Kukhazikika: Kupanga Tsogolo Lotsogola ku Brazil

Brazil ikukula ngati mtsogoleri pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndikukhazikitsa zokhazikika m'malo ake. Imadziwika kuti chuma chachisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa zaka za 2005 ndi 2010, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kusamukira ku mizinda kunawonjezera pafupifupi 21 peresenti ya mpweya wokhudzana ndi mphamvu. M'nthaka ya ku Brazil, palinso zamoyo zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuopsa kotaya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoteroyo kumabwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zochita za anthu. Akuluakulu a boma ku Brazil akufufuza njira zothandizira kuthetsa mavuto omwe akukumana nawo pakupanga zomangamanga, ndikuthandizira anthu ake. Zina mwa izo ndi magawo ofunika monga mizinda ndi zoyendera, zachuma, ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayankho otere kudzalola Brazil kusinthika kuti ikwaniritse zofuna zake.

Kukwera njinga: Kukonzanso malo a Olimpiki

Zaka zinayi zilizonse dziko limatenga bajeti yayikulu kuti lisangalatse dziko. Masewera a Olimpiki a Chilimwe adagwera pamapewa a Brazil. Ochita masewera adapikisana nawo maudindo, kubweretsa zopambana monga Usain Bolt, Michael Phelps, ndi Simone Biles. Pamene zochitika za Olimpiki ndi Paralympic zidatha m'chilimwe cha 2016, zidapereka malo opanda anthu. Kenako kunabweretsa vuto: mabwalo amasewera amamangidwa ndi cholinga kwa milungu iwiri yokha. Nthawi zambiri, malowa amapangidwira kuti azikhala makamu ambiri, pomwe nyumba zokhalamo zimasamutsidwa, kusiya nzika kuti zipeze malo okhala.

Dziko la Brazil lidakumana ndi chigamulo chotenga chindapusa chachikulu pakukonza malowa kapena kukonzanso malowa kuti akwaniritse cholinga china, ngakhale ambiri anganene kuti ili si lingaliro latsopano. Malo ochitira Olimpiki ku Beijing ndi London adagwiritsanso ntchito njira yofananira. Ngakhale kuti malo ambiri anasiyidwa pamithunzi ngati malo otayidwa, pakhala nkhani zopambana.

Beijing anamanganso malo awo ochitiramo madzi kuyambira maseŵera a Olimpiki a 2008 kupita ku malo osambira, amodzi mwa malo aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Imadziwika kuti Beijing Water Cube, yomwe ili ndi mtengo wa $ 100 miliyoni. Pambuyo pa Masewera a Olimpiki a Zima a 2010, masewera othamanga a Olimpiki adalowa Vancouver idasungidwa ndi kudzipereka kwapachaka kwa $ 110 miliyoni. Kumbali ina yamasewera, pali zipilala zopanda anthu ngati Bwalo la Softball lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito Athens Masewera a Olimpiki a 2004.

Kusiyana kwa zomangamanga za malo a Olimpiki ku Rio ndikofunikira pakuzindikira bwino kukonzanso. Inamangidwa kuti ikhale yosakhalitsa. Mawu akuti njira imeneyi amadziwika kuti "nomadic architecture," kutanthauza kuti kuthekera komanganso ndi kusamutsa za ma stadium a Olympic. Amadziwika ndi kujowina tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zida zambiri zokulirapo. Uwu ndi phindu lalikulu chifukwa zomangamangazi zimapereka mwayi wofufuza mtsogolo. Ilinso ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 50% ya carbon footprint kusiyana ndi nyumba wamba. Njirayi imachokera ku lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zakale osati kutaya ndipo ndi njira yabwino yochepetsera mpweya wa carbon.

Malo omwe adachitikira mpira wamanja aphwasulidwa kuti amange masukulu apulaimale kudera la Jacarepaguá. Akuyerekeza kukhala ophunzira 500. The kupasuka kwa Olympics Aquatic Stadium apanga maiwe ang'onoang'ono ammudzi. International Broadcast Center ikhala ngati maziko a malo ogona, makamaka kusukulu yasekondale yomwe imathandizira othamanga aluso. Kuphatikiza kwa Olympic Park ku Barra de Tijuca, malo okwana maekala 300, ndi malo asanu ndi anayi a Olimpiki adzapangidwa ngati malo osungiramo anthu ndipo adzagulitsidwa paokha kuti awonjezeredwe payekha, zomwe zingatheke kuti zithandizire ku malo ophunzirira ndi masewera. Mipando yomwe ili pabwalo la tenisi, pafupifupi 18,250, idzachotsedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Mkhalidwe wachuma ku Brazil ndi wofooka, ndipo ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wadzikolo pakuyika ndalama. Kampani yomwe ili ndi udindo wolimbikitsa zomangamanga zotere ndi AECOM. Kufunika kosunga chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kutenga udindo wachuma kunali zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimachititsa ntchito zawo, zomwe zinapangidwa kuti ziwonongeke ndikumangidwanso, monga zidutswa za puzzles. Malinga ndi David Fanon, Pulofesa Wothandizira yemwe ali ndi ntchito yolumikizana ku Sukulu ya Zomangamanga ndi Dipatimenti ya Civil and Environmental Engineering ku yunivesite ya Northeastern, zomangamanga zoyendayenda zili ndi zigawo zofanana. Izi zikuphatikizapo mizati yachitsulo, mapanelo azitsulo, ndi masilabu a konkire omwe amatha kuthyoledwa ndikusamutsidwa. Izi, zimapewa malire a momwe zigawozo zingagwiritsire ntchito ndipo, panthawi imodzimodziyo, zimasunga ntchito ya zinthuzo.  

Zovuta zamamangidwe oyendayenda

Zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zomangamanga zoyendayenda ziyenera kugawidwa kukhala zosavuta kuzipatula komanso 'zoyera'. Ndiko kuti, iwo amapanga pang'ono kapena alibe mpweya mapazi pa chilengedwe. Dongosolo lolumikizana, monga momwe likuwonetsedwera muzitsulo ndi mizati, limawonetsedwa ngati kuli kofunikira. Komabe, zovuta zazikulu zimabuka poweruza kuthekera kwa mapangidwewo kuti azichita ngati dongosolo. Zigawo za zomangamanga zoyendayenda ziyeneranso kukhala maziko omanga ntchito yotsatira. Zigawo zazikuluzikulu zitha kukhala ndi malire pazosintha ndi zina. Malo ochitira masewera a Olimpiki ku Rio akukhulupirira kuti athana ndi mavuto onsewa poganizira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mbalizo nyumbazo zisanakhazikitsidwe.  

Ngakhale kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomangamanga zoyendayenda m'malo a Olimpiki kumatanthauza cholowa chokhalitsa cha nyumbazi, kukayikira kumabuka kuchokera ku Brazil kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokonzanso malo a Olimpiki.

Morar Carioca - Kusintha maonekedwe a mizinda

Akuti pafupifupi theka la anthu padziko lapansi amakhala m’mizinda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri akusamukira kumadera akumidzi, njira yolumikizana kwambiri, komanso mwayi wosintha moyo wawo. Komabe, si anthu onse omwe ali ndi mafoni kapena omwe ali ndi zinthu zopangira chisankho. Izi zimawoneka m'madera osauka ku Brazil, omwe amadziwikanso kuti favelas. Amafotokozedwa ngati nyumba zosakhazikika. Pankhani ya Rio, zonse zidayamba mu 1897, motsogozedwa ndi asitikali omwe adabwerera kuchokera ku Nkhondo ya Canudos. Izi zidatengera kufunikira kwa malo okhala anthu osamukira kwawo chifukwa chosowa nyumba zotsika mtengo.

M'zaka za m'ma 1960 chiyembekezo cha malo ogulitsa nyumba chinatembenuzira maso awo ku chitukuko cha favelas. Pulogalamu ya federal yotchedwa CHISAM anayamba kuthamangitsa anthu m’nyumba zawo. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 mpaka pano, mu 21^st zaka zana, omenyera ufulu ndi magulu othandizira akhala akulimbikitsa chitukuko pamasamba. Sikuti ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa mudzi kokha, koma kuchotsa anthu ku chikhalidwe chawo. Kuyesa koyamba kuthetsa vutoli kunali ndi Ntchito ya Favela-Barrio, yomwe inayamba mu 1994 ndipo mwatsoka inatha mu 2008. M'malo mochotsa anthu okhalamo, midziyi inakhazikitsidwa. Pulojekiti ya Morar Carioca idayamba ndi chiyembekezo kuti ikweza ma favelas onse pofika 2020.

Monga wolowa m'malo, Morar Carioca apititsa patsogolo ma favelas ndikugwira ntchito pazolakwika zomwe polojekiti ya Favela-Barrio idakumana nayo. Chimodzi mwazabwino zake ndikupereka mphamvu zokwanira komanso magwero a madzi. Njira zoyendetsera zinyalala zidzamangidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuchotsedwa kwa zinyalala moyenera. Magetsi a m’misewu adzaikidwa, ndipo malo ochitirako misonkhano ndi malo osangalalira adzamangidwa. Komanso, malo omwe amalimbikitsa maphunziro ndi chithandizo chaumoyo adzapereka chithandizo kwa anthu ammudzi. Maulendo adzayembekezerekanso kukafika kumadera amenewa.