Ukuchaza ukubaluleka kobuciko kuba nzima nakakhulu

Abekho abantu ababili abangabuka umsebenzi wobuciko futhi bacabange ngawo ngendlela efanayo. Sonke sinezincazelo zethu mayelana nokuthi yini ubuciko obuhle nobuciko obubi, yini eqalwa kabusha nokuthi yini engekho, yini ebalulekile nokuthi yini engenamsebenzi. Naphezu kwalokho, kusenemakethe lapho imisebenzi yobuciko ifakwa khona amanani futhi idayiswe ngokufanele.  

Inqunywa kanjani leyo ntengo, futhi imakethe ishintshe kanjani eminyakeni yamuva? Okubaluleke nakakhulu, yini enye esingasho ukuthi “inani” lomsebenzi wobuciko, futhi izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko ziyiphazamise kanjani indlela esinquma ngayo lelo nani? 

Liyini “inani” lobuciko? 

Ubuciko bunezinhlobo ezimbili zenani: i-subjective neyemali. Ukubaluleka kokuzicabangela kobuciko kuncike kulokho okushiwo umsebenzi kumuntu ngamunye noma eqenjini labantu nokuthi le ncazelo ibaluleke kangakanani emphakathini wanamuhla. Uma le ncazelo ibaluleke kakhulu, iba yigugu kakhulu, njengokuthi incwadi oyikhonzile iyinto ekhuluma ngempela nobuntu bakho noma ulwazi lwakho. 

Umsebenzi wobuciko nawo unenani. Ngokuvumelana ne Sotheby's, intengo yomsebenzi wobuciko inqunywa izinto eziyishumi: ubuqiniso, isimo, ukutholakala, ukuvela, ukubaluleka komlando, usayizi, imfashini, isihloko, naphakathi, kanye nekhwalithi. UMichael Findlay, umbhali we Inani Lobuciko: Imali, Amandla, Ubuhle, iveza izici ezinhlanu eziyinhloko: imvelaphi, isimo, ubuqiniso, ukuchayeka, kanye nekhwalithi. 

Ukuchaza ezimbalwa, i-provenance ichaza umlando wobunikazi, okwandisa inani lomsebenzi wobuciko ngamaphesenti angu-15. Isimo sichaza lokho okushiwo embikweni wesimo. Ukuthi uchwepheshe ophethe lo mbiko uthembeke kangakanani kuba nomthelela enanini lomsebenzi wobuciko. Ikhwalithi ibhekisela ekubulaweni, ukuphumelela kwe naphakathi kanye negunya lokuvezwa komsebenzi wobuciko, futhi lokho kuyehluka kuye ngezikhathi. 

Encwadini yakhe ye-2012, Inani Lobuciko: Imali, Amandla, Ubuhle, UMichael Findlay uchaza ezinye izici ezinquma umsebenzi wenani lemali lobuciko. Ngokuyisisekelo, ubuciko buyigugu kuphela njengokuthi umuntu onegunya uthi bungakanani, njengabaqaphi nabathengisi bezobuciko.  

Imisebenzi emikhulu nezingcezu zobuciko ezimibalabala ngokuvamile zibiza kakhulu kunemisebenzi emincane nezingcezu ze-monochromatic. Imisebenzi emikhulu ingase futhi ihlanganise izindleko zokukhiqiza enanini, njengokulingisa isifanekiso. Ama-lithographs, ama-etchings, nama-silkscreens nawo ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu. 

Uma ucezu lomsebenzi luthengiswa kabusha, inani lalo liyakhuphuka. Uma ingavamile, ibiza kakhulu. Uma umsebenzi omningi weciko utholakala kumamnyuziyamu, imisebenzi etholakala ngasese izobiza kakhulu ngoba ayivamile. Lelo ciko liphinde libe nokuhlonishwa okunyusa intengo. 

Zonke lezi zici ezicatshangelwayo, konke kuhambisana nokuthi umsebenzi wobuciko uthengiswa kanjani ngobuciko kanye nohlelo olwakha imakethe ezungeze lokho. Ngaphandle kwamagalari ekuthengisweni kwabathengi, abaqoqi abacebile ukuze baqhubekisele phambili isidingo, kanye namamnyuziyamu nezikhungo ukuze zinikeze udumo lokuhlangana, iciko alinazo izethameli futhi alinayo isheke lomholo..  

Lolo hlelo luyashintsha. 

Inani elikhulayo ledola lobuciko 

Ngokuvamile, umeluleki wezobuciko uthanda I-Candace Worth angalindela ukwenyuka kwamaphesenti angu-10-15 emalini yomsebenzi odayiswa kabusha, kodwa waba nolwazi lokuzama ukuxoxisana ngenani lomsebenzi wobuciko owawungamadola ayizinkulungwane ezingu-32 ngenyanga eyodwa namaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-60 ngokulandelayo. UPaul Morris, umdayisi wezobuciko osekhiqize angu-80 imibukiso yobuciko, manje ibona inani lokuqala labaculi abasha lingamadola ayizinkulungwane ezi-5 kune-500.  

Indlela abantu ababuka ngayo ubuciko isishintshile. Abantu abasahambi ezindaweni zobuciko. Kunalokho, abangaba abathengi baya ku imibukiso yobuciko, izitolo ezinkulu zobuciko ezinhle lapho kuthengiswa khona ubuciko futhi kwenziwa ukuxhumana. Ngempela, imakethe yezobuciko eku-inthanethi ikhule yafinyelela ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezi-3 zamaRandi ngo-2016. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunohlobo olusha lobuciko olungabukwa ku-inthanethi kuphela. 

Ubuciko be-inthanethi 

Igama I-"net art" ichaza ukunyakaza okufushane ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-2000 lapho abaculi besebenzisa i-inthanethi njenge- naphakathi. Abaculi bedijithali namuhla benza umsebenzi ku-inthanethi kuphela. Abaculi bedijithali abavelele bahlanganisa Yung jake futhi URafael Rozendaal phakathi kwabanye. Yize kuyinselele ukukhombisa ubuciko obunjalo, iminyuziyamu iyathanda AbakwaWhitney baqoqe imisebenzi ethile yedijithali. Ezinye izibonelo ezivelele ze-net art zingatholakala lapha.  

Yize ubuciko be-inthanethi bujabulisa ezenzweni zabo ezintsha, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi njengoba sekuyinto engasebenzi, umnyakazo omusha usuthathe indawo yawo. 

Ubuciko be-post-inthanethi 

Ubuciko be-post-inthanethi bungachazwa njengobuciko obenziwe ngemuva kwesikhashana sobuciko be-inthanethi. Kuthatha i-inthanethi njengenikeziwe futhi isuka lapho. Ngabaculi abasebenzisa amasu edijithali ukudala izinto ezibonakalayo uma kuqhathaniswa nobuciko be-inthanethi obusekelwe kuwebhu kuphela. Kungakho ubuciko be-post-inthanethi bungangena kalula kumagalari wezitini nodaka. 

Phakathi ku Sydney Contemporary panel, uClinton Ng, umqoqi wezobuciko ovelele, uchaze ubuciko bangemva kwe-inthanethi “njengobuciko obenziwa ngokuqaphela i-inthanethi.” Amaciko abhekana nezihloko eziku-inthanethi, okuhlanganisa isiyaluyalu sezepolitiki noma sezomnotho, izingqinamba zemvelo noma izindaba zengqondo, ngokwenza izinto zempilo yangempela ngayo. Ezinye izibonelo zingatholakala lapha. 

Yize ubuciko be-post-inthanethi bunganikezwa kalula inani elisuselwa kumibandela eshiwo ngenhla, ubuciko be-inthanethi buphazamisa lolo hlelo. Uwubeka kanjani inani lomsebenzi ongaphatheki? 

Inani lemali lobuciko be-inthanethi uma liqhathaniswa nobuciko bendabuko 

Ubuciko besimanje obujwayelekile bube nokukhula okumangalisayo ezimakethe zabo kanye nokuduma. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhula komnotho kanye nokuvulwa kwezinyuziyamu zamazwe ngamazwe, imibukiso yobuciko, Futhi imibukiso yeminyaka emibili. Ubuciko be-inthanethi nabo sebusungule ezabo izikhungo. Ukubukeka kulezi zikhungo kwengeza inani lobuciko be-inthanethi emakethe yobuciko evamile. UClinton Ng uphawula ukuthi amaphesenti angu-10 obuciko obuboniswa ku-Leon ubuciko be-post-inthanethi, okubonisa ukuthi leli fomu linokubaluleka emhlabeni wezobuciko. Lokhu akuliguquli iqiniso lokuhlangenwe nakho kobuciko obungasebenzi kahle ohlelweni lwegalari okunzima ukukudayisa, ngakho-ke inani lobuciko be-inthanethi likalwa kanjani? 

Encwadini ethi, A Companion to Digital Art, u-Annet Dekker uyaphawula, “Akukona ngempela ukuthi izinto ezibonakalayo zibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa izimfanelo zangaphakathi zomsebenzi wobuciko ezinikeza umbukeli ulwazi oluthile.”  

Uma kunjalo, ubuciko bedijithali bunezimfanelo ezingaphandle kwemibandela eshiwo ngenhla okufanele bunikeze inani. UJoshua Citarella, umculi wedijithali, okukhulunywe ngaye ku ingxoxo ne-Artspace ukuthi yena, "wafunda ukuthi inani lobuciko litholakala ngomongo. Ngakho-ke, ezingeni lesithombe, lapho ungenawo umongo omningi ngaphandle kwesikhala, indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokwenza into ifundwe njengento ebalulekile ukuyibonisa. endaweni ebalulekile."  

Kukhona okuthile okubalulekile mayelana nesikhala ucezu lwe-inthanethi olukuso. "Igama lesizinda liyenza ithengiswe," URafael Rozendaal uthi. Uthengisa izizinda zemisebenzi yakhe, futhi igama lomqoqi lifakwa kubha yesihloko. Uma ucezu lobuciko be-inthanethi luhluke kakhulu, intengo iba nkulu.  

Nokho, ukuthengisa kabusha izizinda kwehlisa inani lobuciko be-inthanethi. Iwebhusayithi kunzima ukuyigcina, futhi umsebenzi wobuciko ungase ushintshe kuye ngokuthi uyigcina kanjani kungobo yomlando. Ngokungafani nobuciko obuphathekayo obuzuza inani njengoba ubuthengisa kabusha, ubuciko be-inthanethi bulahlekelwa inani ngoba ubude bayo bokuphila buyancipha ngokubuyekezwa kwekhompyutha ngayinye. 

Ngokuvamile, kunombono wokuthi ukubeka ubuciko ku-inthanethi kuyayehlisa. UClaire Bishop uyaphawula endabeni yakhe, Digital Divide, ukuthi amaciko athambekele ekusebenziseni ama-reel efilimu ye-analog namaslayidi ahlongozwayo ngenxa yokuthi ayenza ikwazi ukuhweba.  

 

UJeana Lindo, umthwebuli wezithombe ozinze eNew York, uphawula ukuthi i-inthanethi yenze kwaba nzima ngabantu ukukhathalela ukuthwebula izithombe njengobuciko. “Sibona izithombe eziningi ku-inthanethi manje kunangaphambili,” usho kanje. "Kungakho abathwebuli bezithombe besimanje bebuyela kumafilimu, ukuze izithombe zabo ziphinde zibe yizinto futhi zithole inani." 

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi buyaphatheka noma bungaphatheki, “ubuciko buyinto ethengiswayo. Iyathengiswa. Futhi ukuqamba okusha kuyavuzwa kuwo, ”umdayisi wezobuciko UPaul Morris e-TEDxSchechterWestchester amanothi. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi inani layo lifinyelela kwelobuciko obubambekayo, Ubuciko Be-inthanethi busengafakwa intengo futhi buthengiswe.  

Umbuzo othakazelisa kakhulu ngowokuthi isho ukuthini emhlabeni wezobuciko nangale kwayo. Ingabe ubuciko obuhle noma enye into ngokuphelele? 

Inani le-subjective lobuciko 

Singacabanga ngokubaluleka kobuciko ngezindlela ezimbalwa. Esokuqala ukuthi sibaluleke kangakanani. "Ubuciko buhlala bubonisa isikhathi okuso." I-Nazareno Crea, umculi wedijithali nomklami amanothi ku ingxoxo ne-Crane.tv. Lokho kusho ukuthi ubuciko buzoba nenani ngenxa yengqikithi yalo.  

Ngisho Aaron Seeto, Umqondisi we-Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art yase-Indonesia uyavuma ukuthi "Abaculi abahamba phambili benza ubuciko obusabelayo lapha namanje."  

I-Nerdwriter ye-Youtube ize ize ithi, "Lokho esicabanga ukuthi ubuciko obuhle bukhuluma ekugcineni kulokho esicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile emasikweni."  

I-inthanethi ne-post-inthanethi yobuciko ibonisa ukuthi i-inthanethi isingene kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke kangangokuthi isiyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lethu. Ikholomu ku-Guardian uphikisa ngokuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sokutshala imali kwezobuciko kungenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwamasiko. Ubuciko buthuthukisa impilo, bujabulisa futhi buchaza ubunikazi bethu bomuntu siqu nobuzwe.  

Ekugcineni, uRobert Hughes uthi “imisebenzi yobuciko ebaluleke ngempela yileyo elungiselela ikusasa.”  

Izinhlobo zobuciko ezingaphatheki zisilungiselela kanjani ikusasa? Yimiphi imilayezo ebalulekile abanayo ngathi namuhla? Ingabe le milayezo ibenza babaluleke kangakanani? 

Inani eliphathekayo lobuciko bendabuko 

Embhalweni wezobuciko waseNtshonalanga, ukubaluleka kwamasiko kubekwa phezu ubuciko obuyinto eyingqayizivele, eqediwe ngesikhathi nendawo ethile. Enkulumweni yakhe ye-TEDx, Jane Deeth waphawula ukuthi “Sinikeza ukubaluleka kwezobuciko okuwumfanekiso owenziwe kahle wezinto ezingokoqobo, ukubonakaliswa okuhle kwemizwa ejulile, noma ukuhlelwa kahle kwemigqa namafomu nemibala,” nokuthi nakuba “Ubuciko besimanje abukwenzi lokho. ,” kusebalulekile ngoba kusenza sicabange ngendlela ehlukile ngomthelela wobuciko kithina. 

Inani le-subjective lobuciko be-post-inthanethi 

Ngobuciko bangemva kwe-inthanethi, sizindla ngobudlelwano bethu obusha nezithombe nezinto ezigqugquzelwe isiko elihlukahlukene kuwebhu. Ibhekene nezinkinga ezihlobene nendlela esixhumeke ngayo esikweni lethu lenethiwekhi yedijithali. Lezi zincazelo zinenani ngoba zibalulekile, yingakho abaqoqi bethanda UClinton Ng qoqa ubuciko be-post-inthanethi. 

Inani le-subjective lobuciko be-inthanethi 

Ngokuvamile, amamnyuziyamu awabonisi intshisekelo enkulu yesiko ledijithali, ngakho-ke inani lawo lokuzicabangela lingase libe phansi uma liqhathaniswa nobuciko besimanje obuvamile. Kodwa-ke, inani langempela lobuciko be-inthanethi lilele kulokho okusenza sikucabangele. Umbhali weNerd ithi isisiza ukuthi sibone i-inthanethi. Kuphinde kusishukumisele ukuba sicabangele imithelela yezenhlalo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wethu wanamuhla.  

Endabeni yakhe, Digital Divide, U-Claire Bishop uyaphawula ukuthi, "Uma idijithali isho noma yini ngobuciko obubonakalayo, kuyisidingo sokuthatha lesi sihloko futhi ubuze imibono yobuciko eyigugu kakhulu."  

Ngokuyisisekelo, ubuciko be-inthanethi busiphoqa ukuthi sihlole kabusha lokho esicabanga ukuthi ubuciko. Ukukhombisa lokho, abaculi bedijithali bacabanga ngendlela ehlukile ngobuciko. "Ngizikhathaza nganoma yini ethokozisayo," URafael Rozendaal uthi. Uma kuthakazelisa, kusho ukuthi ubuciko. 

Abaculi bedijithali nabo bahlukile kwabanye abaculi ngoba abagxili ekwenzeni ubuciko obungathengiswa, kodwa ubuciko obungabiwa kabanzi. Lokho kunikeza ukubaluleka komphakathi okwengeziwe njengoba ukwabelana ngobuciko kuyisenzo somphakathi. "Nginayo ikhophi, futhi umhlaba wonke unekhophi," URafael Rozendaal uthi.  

Abaculi Be-inthanethi abafana no-Rozendaal bahlela amaphathi e-BYOB (Bring Your Own Bimmer) asebenza njengemibukiso yobuciko lapho amaciko eletha amaphrojektha awo futhi awakhanyise ezindaweni ezimhlophe ezibondeni, edala umphumela wobuciko nxazonke zakho. “Ngale inthanethi,” usho kanje, “singathola ukwesekwa abantu abadala abacebile, kodwa singaba nabalaleli abeseka umculi. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kunenzuzo yenhlalo namasiko ekuletheni izethameli ngaphandle komphakathi we-elite kwezobuciko.  

"Imithombo yezokuxhumana idiliza imiphakathi esezingeni eliphezulu," kusho u-Aaron Seeto engxoxweni Intelligence Squared. Kunencazelo ekuletheni ubuciko ngaphezu kwalabo abakwazi ukukukhokhela, futhi lokho kunikeza ubuciko be-inthanethi inani elikhulu kakhulu. Phela, i-inthanethi iyisakhiwo sokuxhumana nabantu njengoba iwubuchwepheshe, futhi iyinethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu ezungeze ubuciko be-inthanethi eyenza ibe nenjongo.