Ikusasa lokwelashwa kwe-ADHD

I-scoop 

 I-ADHD iyinto enkulu eMelika. Kuthinta u-3-5% wabantu (indlela engaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi edlule!) futhi kuthinta kokubili izingane kanye nabantu abadala. Ngakho-ke, ngenkinga enjalo esabalele njengalena, nakanjani lizoba khona ikhambi, akunjalo? 

Hhayi-ke. Alikho ikhambi laso okwamanje, kodwa kunezindlela zokusilawula. Okungukuthi, ngemithi ehlukahlukene kanye nemithi, kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zokwelapha. Okungazwakali kubi, kuze kube yilapho umuntu edlula emiphumeleni evamile yale mithi nemithi ethandwayo: isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukuswela ukudla, ukuncipha komzimba, ngisho nokuqwasha. Le mithi iyasiza ukwelapha lesi sifo, kodwa ayikaphumeleli. 

Ososayensi abakaqiniseki ngokusebenza kwe-ADHD nokuthi iwuthinta kanjani umzimba womuntu ngokuqondile, futhi ngenxa yokuthi lesi sifo sithinta abantu abaningi kakhulu nsuku zonke, kuthathwa izinyathelo. Ngenxa yalokho, izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo nokwelashwa kwe-ADHD ziyabhekwa futhi ziyasetshenziswa. 

Ukubikezela okuhlakaniphile? 

Ososayensi abasakhathazeki kuphela ngemiphumela ye-ADHD ezimeni ezingabodwa. Njengoba lesi sifo sisabalala emphakathini, ososayensi manje babheka imiphumela yesikhathi esizayo kubantu. Ngokwe-Everyday Health, ososayensi babheka le mibuzo elandelayo ngocwaningo lwabo: “Ziba khona kanjani izingane ezine-ADHD, uma ziqhathaniswa nabafowethu nodadewethu abangenaso lesi sifo? Njengabantu abadala, baziphatha kanjani ezabo izingane?” Kanti ezinye izifundo zifuna ukuqonda kangcono i-ADHD kubantu abadala. Ucwaningo olunjalo lunikeza ukuqonda kokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokwelashwa noma izinkonzo ezenza umehluko ekusizeni ingane ene-ADHD ikhule ibe umzali okhathalelayo nomuntu omdala osebenza kahle.  

Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ososayensi bahlola kanjani ukuthola ucwaningo olunjalo. Ngokuhambisana Nempilo Yansuku zonke, ososayensi basebenzisa kokubili abantu nezilwane ukuze bazuze lezi ziphetho. Lesi sihloko sithi “ucwaningo lwezilwane luvumela ukuphepha nokusebenza kwemithi emisha yokuhlola ukuthi ihlolwe kudala ngaphambi kokuba inikezwe abantu.”  

Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kuyindaba eyimpikiswano eshisayo emphakathini wesayensi, njengoba kuyisihloko se-ADHD kwayona, ngakho-ke lo mkhuba ubuyimfihlo kukho kokubili ukugxekwa okungekuhle nokuhle. Noma kunjalo, into eyodwa ukuqiniseka, uma lezi zinqubo ziphumelela, umhlaba wesayikholoji ungase ukhishwe ngaphakathi. 

Ukwazi kusengaphambili  

Ukuthwebula ubuchopho muva nje sekuyinto ethandwa kakhulu uma ubuka ukuthi i-ADHD iwuthinta kanjani ubuchopho. Ngokusho kwe-Everyday Health, ucwaningo olusha luzongena ezifundweni zokukhulelwa nokuthi ubuntwana nokukhuliswa kudlala indima kanjani nendlela i-ADHD ebonakala ngayo ezinganeni. 

Imithi eshiwo ngenhla nemithi enemiphumela emibi enjalo emibalabala nayo iyahlolwa. Yilapho, futhi, izilwane zingena khona. Ekwakheni imithi emisha, izilwane zivame ukuba yizihloko ezihlolwayo, futhi imiphumela egadiwe ingase isetshenziselwe ukulingisa eyabantu. 
Ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha noma cha, ucwaningo luzodalula imfihlakalo eyengeziwe eyi-ADHD. 

Okuningi ngokwethiyori... 

Ngezwi elithi Impilo Yansuku zonke, “I-NIMH kanye Nomnyango Wezemfundo wase-U.S. baxhasa ngokubambisana ucwaningo lukazwelonke olukhulu — olokuqala lwalo — ukuze babone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlanganisela zokwelashwa kwe-ADHD ezisebenza kangcono ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezingane. Phakathi nalolu cwaningo lweminyaka emi-5, ososayensi emitholampilo yocwaningo ezweni lonke bazosebenza ndawonye ekuqoqeni idatha ukuze baphendule imibuzo efana nalena: Ingabe ukuhlanganisa imithi evuselelayo nokuguqulwa kokuziphatha kusebenza kangcono kunokodwa? Ingabe abafana namantombazane basabela ngendlela ehlukile ekwelashweni? Izingcindezi zomndeni, imali engenayo, nendawo ezungezile kuthinta kanjani ubukhali be-ADHD kanye nemiphumela yesikhathi eside? Ukufuna imithi kuwuthinta kanjani umuzwa wezingane wokufaneleka, ukuzithiba, nokuzethemba?” 

Lolu uhlobo lokuphinda iphuzu lokugcina elenziwe. Kodwa manje, ososayensi bathatha lesi sinyathelo esisodwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokungabaza “ubunye” be-ADHD. Kuthiwani uma kunezinhlobo ezahlukene? Noma ubani ojwayelene ne-ADHD (noma i-psychology, ngaleyo ndaba) uyazi ukuthi lesi sifo sivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izimo ezifana nokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka. Kodwa manje ososayensi bangabheka ukuze babone ukuthi kukhona yini umehluko (noma ukufana) kulabo abane-ADHD, noma enye yalezi zimo. Ukuthola noma yiziphi izixhumanisi ezibalulekile phakathi kwe-ADHD nezinye izimo kungase kusho ukucindezela okwengeziwe ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kwabo bonke. 

Kungani lokhu kubalulekile?  

Kubonakala sengathi ucwaningo olusha olusetshenziswayo luphathelene nomphakathi wonkana. Ingabe lokho kuyinto enhle, noma into embi? Hhayi-ke, thatha lokhu njengesibonelo: njengoba manje i-ADHD ithinta abantu abaningi kakhulu nsuku zonke, noma yiluphi ulwazi olungase lusetshenziselwe ukuyivimbela nokulawula luzokwamukelwa. 

Emphakathini wesayensi, kunjalo. I-ADHD ibilokhu ibonakala njengento enzima ukubhekana nayo phakathi kwezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, abazali, othisha, ngisho nalabo abanayo. Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, i-ADHD yamukelwa emphakathini “ngezinzuzo zayo zokudala”, evame ukutuswa izihlakaniphi, abasubathi, abahlomuli bemiklomelo kaNobel, nabanye abanayo.  

Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe ikhambi litholakale ngalezi zindlela ngandlela thile, izinzuzo zalo ziyoqala enye inkulumo-mpikiswano emphakathini, mhlawumbe enkulu kune-ADHD yamanje.