiya ba, babban rigakafi zai iya zama mafi amfani "mafi ƙarfi." Kariya ga cututtuka ko danne cututtukan yara a cikin jikin ku yana sa ku zama mutant. Ba wai kawai irin wannan nau'in maye gurbi zai iya ba ku damar tsira daga annoba ta duniya ta gaba ba, har ma za su iya ɗaukar alamu don gano hanyoyin hana cuta iri ɗaya ko cuta. 

Eric Schadt na Makarantar Magunguna ta Icahn a Dutsen Sinai, New York da Stephen Abokin Sage Bionetworks sun yi tunanin wani tsari na musamman kamar ƙoƙari na sami wadannan mutants.  

“Idan kuna son samun hanyar rigakafin cututtuka, bai kamata ku rika kallon masu cutar ba. Ya kamata ku kalli mutanen da yakamata su yi rashin lafiya amma ba su da lafiya” ya bayyana Aboki.  

su binciken, don haka, da nufin nemo mutane masu lafiya waɗanda ke ɗauke da lambobi a cikin kwayoyin halittarsu don mummunan yanayin kwayoyin halitta wanda ya kamata su sami alamun cutar. Bayan nazarin kwayoyin halittu 589,306, sun sami damar takaita shi zuwa mutane 13 wadanda ke dauke da maye gurbi na cututtuka daban-daban guda takwas. Tare da bayanan lafiyar kowane mutum, sun sami damar bayyana cewa wannan mara lafiyar bai nuna rashin lafiyar da ke tattare da kwayoyin halittarsu ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa waɗannan mutane 13 sun sami hanyar kashe maganganun waɗannan kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke ba su mahimmanci ga gano magungunan cututtukan da suke ɗauke da su.  

Duk da haka, akwai matsala guda ɗaya tare da binciken. Samfuran kwayoyin halitta da suka samu samfurori ne kawai, kuma saboda fom ɗin amincewa da mahalarta suka sanya hannu, ba a iya tuntuɓar batutuwan duka don bin diddigin. Don ƙarin bincike, duo yana ƙaddamar da Resilience Project tare da Jason Bobe, kuma daga Makarantar Magunguna ta Icahn. Manufar ita ce a jera kwayoyin halittar mutane 100,000 don gano irin wannan lamari, tare da yuwuwar sake tuntuɓar mutanen idan sun ɗauki kwayar halitta mai ban sha'awa ga ƙungiyar.  

Baya ga wannan binciken, sauran masana kimiyya sun kasance suna bin wannan tsarin a duniya, kuma an sami wasu "super rigakafi" da yawa a duniya. Daya daga cikin sanannun mutane shine Stephen Crohn, mutumin da ke dauke da maye gurbi mai suna delta 32 a cikin kwayoyin garkuwar jikin sa na CD4 wanda ya ba shi damar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau.  

Bill Paxton, masanin rigakafi a Cibiyar Nazarin AIDS ta Aaron Diamond, kuma ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya yi aiki tare da Crohn, ya ce “Daga nazarinsa da mutane irinsa, hakika mun ciyar da bincike kan cutar kanjamau gaba. Kuma akwai magunguna a can yanzu waɗanda, daga binciken Steve, suna da fa'ida sosai don dakatar da kwayar cutar. "  

Amma Ta Yaya Zaku Iya Samun Manyan Ikon Ku?  

Kuna iya gode wa ƙungiyar masanan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu don wannan amsar. Da farko aka buga da kuma haƙƙin mallaka a cikin 2012. Charpentier da Doudna sun gano Cas9, furotin da idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da Rodolphe Barrangou's CRISPR, wani gungu na maimaita DNA da aka gano a cikin 2005, yana da damar yin amfani da shi wajen gyaran kwayoyin halitta. 

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Crispr-Cas9 ya zama mai canza wasa a fagen ilimin halittu. Rukunin ya sami damar yanki takamaiman yanki na DNA kuma ya maye gurbinsa da kusan kowane yanki na DNA da mai binciken yake so. Nan da nan ya zama tsere don gano hanya mafi kyau don gabatar da Crispr da Cas9 a cikin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, da kuma yaƙin neman izini tsakanin Doudna da Feng Zhang, masanin ilimin halittu a Cibiyar Broad Institute of MIT da Harvard.  

Crispr-Cas9 ya zama babban abin sha'awa don yin kamfanoni daban-daban na ilimin halittu a duniya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa ba su da iyaka daga maganin rashin lafiya zuwa zabin wucin gadi a cikin amfanin gona. Idan mun san kwayoyin halittar da muke so, za mu iya kawai a dasa su a jikinmu. Amma a ina muka ja layi? Wannan zai ba wa mutane damar zaɓar halayen da suke so a cikin ’ya’yansu, kama daga launin gashi zuwa ingantattun iyawar da aka ambata a wannan talifin. Kwayoyin halitta sun zama kamar zane-zane, kuma za mu iya da gaske ƙirƙirar manyan jaruman kwayoyin halitta muddin mun san jerin kwayoyin halittar da ake buƙata don yanayin sha'awa.