Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ze-cybersecurity: Isimiso esisodwa sokubusa i-cyberspace

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• June 2, 2023

Kusayinwe izivumelwano eziningana zomhlaba jikelele ze-cybersecurity kusukela ngo-2015 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubambisana kwe-cybersecurity phakathi kwezifundazwe. Kodwa-ke, lezi zivumelwano ziye zahlangabezana nokuphikiswa, ikakhulukazi okuvela eRussia nabalingani bayo.

Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ze-cybersecurity

Ngo-2021, i-United Nations' (UN) Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) yaqinisekisa amalungu ukuthi avumelane nesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe se-cybersecurity. Kuze kube manje, amazwe ayi-150 abambe iqhaza kulolu hlelo, okubandakanya izethulo ezibhaliwe ezingama-200 kanye nesitatimende samahora ayi-110. IQembu Lochwepheshe Bohulumeni Bezokuphepha ku-inthanethi be-UN (i-GGE) ngaphambilini beliqhuba uhlelo lomhlaba jikelele lokuphepha ku-inthanethi, amazwe ambalwa nje abambe iqhaza. Nokho, ngoSepthemba 2018, i-UN General Assembly yagunyaza izinqubo ezimbili ezifanayo: uhlelo lwesithupha olugunyazwe yi-US lwe-GGE kanye ne-OEWG ehlongozwayo yaseRussia, olwaluvulekele zonke izizwe ezingamalungu. Kube namavoti angu-109 avuna isiphakamiso se-OEWG yase-Russia, okubonisa intshisekelo esabalele yamazwe ngamazwe ekuxoxweni nasekusunguleni izimiso ze-cyberspace.

Umbiko we-GGE weluleka ukugxila okuqhubekayo ezingozini ezintsha, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukwakhiwa kwamandla, kanye nokudalwa kwenkundla evamile yokudingida izindaba zokuphepha ku-inthanethi ngaphakathi kwe-UN. Izivumelwano ze-GGE zango-2015 zagunyazwa njengesinyathelo esibalulekile ekusunguleni izimiso ze-cyber ukusiza amazwe ekuzulazuleni iwebhu ngokuzibophezela. Ngokokuqala ngqa, izingxoxo eziphathelene nokuphepha kwengqalasizinda yezokwelapha nezinye ezibalulekile ekuhlaselweni kwe-inthanethi zenzeke. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlinzekwa kokwakhiwa kwamandla kubalulekile; ngisho ne-OEWG yakubona ukubaluleka kwayo ekusebenzisaneni ku-inthanethi ngamazwe ngamazwe njengoba idatha ishintshaniswa njalo emingceleni, okwenza izinqubomgomo zengqalasizinda eziqondene nezwe elithile zingasebenzi.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Impikiswano enkulu kulesi sivumelwano ukuthi imithetho eyengeziwe kufanele idalwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nobunzima obuthuthukayo bendawo yedijithali noma uma imithetho ekhona yokuphepha ku-inthanethi kufanele ibhekwe njengesisekelo. Iqembu lokuqala lamazwe, okuhlanganisa iRussia, iSyria, iCuba, i-Egypt, ne-Iran, ngokusekelwa okuthile okuvela eChina, laphikisana nalawo okuqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-US kanye namanye amademokhrasi asentshonalanga yenkululeko athi isivumelwano se-GGE sika-2015 kufanele sakhelwe phezu kwayo futhi singashintshwa. Ikakhulukazi, i-UK kanye ne-US babheka isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esisabalulekile njengoba i-cyberspace isivele ibuswa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Enye inkulumo-mpikiswano ukuthi ungalawula kanjani ukwanda kwezempi kwe-cyberspace. Izifundazwe eziningana, ezihlanganisa iRussia neChina, zicele ukuthi kuvalwe ngokuphelele ukusebenza kobuxhakaxhaka bezempi kanye namakhono okuxhumana nge-inthanethi acasulayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuye kwaphikiswa yi-US kanye nabalingani bayo. Enye inkinga indima yezinkampani zobuchwepheshe kuma-global cybersecurity pact. Izinkampani eziningi ziye zaba manqikanqika ukubamba iqhaza kulezi zivumelwano, zesaba ukuthi zizobe zingaphansi kwemithethonqubo eyengeziwe.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukushuba kwesimo se-geopolitical lesi sivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi esizulazulayo. Nakuba ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi okuxhaswe nguhulumeni yi-Russia ne-China kuthola ukukhava kakhulu (isb, i-Solar Winds ne-Microsoft Exchange), i-US namadlelandawonye ayo (okuhlanganisa i-UK ne-Israel) nabo baqhube owabo ukuhlasela nge-inthanethi. Isibonelo, i-US yafaka uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha engqalasizinda kagesi yaseRussia ngo-2019 njengesexwayiso kuMongameli u-Vladimir Putin. I-US iphinde yagebenga abakhiqizi bomakhalekhukhwini baseShayina futhi yahlola isikhungo socwaningo esikhulu kunazo zonke saseChina: Inyuvesi yaseTsinghua. Le misebenzi yingakho ngisho nezifunda ezinegunya elibekwe icala ngokuqalisa ukuhlasela ku-inthanethi zizimisele ukusebenzisa imithetho eqinile ku-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, i-UN ngokuvamile ibheka lesi sivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi njengempumelelo.

Imithelela ebanzi yezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ze-cybersecurity

Imithelela engaba khona yezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ze-cybersecurity ingafaka: 

• Amazwe aya ngokuya elawula (futhi kwezinye izimo, exhasa) imikhakha yawo yomphakathi kanye nezizimele ukuze kuthuthukiswe ingqalasizinda yawo yokuphepha ku-inthanethi. 
• Ukwenyuswa kokutshalwa kwezimali ezisombululweni ze-cybersecurity kanye namandla okusebenzisa ikhompuyutha (isb, ezempi, ubunhloli), ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu ezizwe eziyizimbangi afana nohulumeni waseRussia-China kanye nohulumeni waseNtshonalanga.
• Inani elikhulayo lamazwe agwema ukuchema ne-Russia-China noma iNtshonalanga, esikhundleni salokho akhethe ukusebenzisa imithetho yawo yokuphepha ku-inthanethi esebenza kangcono ezintshisakalweni zawo zezwe.
• Izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe—ikakhulukazi abahlinzeki benkonzo yamafu, i-SaaS, nezinkampani ze-microprocessor—ezibamba iqhaza kulezi zivumelwano, kuye ngemithelela yazo ekusebenzeni kwazo.
• Izinselelo zokuqalisa lesi sivumelwano, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka angenazo izinsiza ezidingekayo, imithethonqubo, noma ingqalasizinda ukusekela ukuvikela okuthuthukile ku-inthanethi.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi ama-global cybersecurity pact angumbono omuhle?
• Amazwe angasenza kanjani isivumelwano se-cybersecurity esilinganayo futhi esibandakanya wonke umuntu?