Isayensi ngemuva kwendlala

Isayensi ngemuva kwendlala, isifiso, nokukhuluphala ngokweqile 

Umhlaba ubukeka usemampambanweni oyindida ngodaba lwendlala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-800 noma ingxenye enkulu ye-10% yabantu emhlabeni babhekene nendlala enkulu kanye nokungondleki kahle. Balambile kodwa banokudla okuncane noma abanakho nhlobo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.1 bakhuluphele noma bakhuluphele ngokweqile. Lokho kusho ukuthi uma belambile, badla kakhulu. Zombili iziphetho zenduku zihlushwa indlala engavimbeki ngezindlela ezihlukile. Umuntu uphila ngokudla ngokweqile ngenxa yokweqisa. Elinye iqembu lihuquza ngokuswelakala okubuhlungu.  

Khona-ke kungase kubonakale sengathi inkinga yomhlaba wonke yendlala yayiyoxazululeka, mhlawumbe ngokungabazekayo uma sonke singayinqoba indlala yokudla. Iphilisi elimangalisayo noma ifomula yomlingo ingase isungulwe esikhathini esizayo engabhekana nenselele yendlala unomphela. Izobhekana nokufa okuphindwe kabili embonini yokulahlekelwa isisindo enenzuzo.  

Kodwa-ke umbuzo uphakama: Ingabe lesi isifiso esinengqondo noma ipharadesi leziwula? Ngaphambi kokuba sifike kuleyo ndawo yase-Utopian, kuyofundisa kakhulu futhi kunenzuzo ukuqala ukuqonda okujulile kwesayensi kanye nengqondo yendlala.  

Isichazamazwi sichaza indlala njengesidingo esiphoqayo sokudla noma ukuzwa okubuhlungu kanye nesimo sobuthakathaka esibangelwa isidingo sokudla. Isifiso esingenakuvinjelwa sokudla singenye yezinto ezivamile zohlanga lwesintu kanye nezilwane.  

Ocebile noma ompofu, inkosi noma inceku, enamandla noma ebuthakathaka, edabukile noma ejabulayo, enkulu noma encane, sonke siyalamba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyathanda noma singathandi. Indlala iyindawo ezenzakalelayo emzimbeni womuntu futhi ijwayelekile kangangokuthi asikaze sibuze ukuthi kungani silamba. Abantu abakaze babuze isizathu kanye ne-psychology yendlala.  

Isayensi ifuna izimpendulo 

Ngokujabulisayo, isayensi isondela ekuqondeni okuphelele kwezinqubo ezibangela indlala.  

Ukulambela okungokwemvelo kokudla ukuze kuphembelele imizimba yethu ukuze siphile kwaziwa ngokuthi indlala ye-homeostatic, futhi iqhutshwa amasignali kanyekanye. Lapho amazinga ethu amandla ephela, the amahomoni omzimba aqala kanye nezinga le-ghrelin, i-hormone ethile yendlala iqala ukwanda. Lokho-ke kudala umuzwa wokuphila ogqugquzela ukufuna ukudla okumatasa. Ngokuzenzakalelayo iqala ukwehla ngokushesha nje lapho ukudla kuqala futhi isethi ehlukile yezimpawu ithunyelwa ebuchosheni esusa iminjunju yendlala.   

Impi yendlala-ke ingeyengqondo nangokomzimba. Indlala nezifiso ziqhutshwa umzimba nengqondo. Izimpawu zonke zivela ngaphakathi kwethu futhi azikho ngaphansi kobukhona bokudla noma ezinye izisusa zangaphandle ezikhangayo. Ubuchopho bethu-ke buwumbhoshongo ochungechungeni lwendlala, hhayi isisu sethu noma imicu yokunambitha. I-hypothalamus ingxenye yezicubu zobuchopho esikhuthaza ukuba sifune ukudla. Ingakwazi ukuhumusha ngokushesha izimpawu ezigelezayo ezivela kumangqamuzana akhethekile azungeze amathumbu amancane kanye nesisu lapho okuqukethwe kwawo kuphansi. 

Esinye isibonakaliso esibalulekile sendlala yizinga lethu le-glucose yegazi. I-insulin neglucagon amahomoni akhiwe kumanyikwe futhi asiza ukugcina amazinga kashukela egazini. Izimpawu ezinamandla noma ama-alamu axhunywe ku-hypothalamus ebuchosheni, lapho indlala incisha umzimba amandla abalulekile.  

Ngemva kokudla, izinga likashukela egazini liyakhuphuka bese i-hypothalamus icosha izimpawu bese ibeka izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi zigcwele. Ngisho nalapho imizimba yethu ithumela lezi zimpawu zokulamba ezinamandla, imizimba yethu ingase ikhethe ukungazinaki. Yilapho imithi, isayensi kanye nezinhlelo zezempilo ngezinye izikhathi ezingajwayelekile zizama ukugxambukela lezi zimpawu futhi ziphazamise ukugeleza kokuxhumana phakathi komzimba nobuchopho, konke ukuze kufihlwe izimpawu zendlala noma ukuzikhulisa ngendlela okungenzeka ngayo. 

Lesi sici sokulawula kanye nekhono lokudida amahomoni endlala kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulweni nokukhuluphala, iWorld Health Organization eyibeke njengesifo esiwubhubhane lwezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Ucwaningo lweLancet olusanda kushicilelwa, lwembula ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili emhlabeni manje bakhuluphele ngokweqile noma bakhuluphele ngokweqile. 

Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile emhlabeni wonke kuphindeke ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kusukela ngo-1980. Ngo-2014, izingane ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-41 zazikhuluphele, kuyilapho ama-39% abantu abadala emhlabeni wonke ayekhuluphele ngokweqile. Ngokuphambene nokucatshangwa okuvamile, abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke babulawa ukukhuluphala kakhulu kunokungondleki kahle nokuba nesisindo esiphansi. Ngokusho kwe-WHO, imbangela enkulu yokukhuluphala yindlela yokuphila ebangela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-calories nokudla okunamandla, okulinganisela ngokulinganayo ngokumelene nokuncipha kwemisebenzi yomzimba nokuzivocavoca. 

UDkt. Christopher Murray, umqondisi we-IHME futhi ongumsunguli we-Global Burden of Disease (GBD) ucwaningo, wembula ukuthi “ukukhuluphala kuyindaba ethinta abantu bayo yonke iminyaka nabaholayo, yonke indawo. Kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule, alikho izwe eliye laphumelela ekwehliseni ukukhuluphala ngokweqile.” Unxuse ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ukubhekana nale nkinga yezempilo yomphakathi.