Sayansi ya ukalamba: Kodi tingakhale ndi moyo kosatha, ndipo tiyenera kutero?

Kukalamba kwa munthu watsiku ndi tsiku ndi zotsatira chabe za kupita kwa nthawi. Kukalamba kumawononga thupi, kumawonekera mu imvi, makwinya, ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira. Pamapeto pake, kudziunjikirana kwanthawi zonse kung'ambika kumabweretsa matenda oopsa komanso matenda, monga khansa, kapena Alzheimer's, kapena matenda amtima. Kenako, tsiku lina tonsefe timapuma mpweya womaliza ndikugwera m'chinthu chosadziwika bwino: imfa. Kufotokozera kukalamba kumeneku, momveka bwino komanso kosadziwika bwino momwe kungakhalire, ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino kwa aliyense wa ife.

Komabe, pali kusintha kwamalingaliro komwe kungathe kusintha momwe timamvetsetsa komanso kutengera zaka. Kafukufuku yemwe akubwera pazachilengedwe za ukalamba, ndikupanga matekinoloje azachipatala omwe akutsata matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba, akuwonetsa njira yodziwika yokalamba. Kukalamba, kwenikweni, sikumaganiziridwanso ngati njira yodalira nthawi, koma ndikusonkhanitsa njira zosiyanasiyana. Kukalamba, m'malo mwake, kungakhale koyenerera bwino kukhala matenda omwewo.

Lowani Aubrey de Grey, PhD waku Cambridge yemwe ali ndi mbiri ya sayansi ya makompyuta, komanso wodziphunzitsa yekha biomedical gerontologist. Ali ndi ndevu zazitali zomwe zimayenda pachifuwa chake chonga bango ndi torso. Amalankhula mwachangu, mawu akutuluka mkamwa mwake mochititsa chidwi kalankhulidwe ka Briteni. Kulankhula kofulumira kukhoza kungokhala khalidwe losasangalatsa, kapena kuyenera kuti kudachokera ku changu chomwe akumva ponena za nkhondo yomwe akulimbana nayo yolimbana ndi ukalamba. De Gray ndi woyambitsa nawo komanso Chief Science Officer wa SENS Research Foundation, bungwe lachifundo lomwe ladzipereka kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku ndi chithandizo cha matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba.

De Gray ndi khalidwe losaiwalika, chifukwa chake amathera nthawi yochuluka akukamba nkhani ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu kuti apite ku gulu lodana ndi ukalamba. Pachigawo cha TED Radio Hour yolembedwa ndi NPR, iye analosera kuti “Kwenikweni, mitundu ya zinthu zimene mungafe nazo pausinkhu wa zaka 100 kapena 200 zingakhale zofanana ndendende ndi mitundu ya zinthu zimene mungafe nazo pausinkhu wa zaka 20 kapena 30.”

Chenjezo: asayansi ambiri angafulumire kunena kuti maulosi oterowo ndi ongopeka ndipo pamafunika umboni wotsimikizirika musananene zonena zazikuluzi. M'malo mwake, mu 2005, MIT Technology Review idalengeza Zovuta za SENS, kupereka $20,000 kwa katswiri wa sayansi ya zinthu zamoyo aliyense amene angasonyeze mokwanira kuti zonena za SENS zokhudzana ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa ukalamba zinali "zosayenera mkangano wophunzira". Mpaka pano, palibe amene watenga mphoto yonse, kupatulapo mawu amodzi odziwika bwino omwe oweruza adawona kuti anali olankhula bwino kuti apeze $10,000. kuganizira zotsatira zake.

Nditapeta m'mafukufuku ofufuza komanso mitu yodalirika kwambiri, ndaganiza zongoyang'ana mbali zingapo zofunika za kafukufuku zomwe zili ndi ukadaulo wowoneka bwino komanso machiritso okhudzana ndi ukalamba komanso matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba.

Kodi majini ali ndi chinsinsi?

Ndondomeko ya moyo imapezeka mu DNA yathu. DNA yathu ili ndi zizindikiro zomwe timazitcha 'majini'; majini ndi amene amatsimikizira mtundu wa maso anu, kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kake, komanso ngati mungakhale ndi matenda enaake. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, Cynthia Kenyon, wofufuza za biochemistry ku yunivesite ya San Francisco ndipo posachedwapa adatchula mmodzi mwa amayi 15 apamwamba pa sayansi mu 2015 Business Insider, adayambitsa lingaliro losintha malingaliro - kuti majini amathanso kuzindikira nthawi yomwe timakhala, ndipo kuyatsa kapena kuzimitsa majini ena kumatha kutalikitsa moyo wathanzi. Kafukufuku wake woyamba analunjika pa C. Elegans, nyongolotsi zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zamoyo zachitsanzo pofufuza chifukwa zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi machitidwe a majeremusi kwa anthu. Kenyon adapeza kuti kuzimitsa jini inayake - Daf2 - kumapangitsa kuti mphutsi zake zikhale ndi moyo kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mphutsi zanthawi zonse.

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri n’chakuti mphutsizo sizinangokhala ndi moyo wautali, koma zinalinso zathanzi kwautali. Tangolingalirani kuti mukukhala zaka 80 ndi 10 za moyo umene umatha mukulimbana ndi zofooka ndi matenda. Wina akhoza kukayikira kukhala ndi moyo zaka 90 ngati kukanatanthauza kuthera zaka 20 za moyo akuvutika ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha ukalamba komanso moyo wotsika. Koma nyongolotsi za Kenyon zimakhala ndi moyo wofanana ndi munthu zaka 160 ndipo zaka zisanu zokha za moyo umenewo zinatha mu 'ukalamba'. M'nkhani mu The Guardian, Kenyon anavumbula zimene ena a ife akanangoyembekezera mwamseri; “Mumangoganiza kuti, ‘Wow. Mwina ine ndikhoza kukhala nyongolotsi imene yakhalako kwa nthaŵi yaitali.’ Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, Kenyon wakhala akuchita upainiya wofufuza kuti adziwe majini amene amaletsa ukalamba.

Lingaliro lake nlakuti ngati tingapeze jini yaikulu imene imalamulira kukalamba, ndiye kuti tingapange mankhwala amene amasokoneza njira ya jiniyo, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira majini kuti asinthiretu. Mu 2012, nkhani mu Science linasindikizidwa za njira yatsopano yopangira majini yotchedwa CRISPR-Cas9 (yotchedwa CRISPR mosavuta). CRISPR idasesa ma laboratories ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi zaka zotsatira ndipo idalengezedwa Nature monga kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwaukadaulo pakufufuza zamankhwala pazaka khumi.

CRISPR ndi njira yosavuta, yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza yosinthira DNA yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito gawo la RNA - biochemical yofanana ndi njiwa yonyamulira - yomwe imawongolera ma enzymes kupita ku mzere wa DNA womwe mukufuna. Kumeneko, enzyme imatha kutulutsa majini mwachangu ndikuyika ena atsopano. Zikuwoneka kuti ndizosangalatsa, kutha 'kusintha' ma genetic amunthu. Ndikuganiza asayansi akupanga ma collages a DNA mu labu, kudula ndi kumata majini ngati ana patebulo laukadaulo, kutaya majini osafunikira kwathunthu. Zingakhale zovuta kwa bioethicist kupanga ma protocol omwe amawongolera momwe ukadaulo wotere umagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso kwa ndani.

Mwachitsanzo, kunali chipwirikiti kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino pamene labu yofufuza yaku China idasindikiza kuti idayesa kusintha miluza yamunthu (onani nkhani yoyambirira pa Mapuloteni & Cell, ndi kerfuffle wotsatira pa Nature). Asayansi anali kufufuza kuthekera kwa CRISPR kulunjika ku jini yomwe imayambitsa β-thalassemia, matenda obadwa nawo amagazi. Zotsatira zawo zidawonetsa kuti CRISPR idakwanitsa kutulutsa jini ya β-thalassemia, koma idakhudzanso magawo ena a DNA zomwe zidapangitsa kusintha kosayembekezereka. Miluzayo sinapulumuke, zomwe zimagogomezera kwambiri kufunika kwaukadaulo wodalirika.

Ponena za ukalamba, zimaganiziridwa kuti CRISPR ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsata majini okhudzana ndi ukalamba ndikusintha kapena kuzimitsa njira zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa ukalamba. Njirayi ikhoza kuperekedwa, moyenera, kudzera mu katemera, koma luso lamakono siliri pafupi ndi kukwaniritsa cholingachi ndipo palibe amene angathe kunena motsimikiza ngati angatero. Zikuwoneka kuti kukonzanso chibadwa cha munthu ndikusintha momwe timakhalira komanso (mwina) kufa kumakhalabe gawo la zopeka za sayansi - pakadali pano.

Zinthu za Bionic

Ngati ukalamba sungathe kuyambika pamlingo wa majini, ndiye kuti titha kuyang'ana njira zomwe zingasokoneze ukalamba ndikutalikitsa moyo wathanzi. Panthawiyi m'mbiri, miyendo ndi ziwalo zoberekera ndizofala - zochititsa chidwi zaumisiri momwe tathandizira, ndipo nthawi zina m'malo mwake, machitidwe athu ndi ziwalo zathu kuti tipulumutse miyoyo. Tikupitiriza kukankhira malire a mawonekedwe a anthu; ukadaulo, zenizeni za digito, ndi zinthu zakunja zakhazikika kwambiri m'matupi athu amthupi lathu kuposa kale. Pamene m'mbali mwa chamoyo cha munthu amazimiririka, ndimayamba kudabwa, ndi nthawi iti yomwe sitingathe kudziona ngati 'anthu'?

Mtsikana wamng'ono, Hannah Warren, anabadwa mu 2011 popanda chitoliro. Payekha sankatha kulankhula, kudya, kapena kumeza zinthu, ndipo chiyembekezo chake sichinkaoneka bwino. Mu 2013, komabe, adalandira a ndondomeko yowonongeka zomwe zidayika trachea yomwe idakula kuchokera ku maselo ake omwe. Hana anadzuka kuchokera ku ndondomekoyi ndipo adatha kupuma, popanda makina, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wake. Ndondomekoyi idatenga chidwi kwambiri ndi media; anali mtsikana wowoneka bwino ndipo aka kanali koyamba kuti njirayi ichitike ku US

Komabe, dokotala wina wa opaleshoni wotchedwa Paolo Macchiarini anali atachita kale chithandizo chimenechi zaka zisanu m’mbuyomo ku Spain. Njirayi imafuna kupanga scaffold yomwe imatsanzira trachea kuchokera ku nanofibers. Kenako, mbiyayo imayikidwa m'maselo a wodwalayo omwe amachotsedwa m'mafupa awo. Maselo a tsinde amakulitsidwa bwino ndikuloledwa kukula mozungulira scaffolding, kupanga gawo logwira ntchito bwino la thupi. Kukopa kwa njira yotereyi ndikuti kumachepetsa kwambiri kuthekera kwa thupi kukana chiwalo chobzalidwa. Kupatula apo, imapangidwa kuchokera ku maselo awoawo!

Kuphatikiza apo, imachepetsa kukakamizidwa kuchokera ku dongosolo loperekera ziwalo lomwe silikhala ndi ziwalo zofunika kwambiri. Hannah Warren, mwatsoka, anamwalira pambuyo pake chaka chomwecho, koma cholowa cha njirayi chimakhalabe ndi moyo pamene asayansi akumenyana ndi zotheka ndi zolephera za mankhwala obwezeretsa oterowo - kumanga ziwalo kuchokera ku maselo a tsinde.

Malinga ndi Macchiarini mu Lancetmu 2012, "Kuthekera kwakukulu kwa chithandizo cha stem-cell iyi ndikupewa zopereka za anthu komanso chitetezo chamthupi kwa moyo wonse ndikutha kusintha ziwalo zovuta komanso, posachedwa, ziwalo zonse."

Posakhalitsa mkangano unatsatira nyengo yooneka ngati yosangalatsa imeneyi. Otsutsa adapereka malingaliro awo koyambirira kwa 2014 mu Mkonzi mu Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, kukayikira zotheka kwa njira za Macchiarini ndi kusonyeza kukhudzidwa ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa ndi njira zofanana. Pambuyo pake chaka chimenecho, Karolinska Institute ku Stockholm, yunivesite yotchuka yachipatala komwe Macchiarini ndi pulofesa woyendera, anayambitsa kufufuza ku ntchito yake. Pamene Macchiarini anali kuchotsedwa pakulakwa Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, zikuwonetsa kukayika kwa gulu la asayansi chifukwa cha zolakwika pa ntchito yovuta komanso yatsopanoyi. Komabe, pali a mayesero a zachipatala pakali pano ku US kuyesa chitetezo ndi mphamvu ya stem cell engineered tracheal transplantation ndipo kafukufukuyu akuti atsirizidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chino.

Ndondomeko ya Macchiarini si njira yokhayo yopitira patsogolo popanga ziwalo zodziwika bwino - kubwera kwa chosindikizira cha 3D kwapangitsa kuti anthu azitha kusindikiza chilichonse kuyambira mapensulo mpaka mafupa. Gulu lina la ofufuza ochokera ku Princeton linakwanitsa kusindikiza khutu logwira ntchito la bionic mu 2013, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zaka zambiri zapitazo kutengera momwe teknoloji ikukulirakulira (onani nkhani yawo mu Nano Letters). Kusindikiza kwa 3D kwapita malonda tsopano, ndipo pakhoza kukhala mpikisano wamakampani opanga biotech kuti awone omwe angagulitse chiwalo choyamba chosindikizidwa cha 3D.

Kampani yochokera ku San Diego Organovo adadziwika mu 2012 ndipo wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wamankhwala, mwachitsanzo, popanga ziwindi zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mankhwala. Ubwino wa kusindikiza kwa 3D ndikuti sikufuna kukwera koyambirira ndipo kumapereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu - munthu atha kulumikiza zida zamagetsi ndi minofu yachilengedwe ndikuyika magwiridwe antchito atsopano mu ziwalo. Palibe zizindikiro za kusindikiza ziwalo zonse zomwe zimayikidwa kuti munthu alowetsedwe, koma kuyendetsa kuli komweko monga momwe Organovo adagwirizana ndi Methusela Foundation - mlongo wina wodziwika bwino wa Aubrey de Gray.

Methusela Foundation ndi bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe limapereka ndalama pakufufuza ndi chitukuko chamankhwala obwezeretsanso, akuti akupereka ndalama zoposa $4 miliyoni kwa anzawo osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale izi siziri zambiri malinga ndi sayansi ya R&D - malinga ndi Forbes, makampani akuluakulu opanga mankhwala angagwiritse ntchito kulikonse kuchokera pa $ 15 miliyoni mpaka $ 13 biliyoni pa mankhwala, ndipo biotechnology R&D ndi yofanana - ikadali ndalama zambiri.

Kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso tsoka la Tithonus

M’nthanthi Zachigiriki, Tithonus ndi wokonda Eos, Titan wa m’bandakucha. Tithonus ndi mwana wa mfumu ndi nymph yamadzi, koma ndi munthu. Eos, pofunitsitsa kupulumutsa wokondedwa wake ku imfa yomalizira, akupempha mulungu Zeus kuti apereke mphatso ya kusafa kwa Tithonus. Zeus amaperekadi kusafa kwa Tithonus, koma mwankhanza, Eos amazindikira kuti anayiwala kufunsanso unyamata wamuyaya. Tithonus amakhala kwamuyaya, koma amapitiriza kukalamba ndi kutaya mphamvu zake.

"Mbadwo wosakhoza kufa pambali pa unyamata wosakhoza kufa / Ndipo zonse zomwe ndinali, phulusa" akutero Alfred Tennyson mu ndakatulo yolembedwa kuchokera kumalingaliro a munthu wotembereredwa kwamuyaya. Ngati titha kukakamiza matupi athu kuti azikhala nthawi yayitali kawiri, palibe chitsimikizo kuti malingaliro athu angatsatire. Anthu ambiri amadwala matenda a Alzheimer's kapena mitundu ina ya dementia thanzi lawo lakuthupi lisanathe. Anthu ambiri amati ma neurons sangathe kupangidwanso, kotero kuti kuzindikira kumatsika kosasinthika pakapita nthawi.

Komabe, kafukufuku tsopano watsimikizira kuti ma neuron amatha kupangidwanso ndikuwonetsa 'pulasitiki', yomwe ndi kuthekera kopanga njira zatsopano ndikupanga kulumikizana kwatsopano muubongo. Kwenikweni, mutha kuphunzitsa galu wakale zidule zatsopano. Koma izi sizokwanira kulepheretsa kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa moyo wonse wa zaka 160 (moyo wanga wopita ku mtsogolo ukhoza kusekedwa kwa de Grey, yemwe amati anthu akhoza kukwanitsa zaka 600). Sikoyenera kukhala ndi moyo wautali wopanda nzeru zilizonse kuti tisangalale nazo, koma zochitika zatsopano zachilendo zikuwonetsa kuti pangakhale chiyembekezo choti tipulumutse malingaliro ndi mizimu yathu kuti isafote.

Mu Okutobala 2014, gulu la ofufuza ku yunivesite ya Stanford adayamba kufalitsidwa kwambiri mayesero a zachipatala amene anaganiza zopatsa odwala Alzheimer ndi magazi ochokera kwa opereka achinyamata. Malingaliro a kafukufukuyu ali ndi khalidwe linalake lonyansa, lomwe ambiri aife tingakayikire, koma zimachokera pa kafukufuku wolonjeza omwe achitika kale pa mbewa.

Mu June 2014, nkhani inasindikizidwa mu Nature lolembedwa ndi gulu la asayansi ochokera ku Stanford lofotokoza mmene kuthira magazi aang’ono ku mbewa zakalekale kusinthiratu zotsatira za ukalamba mu ubongo kuchokera ku molekyu kupita ku mlingo wa kuzindikira. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti mbewa zakale, zikalandira magazi achichepere, zimakulitsa ma neuron, kuwonetsa kulumikizana kwambiri muubongo, komanso kukumbukira bwino komanso kuzindikira bwino. Poyankhulana ndi a Guardian, Tony Wyss-Coray - mmodzi wa asayansi otsogolera omwe akugwira ntchito pa kafukufukuyu, ndi pulofesa wa sayansi ya ubongo ku Stanford - anati, "Izi zimatsegula gawo latsopano. Limatiuza kuti zaka za chamoyo, kapena chiwalo chonga ubongo, sichimalembedwa pamwala. Ndi chosavuta kusintha. Mutha kuyisuntha mbali imodzi kapena ina. ”

Sizikudziwika kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zili m'magazi zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatira zochititsa chidwi, koma zotsatira za mbewa zinali zolonjeza zokwanira kuti zilole kuti mayesero achipatala avomerezedwe mwa anthu. Ngati kafukufukuyu ayenda bwino, ndiye kuti titha kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimatsitsimutsanso minofu yaubongo wamunthu ndikupanga mankhwala omwe atha kusinthiratu Alzheimer's ndikutipangitsa kuti tithane ndi mawu ophatikizika mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi.