Ka wai, ka aila a me ka ʻepekema i ka remix hou
Ka wai, ka aila a me ka ʻepekema i ka remix hou
Ka wai, ka aila a me ka ʻepekema i ka remix hou
…Ke hoʻāʻo nei ʻo Science i kahi hana mana ʻepekema hou i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai a me kāna mau pūhui i wahie.
ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka politika o ka ikehu aila maʻalahi ke kūpono i ka pilikia nui loa ma ka honua. ʻO ka ʻaila, i uhi ʻia i kekahi manawa ma hope o ka manaʻo a me ka ʻōlelo ikaika, ʻo ia ke kumu kumu o nā kaua o kēia wā.
Manaʻo ka International Energy Agency i ka awelika koi o ka aila a me nā wahie wai ma kahi o 96 miliona barela i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻOi aku kēia ma mua o 15.2 biliona lita o ka aila i hoʻopau ʻia i ka lā hoʻokahi. Ma muli o kona koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a me ka makewai nui ʻole o ka honua i ka ʻaila, ua lilo ke kahe mau o ka wahie kūpono a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumu ikehu ʻē aʻe i mea koʻikoʻi honua.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻololi i ka wai i wahie, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻike o kēia ʻōnaehana honua ikehu hou, a ua lele koke mai nā ʻaoʻao o ka moʻolelo ʻepekema i loko o nā keʻena hoʻokolohua maoli a ma waho o nā palena o nā māla aila.
Ua hui like ʻo Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) a me Masdar Institute a neʻe i kahi ʻanuʻu kokoke i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai i kumu wahie ma o ka hana ʻepekema e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai me nā kukuna mai ka lā. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu lā maikaʻi loa, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻili wai i loko o nā nanocones me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo pololei o 100 nanometer ka nui. Ma ia ala, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu lā e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai i mau mea hoʻololi wahie. E hoʻohana ana kēia pōʻai ikehu hoʻohuli i ka lā ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu no ka hoʻokaʻawale photochemical o ka wai i loko o ka oxygen a me ka hydrogen.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka loina ʻenehana like e ka hui noiʻi no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ikehu kalapona. No ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hydrogen geological maoli, ke hilinaʻi nei ka hana ʻana o ka hydrogen i ke kinoea maoli a me nā wahie fossil ʻē aʻe mai kahi kaʻina hana ikaika. Hiki i nā hana noiʻi o kēia manawa ke ʻike i kahi kumu hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka hydrogen e hana ʻia ana ma ke ʻano pāʻoihana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka hui ʻepekema honua ma hope o kēia papahana ʻenehana futurism e pili ana iā Dr. Jaime Viegas, pono polofesa o microsystems engineering ma Masdar Institute; ʻO Kauka Mustapha Jouiad, ka luna hoʻokele microscopie a me ka ʻepekema noiʻi poʻokela ma Masdar Institute a me ke kaukaʻi o ka ʻenekinia mīkini o MIT, ʻo Kauka Sang-Gook Kim.
Ke hana ʻia nei ka noiʻi ʻepekema like ma Caltech a me Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), kahi e hoʻomohala ai lākou i kahi kaʻina e hiki ai ke holo wikiwiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahie o ka lā no ka ʻaila, ka lanahu a me nā wahie fossil maʻamau. E like me ka noiʻi MIT, ʻo ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai ma ka unuhi ʻana i nā ʻātoma hydrogen mai ka mole wai a laila hoʻohui hou ʻia me ka atom oxygen e hana i nā wahie hydrocarbon. ʻO nā Photoanodes nā mea hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ka lā e hana i nā wahie lā e hiki ai ke kūʻai aku.
I loko o nā makahiki he 40 i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa he 16 wale nō o kēia mau kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a maikaʻi. ʻO ka noiʻi paʻakikī ma Berkeley Lab ua alakaʻi i ka loaʻa ʻana o 12 mau kiʻi kiʻi hou e hoʻohui ʻia i ka 16 mua.
Mai manaolana a i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo
Ua lele ʻoi aku kēia wai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wahie mai ke keʻena ʻepekema a i ka papa hana ʻenehana maoli. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Nordic Blue Crude, kahi hui no Norewai, e hana i nā wahie synthetic kiʻekiʻe a me nā huahana hoʻololi fossil e pili ana i ka wai, carbon dioxide a me ka ikehu hou. ʻO ka hui kumu wahie bio no ka Nordic Blue Crude ʻo Harvard Lillebo, Lars Hillestad, Bjørn Bringedal a Terje Dyrstad. He pūʻulu kūpono o nā mākau hana ʻenehana.
ʻO ka hui ʻenekinia ikehu koʻikoʻi o Kelemania, ʻo Sunfire GmbH, ʻo ia ka hoa hana ʻenehana nui ma hope o ka papahana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana paionia e hoʻololi i ka wai i nā wahie synthetic a hāʻawi i ka loaʻa waiwai i ka carbon dioxide maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka mīkini e hoʻololi i ka wai a me ka carbon dioxide i loko o ka wahie synthetic petroleum-based i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hui i ka makahiki i hala. ʻO ka mīkini kipi a me ka mea mua o ka honua, e hana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i loko o ka wai hydrocarbons synthetic petrol, diesel, kerosene a me ka wai hydrocarbons, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana mana-i-wai.
No ka loaʻa koke ʻana o kēia wahie hou i ka mākeke a hoʻokomo i nā noi he nui, ua hui pū ʻo Sunfire me kekahi o nā hui koʻikoʻi o ka honua e like me Boeing, Lufthansa, Audi, LʻOreal a me Total. Ua hōʻoia ʻo Nico Ulbicht, he luna kūʻai a me ke kālepa ʻana o ka hui ʻo Dresden, "ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ma ka mākeke."
