Shirye-shiryen tsara kwayoyin halitta: Neman daidaitaccen daidaitaccen gyaran kwayoyin halitta

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• Sunan marubuci

  Quantumrun Haskaka
• Disamba 19, 2022

Takaitacciyar fahimta

Gyaran kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da bincike mai ban sha'awa a cikin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na kwayoyin halitta, kamar yuwuwar "gyara" kwayoyin cutar kansa da rikidewa. Koyaya, masana kimiyya suna binciko ingantattun hanyoyin da za a binciko ƙwayoyin sel daidai ta hanyar hanyoyin gyara kwayoyin halitta. Tasirin dogon lokaci na gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya haɗawa da ƙarin tallafin bincike na kwayoyin halitta da ingantattun kayan aiki don keɓaɓɓen magani.

mahallin gyara kwayoyin halitta mai shirye-shirye

Gyaran kwayoyin halitta wata fasaha ce mai ƙarfi wacce ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar yin canje-canje da aka yi niyya ga lambar ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta. Ana iya samun wannan hanyar ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da gabatar da karyawar DNA ko maye gurbi ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman (SSNs).

Ta hanyar haifar da hutu mai ɗaure biyu (DSBs) a cikin kwayar halitta, masana kimiyya za su iya amfani da SSN ɗin da aka tsara don ƙaddamar da takamaiman rukunin yanar gizo. Ana gyara waɗannan DSBs ta hanyoyin DNA ta wayar salula, kamar haɗaɗɗen ƙarshen gamayya (NHEJ) da gyaran homology-directed (HDR). Yayin da NHEJ yakan haifar da ingantattun shigarwa ko gogewa wanda zai iya tarwatsa aikin kwayoyin halitta, HDR na iya gabatar da madaidaitan canje-canje da yuwuwar gyara maye gurbi.

Kayan aikin gyaran kwayoyin halitta na CRISPR shine wanda aka fi amfani dashi a cikin wannan filin, wanda ya haɗa da jagora (gRNA) da enzyme Cas9 don "yanke" igiyoyin matsala. Akwai fa'idodi da yawa da za a iya amfani da su don amfani da wannan fasaha, gami da magance cututtuka kamar su kansa da HIV (kwayar cutar rashin lafiyar ɗan adam) da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na wasu cututtuka. Koyaya, ana kuma haɗa haɗari, kamar yuwuwar takamaiman gyare-gyare na iya gabatar da maye gurbi mai cutarwa a cikin DNA na halitta. 

A cikin 2021, an riga an sami dandamali na tushen yanar gizo 30 da aka tsara don tsara gRNA, a cewar wani binciken da aka buga a mujallar Trends in Plant Science journal. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna da matakan rikitarwa daban-daban, tare da wasu baiwa masana kimiyya damar loda jeri iri-iri. Bugu da ƙari, wasu kayan aikin na iya ƙayyadadden maye gurbi.

Tasiri mai rudani

A cikin 2021, masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) da Jami'ar Harvard sun gano wani sabon nau'in tsarin gyara DNA na shirye-shirye da ake kira OMEGAs (Ayyukan Jagorar Abubuwan Wajaba) wanda baya amfani da fasahar CRISPR. Waɗannan tsarin na iya haɗawa da ƴan ɗigon DNA a zahiri a cikin kwayoyin halittar kwayan cuta. Wannan binciken yana buɗe wani yanki na musamman na ilmin halitta wanda zai iya haɓaka fasahar gyara kwayoyin halitta daga haɗarin ƙididdigewa zuwa tsari mai faɗi.

Wadannan enzymes ƙananan ne, suna sa su sauƙi don isar da su zuwa sel fiye da ƙananan enzymes, kuma ana iya daidaita su da sauri don amfani daban-daban. Misali, enzymes na CRISPR suna amfani da gRNA don kai hari da lalata maharan. Koyaya, ta hanyar samar da jeri na gRNA ta hanyar wucin gadi, masanan halittu yanzu za su iya jagorantar jagorar enzyme Cas9 zuwa kowane manufa da ake so. Sauƙin da za a iya tsara waɗannan enzymes ɗin ya sa su zama kayan aiki mai ƙarfi don gyaggyarawa DNA kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa masu bincike za su iya amfani da su wajen haɓaka hanyoyin gyara kwayoyin halitta. 

Wani alamar bincike mai ban sha'awa a cikin editan kwayoyin halitta shine twin Prime editing, kayan aiki na tushen CRISPR wanda masana kimiyyar Harvard suka kirkira a cikin 2022. Sabuwar dabarar ta ba da damar yin amfani da manyan nau'ikan DNA masu girman kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin jikin mutum ba tare da yanke DNA guda biyu ba. Yin gyare-gyare mafi girma fiye da yadda zai yiwu a baya zai iya baiwa masana kimiyya damar yin nazari da magance cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta sakamakon asarar aikin kwayoyin halitta ko hadadden maye gurbi, irin su hemophilia ko Hunter syndrome.

Abubuwan da ake iya aiwatarwa na gyaran kwayoyin halitta

Faɗin abubuwan da ake iya aiwatarwa na gyaran kwayoyin halitta na iya haɗawa da: 

• Ƙarin kuɗi a cikin bincike na gyara kwayoyin halitta da nufin rarrabuwa dabarun da ake amfani da su don gano ingantattun hanyoyin kulawa da aminci.
• Ci gaban magungunan da aka keɓance ta hanyar dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan da aka yi niyya.
• Kamfanonin Biotech suna haɓaka ingantattun software don sarrafa kwayoyin halitta ta atomatik da daidaito.
• Wasu gwamnatoci suna haɓaka kudade da bincike a cikin gyaran kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar aiwatar da gwaje-gwajen gwaji daban-daban a cikin maganin cutar kansa.
• Tsawon rayuwa ga mutanen da aka haifa tare da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta.
• Ana sake yin sabbin kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta don magance cututtuka masu cutarwa da maye gurbi a cikin dabbobi da nau'in shuka.

Tambayoyin da za a duba

• Ta yaya kuma kuke tunanin gyaran kwayoyin halitta na shirye-shirye zai iya canza tsarin kiwon lafiya?
• Menene gwamnatoci za su iya yi don tabbatar da cewa waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali sun isa ga kowa?