ʻO nā superhero genetic ola maoli a pehea ʻoe e lilo ai i hoʻokahi

No nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻomalu nā superhero a me nā mea ʻino i ka moʻomeheu pop. Inā paha he holo ulia paha me ka radiation gamma a i ʻole ka hopena o kahi hoʻokolohua ʻepekema aupuni huna nui, loaʻa i kēia poʻe i kēlā me kēia lā ka hiki ke hoʻopakele i nā ola, a i ʻole luku iā lākou, me ko lākou 'hiki i hoʻonui ʻia.'   

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo inā hiki i kēia mau mākaukau ma ka honua o ka ʻepekema moʻolelo. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻole ʻaʻole ʻoe i pane i kēia nīnau ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i kou ola: Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mana nui, he aha ia? Ke holomua nei ka ʻepekema a hoʻomaka mākou e hoʻomaopopo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka genome kanaka a me kona hopena, e noʻonoʻo ʻelua e pili ana i kāu pane i kēia nīnau no ka mea hiki ke ʻoiaʻiʻo. 

Heluhelu Manaʻo  

E like me ka manaʻo o ka heluhelu noʻonoʻo, ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Cambridge manaʻoʻiʻo aia he kumu DNA i ka hiki ke heluhelu i ka manaʻo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma o ko lākou mau maka. Ma kahi haʻawina i kapa ʻia ʻo ka “Heluhelu i ka Noʻonoʻo i ka Maka” Hoʻāʻo,  manaʻo ka hui e hoʻoholo i nā pae o ka cognitive empathy, i hōʻike ʻia he kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa paha i nā poʻe me nā ʻano maʻi psychiatric like ʻole. Ua noi ʻia he 89,000 hui mai ka honua holoʻokoʻa e ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi o nā maka, me ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia e ka poʻe i loko o nā kiʻi. Ma hope o ka ho'āʻo ʻana i nā maka, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā mea komo a pau, a ua ʻimi ka hui i nā loulou ma waena o kā lākou hopena a me kā lākou mau genes. 

Ua hōʻike nā hopena i kekahi mau pilina like ʻole. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hōʻike nā wāhine i ka manaʻo helu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa kāne. Ua hōʻike pū kēia mau wahine i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻokoʻa ma ka chromosome 3 i loaʻa wale i nā wahine me nā helu kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe pili i nā helu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kāne.  

Ma ka noiʻi hou ʻana i kēia ʻāpana chromosomal, ua ʻike ʻia aia kekahi gene i kapa ʻia LRRN1 (Leucine Rich Repeat Neuronal 1). ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻia ka moʻo ma ka ʻāpana striatum o ka lolo kanaka. ʻOiai, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia māhele o ka lolo e pāʻani i ka manaʻo aloha ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lolo.   

ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke lohe i ka manaʻo o kekahi, akā ʻo ka manaʻo e hiki i nā genes ke pāʻani i ko mākou hiki ke ʻike i ke aloha i kekahi kanaka. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokomo iā mākou iho i nā kāmaʻa o kekahi. Akā pehea e hana ai kēia a he aha ka ʻāpana o ka lolo ke kuleana o kēia?   

ʻO ka pane maʻalahi i kēia Nā neurons aniani. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia e nā neuroscientists e hana ana i nā monkey macaque. Ua ʻike ka hui i kahi ʻāpana o nā cell i loko o ka cortex premotor i pane pololei i nā manaʻo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.  

ʻO Vittorio Gallese, kekahi o nā mea i ʻike mua i nā neurons aniani a me ka neuroscientist ma ke Kulanui o Parma ma Italia, ʻoi aku ka ho'ākākaʻo ia "Kaʻana like mākou me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole wale i ke ʻano o kā lākou hana maʻamau a ʻike paha i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo, akā ʻo nā neural circuits e hiki ai i kēlā mau hana like, nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo." Kāhea ʻo ia i ka ʻōnaehana neuron mirror.  

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā neurons aniani a me ka gene LRRN1 i ka pāʻani, aia nui ka noiʻi e pono ai ke hana e ʻike pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonui i ka empathy cognitive i nā poʻe. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻolilo iā ʻoe e like me Professor X a i ʻole Kauka Strange, akā hiki ke hana maikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i nā hemahema neurological, e like me ka autism a me ka schizophrenia. I loko o kēia mau maʻi, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka kahi ʻōnaehana neural i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hemahema paha e hōʻemi i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka honua a puni lākou. ʻO ka hiki ke hāʻawi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ai ke hoʻolauna i kekahi o kēia mau ʻano o ka pūnaewele neural e hoʻonui nui i ka maikaʻi o ke ola o kēia poʻe.  

Ka Immunity Nui  

ʻOiai ʻaʻole like me ka uila, hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ʻo super immunity ka "superpower" kūpono loa. ʻO ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā maʻi kamaliʻi i loko o kou kino e lilo ai ʻoe i mutant hele. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia ʻano hoʻololi ke ʻae iā ʻoe e ola i ka maʻi maʻi honua e hiki mai ana, akā hiki iā lākou ke paʻa i nā hōʻailona e ʻike i nā ala e pale ai i ka maʻi like ʻole. 

Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo Eric Schadt o ke Kula Lapaʻau ʻo Icahn ma Mount Sinai, New York a me Stephen Friend o Sage Bionetworks i kahi hoʻolālā kūʻokoʻa e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. ʻike i kēia mau mutants.  

"Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻimi i kahi ala e pale ai i ka maʻi, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e nānā i ka poʻe me ka maʻi. Pono ʻoe e nānā i ka poʻe i maʻi ʻia akā ʻaʻole" wehewehe e ka Hoa.  

ko lakou like, no laila, e ʻimi ana e ʻimi i nā kānaka olakino i loaʻa nā code i loko o kā lākou mau genes no kahi maʻi genetic koʻikoʻi i loaʻa iā lākou nā hōʻailona. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā genome 589,306, ua hiki iā lākou ke hōʻemi iā ia i 13 mau kānaka i loaʻa ka genetic mutation no nā maʻi ʻewalu. Me nā moʻolelo olakino o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ua hiki iā lākou ke haʻi aku ʻaʻole i hōʻike kēia maʻi i ka maʻi e pili ana i kā lākou mau genes. 'O ia ho'i, ua loa'a i kēia po'e he 13 kahi ala e ho'opau ai i ka hō'ike 'ana o kēia mau genes, a he mea nui loa ia i ka 'ike 'ana i nā lā'au lapa'au no nā ma'i a lākou e lawe nei.  

Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi pilikia me ka haʻawina. ʻO nā laʻana genetic i loaʻa iā lākou he mau laʻana hapa wale nō, a ma muli o nā palapala ʻae i pūlima ʻia e nā mea komo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā kumuhana no ka hahai ʻana. No ka noiʻi hou aku, e hoʻomaka ana ka duo i ka Pāhana Hoʻoikaika me Jason Bobe, mai ke Kula Lapaʻau ʻo Icahn. ʻO ka pahuhopu ʻo ka kaulike ʻana i ka genome o 100,000 mau kānaka e ʻike i nā hihia like, me ka hiki ke hoʻopili hou ʻia kēlā me kēia inā lawe lākou i kahi moʻo hoihoi i ka hui.  

Ma waho aʻe o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hahai nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i ke ala like a puni ka honua, a ua loaʻa nā kānaka "super immune" ʻē aʻe a puni ka honua. ʻO kekahi o nā mea kaulana loa o kēia mau kanaka ʻO Stephen Crohn, he kanaka i loaʻa ka genetic mutation i kapa ʻia ʻo delta 32 i loko o kāna CD4 immune cell i hiki iā ia ke pale i ka maʻi HIV.  

ʻO Bill Paxton, he immunologist ma ka Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, a ʻo kekahi o ka mea mua i hana pū me Crohn, wahi a "mai ke aʻo ʻana iā ia a me nā poʻe e like me ia, ua neʻe maoli mākou i ka noiʻi HIV. A aia nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma laila i kēia manawa, mai nā ʻike a Steve, he mea maikaʻi loa ia e hoʻōki i ka maʻi mai ka hana hou ʻana.  

Akā pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kāu mau mana nui?  

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaikaʻi aku i kahi hui o nā microbiologists a me ʻelua mau mea ʻino ʻino no kēia pane. Ua paʻi mua ʻia a patent ma 2012, Ua ʻike ʻo Charpentier a me Doudna iā Cas9, he pūmua i hoʻohana pū ʻia me Rodolphe Barrangou’s CRISPR, he pūʻulu o ka DNA hou i ʻike ʻia ma 2005, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻoponopono gene. 

I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, Ua lilo ʻo Crispr-Cas9 i mea hoʻololi pāʻani ma ke kahua o ka genetics. Ua hiki i ka paʻakikī ke ʻoki i kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka DNA a hoʻololi iā ia me kahi ʻāpana DNA i makemake ʻia e ka mea noiʻi. Ua lilo koke ia i heihei e ʻike ai i ke ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻokomo ai iā Crispr a me Cas9 i loko o ka genome kanaka, a me ke kaua patenting ma waena o Doudna a me Feng Zhang, he mea noiʻi molecular ma Broad Institute of MIT a me Harvard.  

Ua lilo ʻo Crispr-Cas9 i mea makemake nui e hana i nā ʻoihana biotechnology like ʻole a puni ka honua. ʻAʻole pau nā hopena mai ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi a hiki i ke koho ʻana i nā mea kanu. Inā ʻike mākou i nā genes a mākou e makemake ai, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o ko mākou kino. Akā ma hea mākou e huki ai i ka laina? E ʻae kēia i ka poʻe e koho i nā ʻano a lākou e makemake ai i kā lākou mau keiki, mai ka waihoʻoluʻu lauoho a hiki i nā hiki i hoʻonui ʻia i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala. Ua lilo nā genes e like me nā blueprints, a hiki iā mākou ke hana maoli i nā superheroes genetic inā lōʻihi mākou e ʻike i ke kaʻina gene i koi ʻia no ke ʻano o ka hoihoi.