Kukwera kwa mzinda-state

Mizinda inali maziko a chikhalidwe cha mayiko awo. Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, Digital Age ndi zotsatira zake, kudalirana kwa mayiko, kwapangitsa mizinda kukhala mtundu wina wamagulu a anthu.

Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Saskia Sassen, polemba za tsogolo la kuphunzira mzinda wamakono mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, akunena kuti Digital Age imapanga mizinda ikuluikulu kukhala "node, kumene njira zosiyanasiyana zachuma, ndale ndi zochitika ..." zimagwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikusintha udindo wa mzinda wamakono kuchoka ku zikhalidwe zanthawi zonse za chigawo, ngakhale dziko lonse, malo odziwika ndi ntchito, ndikukhala wapadziko lonse lapansi, "...kuchita nawo [dziko] mwachindunji." 

Uku ndikuwonetsetsa bwino momwe chikhalidwe chathu chikusinthira pakusintha kwathu - ena anganene, kudalira -ukadaulo wapa digito. Lingaliro ili likusintha momwe timawonera mizinda, ndi momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito ngati chida cha tsogolo lathu lapadziko lonse lapansi.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi zomwe a Sassen amanena kuti mizinda imagwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa madera ena a dziko, "kudutsa dziko lonse," momwe amatchulira.

Ngakhale izi, mwanjira ina, zakhala zowona nthawi zonse, chosiyana tsopano ndikuti mzinda wamba ukuyankhulana mwachindunji ndi dziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko: mizinda ikukhala yamphamvu ngati mayiko omwe amakhala. Kuwonjezeka kwa chikoka ndi mphamvu uku kungayambitse mipata yosiyanasiyana ya anthu, zomwe zingafune kuchitapo kanthu molimba mtima ndi kuyesa kuti mupindule nazo.

Kupanga kwa Smart Cities

Chinthu chimodzi chimene mizinda yambiri ingakhale ikuchita pofuna kuthetsa mavuto a kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi kuphatikiza zipangizo zamakono kuti zigwirizane ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale, kupanga mzinda wanzeru. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mzinda wanzeru ukhale wabwino, koma nthawi zambiri, mzinda wanzeru ndi womwe umagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo kuti upindule, komanso kukhala ndi nzeru zomwe anthu amavomerezana nazo m'makhalidwe ena a mzinda - kuphatikiza moyo wanzeru, wanzeru. chuma, anthu anzeru ndi ulamuliro wanzeru, pakati pa ena.

Tsopano, zomwe moyo wa “nzeru”, anthu, chuma ndi utsogoleri ungatanthauze zingasiyane malinga ndi mzinda womwe tingakhale tikuwunena, ndipo “nzeru” zimatha kuyambira pakuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo kukulitsa luso la ntchito zapagulu. ntchito.

IBM, imodzi mwamakampani athu otsogola aukadaulo, imawona mwayi womwe ungakhalepo wotsogolera gulu lanzeru lamzinda, kufotokoza za malo zikhumbo zosiyana za momwe mzinda wanzeru ungakhalire.

Kuphatikiza apo, IBM yafalitsa kalata yotseguka kwa mameya adziko lonse lapansi, ndikupereka zitsanzo za atsogoleri atatu amizinda omwe amapanga zisankho zozikidwa pa data-mosiyana ndi njira zakale zamalamulo ozikidwa pamalamulo-zomwe zimaphatikizira bwino nzika wamba m'machitidwe amderalo. , ndikuwonjezera mphamvu za njirazo.

Mwachitsanzo, nzika imatha kuwona nyali yosweka, kutumiza chithunzi kuchokera pa foni yam'manja kupita ku cholandila data chamzindawu, chomwe, kutengera zomwe zasungidwa, kupanga dongosolo lokonzekera. 

Zotsatira za dongosolo loterolo, lotulutsidwa m'mizinda yonse komanso m'magulu onse azachuma, ndizodabwitsa. Nzika, zomwe zikukhala nthawi yayitali ndi zidziwitso zonse zomwe zili pafupi koma zopanda mphamvu kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsocho, pamapeto pake zitha kuthandiza kupanga zisankho pa moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Izi zitha kuchitika popanda kuwononga magawano ofunikira pakati pa andale ndi nzika wamba - kugawikana komwe kumafunika kupewa chipwirikiti, boma loyendetsedwa ndi nzika. Andale akadakhalabe ndi ulamuliro paudindo wamalamulo, pomwe nzika zidzalandira maudindo m'malo awo okhala ndi ntchito zapagulu.

Zingafune nzika wamba kutenga nawo gawo, komanso kulola ukadaulo wotsata madzi, ngakhale kutsata kalondolondo - m'moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku. Koma ubwino wa mkhalidwe woterowo ukhoza kuposa zotsatira zoipa za ulamuliro wokulirapo wa boma—ndipo kuwonjezera apo, iwo amamvetsera kale zonse zimene timanena ndi kuchita.  

Kuganizira Mwapadera

Chodetsa nkhawa chachikulu ndi mizinda yanzeru ndi choti muchite kupita patsogolo, malinga ndi mfundo zadziko. Kodi mizinda yatsopano yanzeru, yapadziko lonse lapansi iyenera kulandira chithandizo chapadera kuchokera ku maboma awo? Ndipotu, malinga ndi IBM, padziko lonse lapansi anthu amakhala m'mizinda; kodi nzikazo ziyenera kupatsidwa mphamvu zawo zakuchigawo?

Mafunso ndi ovuta, ndipo amabweretsa mayankho ovuta kwambiri. Mwaukadaulo, nzikayo idzapatsidwa mphamvu zazikulu pazisankho zawo ndi kuphatikiza kwa kayendetsedwe ka mzinda wanzeru, ndipo opanga mfundo angazengereze kupanga dongosolo latsopano kuchokera mumzinda womwe ukuyenda kale pamalamulo a boma (kuphatikiza, tangoganizani: State of Manhattan. A trifle odd).

Kupatula apo, mwayi wawukulu kwambiri wazachuma m'mizinda pafupifupi umapangitsa kuti kuchotsera misonkho kukhale kovutirapo: kusagwirizana kwachuma.

Agglomeration ndizochitika zachuma zomwe zikuwonetsa kukwera kwa zokolola m'makampani ndi ogwira ntchito m'mizinda. Ambiri amavomereza kuti ubwino wobadwa nawo wa mizinda—msika waukulu, kugaŵana katundu pakati pa mabizinesi, kupititsa patsogolo malingaliro akumaloko—kumabweretsa kusagwirizana, kapena kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi m’matauni. 

Ngati mizinda yanzeru ikanapatsidwa mphamvu zazikulu zachuma za boma, pangakhale kukhamukira kwakukulu kwa anthu m'derali, zomwe zingayambitse kusagwirizana kwamagulu: mwachidule, kuchuluka kwa anthu mumzinda kungayambitse zotsatira zoipa za anthu, monga kuipitsidwa ndi kusokonekera kwa magalimoto, zomwe zikanabweretsa kugwa kwachuma.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake mizinda simakula kwambiri kapena kudzaza - chifukwa chake anthu masauzande ambiri amakwera sitima kupita ku New York City tsiku lililonse kukagwira ntchito. Ngati mizinda ipatsidwa udindo wofanana ndi boma kapena boma, anthu angakonde kukhala kumeneko, zomwe pamapeto pake zingawononge chuma.

Izi ndi zongopeka, ndithudi: agglomeration ndi mutu wa zochitika, osati chiphunzitso chenicheni cha zachuma, ndipo, kuti titenge maganizo achisokonezo, chikhalidwe chokhazikika cha mizinda sichimapangitsa kuti ikhale yodziwika bwino.

Kubwereza koyambirira kwa mzinda wanzeru kudzakula, mosayembekezereka, pamene mizinda yathu yakale ikukulirakulira ndi kukhazikika - kukhazikika komwe kwatsimikiziridwa m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi kuipitsa komanso kusakula bwino kwachuma kukhala, kwenikweni, kosakhazikika.

Mwachidule, kusintha kwakukulu kungapangitse kusiyana kosayembekezereka kwa mzindawu nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Tikayang'anizana ndi tsogolo losatsimikizirika loterolo la mizinda, tiyenera kupitiriza kuyesa mosamala, koma molimba mtima.

Chomwe chimabweretsa funso: momwe, ndendende, timachita bwanji? Yankho litha kupezeka pakuyesa kwakukulu komwe kukuchitika pakali pano: mzinda wa charter.

Mizinda Yamakhalidwe

Mizinda ya Charter ndi chinthu chinanso chochititsa chidwi cha kudalirana kwa mayiko m'masiku athu ano, chomwe ndi chizindikiro china cha momwe mizinda ikusinthira mphamvu zazikulu pakusintha kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe.

Mizinda ya Charter, monga lingaliro, ikuchitidwa upainiya ndi Pulofesa Paul Romer, katswiri wodziwika bwino wazachuma komanso womenyera ufulu wakale wa Stanford University, yemwe tsopano akuphunzitsa zachuma ku New York University.

Lingaliro lalikulu ndilakuti dziko lachipani chachitatu limagulitsa malo osagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lovutikira, nthawi zambiri lachitatu, dziko, ndikupanga zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuti zikuyenda bwino pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe. Anthu akumaloko amaloledwa kubwera ndi kupita momwe angafunire. 

Pali “kudzipereka posankha” komwe kumalepheretsa kukakamiza kuti achitepo kanthu: motsogozedwa ndi Romer, mzinda wochita pangano ndi mbewu, ndipo anthu ayenera kulima.

Zomwe amalima, mwachiyembekezo, ndichuma chabwinoko chakumaloko. Chuma chabwino choterechi chikadapangitsa kusintha kwina m'mayiko onse omwe akuvutika, omwe akutukuka kumene. Dziko lokhalamo lidzapindulanso, kulandira zobweza pazachuma chake, motero kubweretsa kusintha kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi.

Izi ndi zomwe Honduras yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa chaka chopitilira, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti ntchitoyo yatha. Romer, ndi bwenzi lake Brandon Fuller, anakonza mu April 2012 kuti Canada "idzagwirizana ndi mayiko ena kuthandiza Honduras ... osati ndi chithandizo chachikhalidwe kapena zachifundo, koma ndi chidziwitso cha mabungwe omwe amathandiza chitukuko cha zachuma ndi malamulo." 

Mwachiwonekere, pali chiwopsezo chandale chantchito yotere - monga kuyika ndalama zovutirapo komanso kutsata malamulo amtsogolo pakati pa omwe angayike ndalama - koma Romer ndi Fuller amati zoopsazi ndi mbali za "ulamuliro wopanda mphamvu", ndipo ndizabwinoko. , malamulo ofananirako a mizinda yobwereketsa amafunika kuti achite bwino.

Ichi ndiye chifukwa chake projekiti ya Honduras idalephera: "Kuyang'anira kodziyimira pawokha kwa polojekiti sikunapangidwe." Kapena mwa kuyankhula kwina, palibe amene ankafuna kuika pachiwopsezo cha ndale ndikupanga makonzedwe oyenera.

“Sindikufunanso kutengamo mbali m’zimenezi,” Romer anatero posachedwapa, “pokhapokha ngati patakhala ulamuliro wamphamvu ndi boma ladziko limene lili ndi mlandu.” M'malo mwake, zomwe Romer akuyitanitsa ndizoposa ndalama zapayekha - osati mzinda wamabizinesi - koma ndalama zazachuma, kukonzanso pazachuma komanso kuwongolera.

Chifukwa chake izi sizikutanthauza kuti lingaliro lonse la mizinda yobwereketsa, monga momwe Romer amawonera, silikuyenda bwino. Zomwe polojekiti ya Honduras imatiwonetsa ndikuti kukondera kwenikweni kwa maboma athu kungathandize kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse bwino zachuma.

Koma kuposa pamenepo, zomwe Honduras imatsimikizira kuti kuyesa kofuna zachikhalidwe ndi ndale-monga lingaliro la Romer la mizinda yama charter-ndikofunikira kutichotsa pachuma chathu. Njira zakale—zopezera ndalama zachinsinsi, zamabizinesi, zokonda katangale—sizingathe kugwira ntchito.

Choncho, Honduras si kulephera mwa njira iliyonse; ndikungobwereza koyamba kwa dongosolo lina lodziwikiratu-komabe losayembekezereka. Zimakhala ngati umboni wakuti kukomera mtima n’kofunika kuti tituluke mu chipwirikiti chimene tonse tilimo.