Kimiyyar tsufa: Za mu iya rayuwa har abada, kuma ya kamata mu yi?

Tsufa ga ɗan adam na yau da kullun shine kawai sakamakon shuɗewar zamani. Tsufa yana ɗaukar nauyinsa a jiki, yana bayyana kansa cikin gashin gashi, wrinkles, da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. A ƙarshe, tarin lalacewa da tsagewa na yau da kullun yana ba da hanya ga mafi muni da cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta, irin su kansa, ko Alzheimer's, ko cututtukan zuciya. Sa'an nan, wata rana dukanmu mu fitar da numfashi na ƙarshe kuma mu nutse cikin abin da ba a sani ba: mutuwa. Wannan bayanin tsufa, a matsayin m kuma maras tabbas kamar yadda zai yiwu, wani abu ne da aka sani ga kowa da kowa.

Koyaya, akwai canjin akida da ke faruwa wanda zai iya canza yadda muke fahimta da sanin shekaru. Binciken da ya fito kan hanyoyin nazarin halittu na tsufa, da haɓaka fasahohin kimiyyar halittu waɗanda ke nufin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shekaru, suna nuna wata hanya ta musamman game da tsufa. A gaskiya ma, ba a la'akari da tsufa a matsayin tsari mai dogara da lokaci, amma a matsayin tarin hanyoyi masu hankali. Tsufa, maimakon haka, zai iya zama mafi cancanta a matsayin cuta da kanta.

Shigar da Aubrey de Grey, ƙwararren PhD na Cambridge tare da ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta, kuma masanin ilimin halittar ɗan adam wanda ya koyar da kansa. Yana da dogon gemu wanda ke kwararowa bisa kirjinsa da gangar jikinsa mai kama da ja. Yayi magana da sauri, kalamai na fitowa daga bakinsa cikin fara'a na turanci. Maganganun da sauri na iya zama wani hali ne kawai, ko kuma ya samo asali ne daga ma'anar gaggawar da yake ji game da yakin da yake yi da tsufa. De Gray shine mai haɗin gwiwa kuma Babban Jami'in Kimiyya na Gidauniyar Bincike ta SENS, kungiyar agaji da aka sadaukar don ci gaba da bincike da kuma maganin cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru.

De Gray wani hali ne da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya dauki lokaci mai yawa yana ba da jawabai da tara mutane don gwagwarmayar tsufa. A wani episode na TED Radio Hour daga NPR, ya annabta cewa “Ainihin, nau’in abubuwan da za ku iya mutuwa da su sa’ad da kuke shekara 100 ko 200 za su kasance daidai da nau’in abubuwan da za ku iya mutuwa da su sa’ad da kuke shekara 20 ko 30.”

Faɗakarwa: masana kimiyya da yawa za su yi saurin nuna cewa irin wannan hasashe ne kuma akwai buƙatar tabbataccen shaida kafin yin irin wannan babban da'awar. A zahiri, a cikin 2005, MIT Technology Review ta sanar da Kalubalen SENS, bayar da $20,000 ga duk wani masanin ilimin halittu wanda zai iya nuna isasshe cewa da'awar SENS game da koma baya na tsufa ba su cancanci muhawarar koyo ba. Har ya zuwa yanzu, babu wanda ya yi ikirarin samun cikakkiyar kyautar sai dai wata sanarwa ta musamman wacce alkalan suka ji cewa ya isa ya sami $10,000. Wannan ya bar sauran mu masu mutuwa, duk da haka, mu yi gwagwarmaya da shaidar da ba ta da tushe ko kadan, amma tana yin alkawarin isa ga cancanta. la'akari da tasirinsa.

Bayan nazarce ɗimbin bincike da kanun labarai masu matuƙar fata, na yanke shawarar mayar da hankali ne kawai a kan wasu mahimman fannonin bincike waɗanda ke da fasaha na zahiri da hanyoyin warkewa masu alaƙa da tsufa da cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru.

Shin kwayoyin halitta suna riƙe maɓallin?

Za a iya samun tsarin rayuwa a cikin DNA ɗin mu. DNA ɗinmu yana cike da lambobin da muke kira 'genes'; kwayoyin halitta su ne abin da ke tantance irin launi da idanunku za su kasance, yadda saurin metabolism ɗin ku yake, da kuma ko za ku ci gaba da wata cuta. A cikin 1990s, Cynthia Kenyon, wata mai binciken kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar San Francisco kuma kwanan nan ta bayyana ɗayan manyan mata 15 a fannin kimiyya a cikin 2015 ta business Insider, ya gabatar da ra'ayi mai canza yanayin - cewa kwayoyin halitta na iya tsara tsawon lokacin da muke rayuwa, kuma kunnawa ko kashe wasu kwayoyin halitta na iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwar lafiya. Binciken farko ya mayar da hankali a kai C. Elegans, ƙananan tsutsotsi waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman ƙirar halitta don bincike saboda suna da kamanceceniya da zagayowar ci gaban kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam. Kenyon ya gano cewa kashe wani takamaiman kwayar halitta - Daf2 - ya haifar da tsutsotsi na rayuwa sau biyu idan dai tsutsotsi na yau da kullun.

Har ma da ban sha'awa, tsutsotsin ba kawai sun daɗe ba, amma sun fi koshin lafiya na tsawon lokaci. Ka yi tunanin za ka rayu har zuwa shekaru 80 da 10 na rayuwar da aka yi amfani da ita don fama da rauni da cuta. Mutum na iya yin shakka game da rayuwa zuwa 90 idan yana nufin kashe shekaru 20 na rayuwa yana fama da cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru da ƙarancin rayuwa. Amma tsutsotsin Kenyon sun rayu daidai da shekaru 160 kuma shekaru 5 ne kawai na wannan rayuwar ya ƙare a cikin 'tsofa'. A cikin labarin in The GuardianKenyon ya bayyana abin da wasun mu za su yi a asirce kawai; "Kuna tunanin, 'Kai. Watakila zan iya zama tsutsotsi na dadewa.'" Tun daga wannan lokacin, Kenyon ta fara bincike don gano kwayoyin halittar da ke sarrafa tsarin tsufa.

Manufar ita ce, idan za mu iya samun babban kwayar halittar da ke sarrafa tsarin tsufa, to za mu iya samar da magungunan da ke katse hanyar kwayar halittar, ko kuma amfani da dabarun injiniyan kwayoyin halitta don canza shi gaba daya. A cikin 2012, wani labarin a Science an buga game da sabuwar dabarar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta mai suna CRISPR-Cas9 (mafi sauƙin magana da CRISPR). CRISPR ya mamaye dakunan bincike a duk duniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa kuma an sanar da shi Nature a matsayin babban ci gaban fasaha a cikin binciken ilimin halittu a cikin sama da shekaru goma.

CRISPR hanya ce mai sauƙi, mai arha kuma mai tasiri na gyaran DNA wanda ke amfani da ɓangaren RNA - kwayoyin halitta daidai da tattabara mai ɗaukar nauyi - wanda ke jagorantar gyare-gyaren enzymes zuwa maƙasudin DNA. A can, enzyme ɗin zai iya fitar da kwayoyin halitta da sauri ya saka sababbi. Ga alama abin ban mamaki ne, don samun damar 'gyara' jeri na halittar ɗan adam. Ina tsammanin masana kimiyya suna ƙirƙirar tarin DNA a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, yankan da liƙa kwayoyin halitta kamar yara a kan teburin sana'a, suna watsar da ƙwayoyin da ba a so gaba ɗaya. Zai zama mafarki mai ban tsoro na masanin ilimin halittu don ƙirƙirar ka'idoji waɗanda ke tsara yadda ake amfani da irin wannan fasaha, da kuma akan wa.

Misali, an yi tashin hankali a farkon wannan shekarar lokacin da wani dakin bincike na kasar Sin ya buga cewa ya yi yunkurin canza kwayoyin halittar dan adam (duba labarin asali a nan). Protein & Kwayoyin, da kuma kerfuffle na gaba a Nature). Masanan kimiyyar sun gudanar da bincike kan yuwuwar CRISPR don ƙaddamar da kwayar halittar da ke da alhakin β-thalassaemia, cuta ta jini na gado. Sakamakon su ya nuna cewa CRISPR ta yi nasarar kawar da kwayar halittar β-thalassemia, amma kuma ta shafi wasu sassan jerin DNA wanda ya haifar da maye gurbi da ba a yi niyya ba. Embryos ba su tsira ba, wanda duk ya ƙara jaddada buƙatar ƙarin fasaha na fasaha.

Kamar yadda ya shafi tsufa, ana tunanin cewa za a iya amfani da CRISPR don ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta masu alaka da shekaru da kuma kunna ko kashe hanyoyin da za su taimaka rage tsarin tsufa. Ana iya isar da wannan hanyar, ta hanyar alluran rigakafi, amma fasahar ba ta kusa da cimma wannan buri ba kuma babu wanda zai iya faɗi da ƙwaƙƙwaran idan ta taɓa so. Ya bayyana cewa ainihin sake fasalin halittar ɗan adam da canza yanayin rayuwar da muke rayuwa da (yiwuwar) mutuwa ya kasance wani ɓangare na almarar kimiyya - a yanzu.

Bionic Halittu

Idan guguwar tsufa ba za a iya toshe ta a matakin kwayoyin halitta ba, to za mu iya duba hanyoyin da za a bi don katse tsarin tsufa da kuma tsawaita rayuwar lafiya. A wannan lokaci a cikin tarihi, gaɓoɓin prosthetic da dashen gabobin sun zama ruwan dare - abubuwan ban mamaki na aikin injiniya inda muka haɓaka, kuma a wasu lokuta an maye gurbinsu gaba ɗaya, tsarin halittu da gabobin mu don ceton rayuka. Muna ci gaba da tura iyakokin haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam; fasaha, gaskiyar dijital, da al'amuran waje sun fi shiga cikin jikin mu na zamantakewa da na zahiri fiye da kowane lokaci. Yayin da gefuna na jikin ɗan adam ya zama duhu, na fara mamakin, a wane lokaci ne ba za mu iya ɗaukar kanmu a matsayin 'dan adam' ba?

An haifi wata yarinya mai suna Hannah Warren a shekara ta 2011 ba tare da bututun iska ba. Ba za ta iya magana ba, ba ta iya cin abinci, ko hadiyewa da kanta, kuma tunaninta bai yi kyau ba. A cikin 2013, duk da haka, ta sami wani kasa-watse hanya wanda ya dasa wata bututun mai da ta tsiro daga sel masu tushe. Hannah ta farka daga aikin kuma ta sami damar yin numfashi, ba tare da injina ba, a karon farko a rayuwarta. Wannan hanya ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labaru da yawa; yarinya ce mai kyan gani kuma wannan shine karo na farko da aka taba gudanar da aikin a Amurka

Amma, wani likitan fiɗa mai suna Paolo Macchiarini ya riga ya yi wannan aikin majagaba shekaru biyar da suka shige a Spain. Dabarar tana buƙatar gina ɓangarorin da ke kwaikwayon trachea daga nanofibers na wucin gadi. Sa'an nan kuma ana 'zubar da' ya'yan itace tare da nasu sel na majiyyaci da aka girbe daga cikin kasusuwa. Kwayoyin kara suna da kyau a yi al'ada kuma a bar su suyi girma a kusa da kullun, suna samar da sashin jiki mai cikakken aiki. Shawarar irin wannan hanyar ita ce ta rage girman yiwuwar jiki ya ƙi sashin da aka dasa. Bayan haka, an gina shi daga sel nasu!

Bugu da ƙari, yana sauke matsin lamba daga tsarin ba da gudummawar gabobin jiki wanda ba kasafai yake samun isassun gabobin da ake buƙata ba. Hannah Warren, rashin alheri, ta mutu daga baya shekara guda, amma gadon wannan hanya yana rayuwa ne yayin da masana kimiyya suka yi yaƙi a kan yuwuwar da iyakancewar irin wannan maganin na sake farfadowa - gina gabobin daga sel.

A cewar Macchiarini a cikin Lanceta cikin 2012, "Mafi girman yuwuwar wannan maganin tushen tushe shine don guje wa gudummawar ɗan adam da rigakafin rigakafi na tsawon rai da samun damar maye gurbin hadadden kyallen takarda da, ba dade ko ba dade, gabaɗayan gabobin."

Ba da daɗewa ba rikici ya biyo bayan wannan lokacin da ake jin daɗi. Masu suka sun bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a farkon 2014 a cikin wani Editorial a cikin Jaridar thoracic da tiyata na zuciya, tambayar yiwuwar hanyoyin Macchiarini da nuna damuwa game da yawan mace-mace na hanyoyin irin wannan. Daga baya waccan shekarar, Cibiyar Karolinska a Stockholm, babbar jami'ar likitanci inda Macchiarini malami ne mai ziyara. kaddamar da bincike cikin aikinsa. Yayin da Macchiarini ya kasance barrantar da rashin da'a a farkon wannan shekara, yana nuna shakku a cikin al'ummar kimiyya game da kuskure a cikin irin wannan mahimmanci da sabon aiki. Duk da haka, akwai a gwajin gwaji A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da yin gwajin lafiya da ingancin aikin dashen tracheal da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tantanin halitta kuma an yi kiyasin kammala binciken a karshen wannan shekarar.

Hanyar sabon littafin Macchiarini ba shine kawai mataki na gaba ba wajen ƙirƙirar gabobin da ba a sani ba - zuwan firinta na 3D yana da jama'a a shirye don buga komai daga fensir zuwa ƙasusuwa. Wata rukuni na masu bincike daga Princeton sun sami nasarar buga samfurin kunnen bionic mai aiki a cikin 2013, wanda kamar shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata idan aka yi la'akari da yadda fasahar ke da sauri (duba labarin su a ciki). Haruffa Nano). Buga 3D ya zama kasuwanci a yanzu, kuma da alama za a yi tsere ga kamfanonin fasahar kere-kere don ganin wa zai iya tallata sashin bugu na 3D na farko.

Kamfanin San Diego Organovo ya fito bainar jama'a a cikin 2012 kuma yana amfani da fasahar bugu na 3D don ciyar da binciken ilimin halittu gaba, alal misali, ta hanyar samar da ƙananan hanta don amfani da su wajen gwajin ƙwayoyi. Fa'idodin bugu na 3D shine cewa baya buƙatar zane na farko kuma yana ba da ƙarin sassauci sosai - mutum na iya yuwuwar haɗa kayan aikin lantarki tare da nama na halitta kuma ya shigar da sabbin ayyuka cikin gabobin. Har yanzu babu alamun buga cikakkun gabobin jikin mutum don dashen dan Adam, amma abin tuki yana nan kamar yadda hadin gwiwar Organovo da kungiyar ta nuna. Methuselah Foundation - wani ƙwararren sanannen Aubrey de Grey.

Gidauniyar Methuselah kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da tallafin bincike da ci gaba na likitanci, wanda aka bayar da rahoton bayar da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan hudu ga abokan hulda daban-daban. Duk da yake wannan ba shi da yawa dangane da R&D na kimiyya - bisa ga Forbes, Manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna na iya kashewa a ko'ina daga dala miliyan 15 zuwa dala biliyan 13 a kowace magani, kuma R&D na kimiyyar halittu yana kwatankwacinsa - har yanzu yana da kuɗi da yawa.

Rayuwa mai tsawo da bala'in Titonus

A cikin tarihin Girkanci, Titonus shine masoyin Eos, Titan na alfijir. Titonus ɗan sarki ne kuma mai ruwa, amma shi mai mutuwa ne. Eos, yana matsananciyar ceton mai sonta daga mutuwa ta ƙarshe, ta roƙi allahn Zeus ya ba Tithanus rashin mutuwa. Zeus yana ba da dawwama ga Tithonus, amma a cikin muguwar muguwar dabi'a, Eos ya gane cewa ta manta ta nemi matashi na har abada. Titonus yana rayuwa har abada, amma ya ci gaba da tsufa kuma ya rasa ikonsa.

"Shekarun dawwama tare da samartaka marasa mutuwa / Kuma duk abin da na kasance, cikin toka" in ji Karin Tennyson a cikin wata waka da aka rubuta daga mahangar mutumin da aka zalunta. Idan za mu iya shawo kan jikinmu ya dawwama sau biyu, babu tabbacin cewa tunaninmu zai bi irin wannan. Mutane da yawa sun fada cikin cutar Alzheimer ko wasu nau'ikan lalata kafin lafiyar jikinsu ta fara kasawa. An yi iƙirarin ko'ina cewa neurons ba za a iya sake farfadowa ba, don haka aikin fahimi zai ragu ba tare da juyowa ba cikin lokaci.

Duk da haka, bincike ya tabbatar da cewa a gaskiya ma za a iya sake farfado da kwayoyin neuron kuma su nuna 'plasticity', wanda shine ikon samar da sababbin hanyoyi da kuma haifar da sababbin haɗi a cikin kwakwalwa. Ainihin, zaku iya koyar da tsohon kare sabbin dabaru. Amma wannan bai isa ba don hana asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tsawon rayuwa na shekaru 160 (tafiyata zuwa tsawon rayuwata na gaba zai zama abin dariya ga de Grey, wanda ke iƙirarin ɗan adam na iya kai shekaru 600). Yana da wuya a yi rayuwa mai tsawo ba tare da wani tunani na tunani don jin daɗinsa ba, amma sabbin abubuwa masu ban mamaki sun nuna cewa har yanzu akwai bege don ceton tunaninmu da ruhohinmu daga bushewa.

A cikin Oktoba 2014, ƙungiyar masu bincike a Jami'ar Stanford ta fara bazuwar jama'a sosai gwajin gwaji wanda ya ba da shawarar shigar da marasa lafiyar Alzheimer da jini daga masu ba da gudummawa. Jigo na binciken yana da ƙayyadaddun ingancin ghoulish, wanda yawancin mu za su kasance masu shakka, amma ya dogara ne akan bincike mai ban sha'awa da aka riga aka yi akan berayen.

A watan Yuni 2014, an buga labarin a cikin Nature mujalla ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Stanford tana ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda zubar da jinin matasa zuwa tsofaffin beraye a zahiri ya sauya tasirin tsufa a cikin kwakwalwa daga kwayoyin halitta zuwa matakin fahimta. Binciken ya nuna cewa tsofaffin berayen, bayan sun karɓi jinin matasa, za su sake girma neurons, suna nuna ƙarin haɗin gwiwa a cikin kwakwalwa, kuma suna da ingantaccen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aikin fahimi. A wata hira da jaridar Guardian, Tony Wyss-Coray - daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya da ke aiki a kan wannan bincike, kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halittu a Stanford - ya ce, "Wannan yana buɗe sabon filin gaba ɗaya. Yana gaya mana cewa shekarun kwayoyin halitta, ko gabobin jiki kamar kwakwalwa, ba a rubuta su da dutse. Yana da malleable. Kuna iya matsar da shi zuwa wata hanya ko ɗayan. "

Ba a san ainihin menene abubuwan da ke cikin jini ke haifar da irin wannan tasirin mai ban mamaki ba, amma sakamakon da ke cikin berayen sun yi alƙawarin isa ya ba da izinin gwaji na asibiti a cikin mutane. Idan binciken ya ci gaba da kyau, to za mu iya gano abubuwa guda ɗaya waɗanda ke sake farfado da ƙwayar kwakwalwar ɗan adam da ƙirƙirar magani wanda zai iya juyar da cutar Alzheimer da kiyaye mu ta hanyar warware kalmomi har zuwa ƙarshen zamani.