Amaza obuchopho ngokushesha azolawula imishini nezilwane ezikuzungezile

Cabanga ukuthi ungashintsha isilawuli ngasinye empilweni yakho ngedivayisi eyodwa elula. Awasekho amamanuwali wemiyalo futhi awasekho amakhibhodi noma izinkinobho. Asikhulumi ngesilawuli kude esisha esihle, nokho. Hhayi lapho ubuchopho bakho sebukwazi kakade ukuxhumana nobuchwepheshe. 

Ngokuka-Edward Boyden, uProfesa Wokuthuthukiswa Kwemisebenzi kaBenesse eMIT Media Lab, “Ingqondo iyisisetshenziswa sikagesi. Ugesi uwulimi olujwayelekile. Lokhu yikho okusivumela ukuthi sixhumanise ingqondo nezinto zikagesi.” Empeleni, ubuchopho buyikhompyutha eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlelwe kahle. Konke kulawulwa ama-impulses kagesi athunyelwa kusuka ku-neuron kuya ku-neuron.

Ngolunye usuku, ungase ukwazi ukuphazamisa lesi siginali njengakufilimu ka-James Bond, lapho ungasebenzisa khona iwashi ukuphazamisa isignali ethile. Ngolunye usuku ungase ukwazi ukudlula imicabango yezilwane noma yabanye abantu. Nakuba ikhono lokulawula izilwane nezinto ngomqondo wakho libonakala njengento ephuma ku-movie ye-sci-fi, ukulawula ingqondo kungase kusondele ekufezeni impumelelo kunalokho kubonakala.

Ubuchwepheshe

Abacwaningi baseHarvard benze ubuchwepheshe obungangenisi obubizwa nge-Brain Control Interface (BCI) obuvumela abantu ukuthi balawule ukuhamba komsila wegundane. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi abacwaningi banokulawula okuphelele phezu kobuchopho begundane. Ukuze sikwazi ngempela ukulawula izimpawu zobuchopho, kuzodingeka siqonde ngokuphelele indlela amasignali abhalwe ngayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele siqonde ulimi lobuchopho.

Okwamanje, esingakwenza nje ukukhohlisa ulimi ngokuphazanyiswa. Cabanga ukuthi ulalele othile ekhuluma olunye ulimi. Awukwazi ukubatshela ukuthi bathini noma bakusho kanjani, kodwa ungakwazi ukuphatha inkulumo yabo ngokubaphazamisa noma ubonise ukuthi awubezwa. Ngalo mqondo, unganikeza omunye umuntu izimpawu zokumenza ashintshe inkulumo yakhe.

Kungani Ngingakwazi Ukuba Nakho Manje?

Ukuze baphazamise ubuchopho mathupha, ososayensi basebenzisa umshini okuthiwa i-electroencephalogram (EEG) okwazi ukubona izimpawu zikagesi ezidlula ebuchosheni bakho. Lokhu kutholwa ngamadiski amancane, ayisicaba ensimbi anamathela ekhanda lakho futhi asebenze njengama-electrode.

Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe be-BCI abucacisi ngendlela emangalisayo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bobuchopho. Kuze kube yilapho ubuchwepheshe bungakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngaphandle komthungo namasignali kagesi wobuchopho, idatha ekhishwa ku-neuron iye ku-neuron ngeke icutshungulwe ngendlela efanele. Ama-Neurons asondelene ebuchosheni ngokuvamile akhipha amasignali afanayo, okuyilokho okwenziwa ubuchwepheshe, kodwa noma yimaphi ama-outliers adala uhlobo lwe-static ubuchwepheshe be-BCI obungakwazi ukusihlaziya. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kwenza kube nzima ngathi ukumane sithuthukise i-algorithm ukuchaza iphethini. Kodwa-ke, singakwazi ukulingisa amaza amaza ayinkimbinkimbi esikhathini esizayo ngokuhlaziya amaphethini amaza obuchopho,

Amathuba Awapheli

Thatha isithombe sokuthi ifoni yakho idinga ikesi elisha futhi awufuni ukulahla amanye amadola angamashumi amathathu kwelinye elisha esitolo. Uma ungacabanga ubukhulu obudingekayo futhi ukhiphe idatha ku-a Iphrinta ye-3D, uzoba nekesi lakho elisha ngengxenyana yenani futhi ungabi namuphi umzamo. Noma ngezinga elilula, ungashintsha isiteshi ngaphandle kokuthi ufinyelele isilawuli kude. Ngalo mqondo, i-BCI ingahlelwa ukuthi ixhumane futhi ilawule imishini kunobuchopho.

Ake Ngizame

Imidlalo yebhodi nemidlalo yevidiyo isiqalile ukufaka ubuchwepheshe be-EEG ukukuvumela ukuthi uhlole ubuchopho bakho. Amasistimu asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-EEG asukela ezinhlelweni ezilula, njenge Umqeqeshi we-Star Wars Science Force, kumasistimu ayinkimbinkimbi, njenge I-EPOC Eshukumisayo. 

Ku-Star Wars Science Force Trainer, umsebenzisi ugxile ekudonseni ibhola ngengqondo, ekhuthazwa isikhuthazo sika-Yoda. I I-Neural Impulse Actuator, izinsiza zokudlala ezimakethwa yi-Windows, ezingahle zihlelwe ukuthi zichofozwe kwesokunxele futhi zilawule ukudlala kwegeyimu ngokusebenzisa ukungezwani ekhanda, ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Intuthuko Yezokwelapha

Nakuba lobu buchwepheshe bungase bubonakale buwubuqili obushibhile, amathuba awapheli. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu okhubazekile wayengazilawula ngokuphelele izitho zokufakelwa ngokucabanga. Ukulahlekelwa ingalo noma umlenze akumele kube umkhawulo noma ukuphazamiseka njengoba i-appendage ingase ithathelwe indawo isistimu ethuthukisiwe enezinqubo zokusebenza ezifanayo.

Lezi zinhlobo zama-prosthetics ahlaba umxhwele sezivele zidaliwe futhi zahlolwa ezindaweni zokucwaninga yiziguli ezilahlekelwe ukulawula imizimba yazo. U-Jan Scheuermann ungomunye wabantu abangu-20 ababambe iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwalobu buchwepheshe. U-Scheuermann usekhubazeke iminyaka engu-14 manje ngenxa yesifo esingajwayelekile esibizwa ngokuthi i-spinocerebellar degeneration. Lesi sifo sivalela u-Jan emzimbeni wakhe. Ubuchopho bakhe bungathumela imiyalo ezithweni zakhe, kodwa ukuxhumana kuma kancane kancane. Akakwazi ukuhambisa izitho zakhe ngenxa yalesi sifo.

Lapho u-Jan ezwa ngocwaningo locwaningo olungamvumela ukuthi aphinde alawule ama-appendages akhe, wavuma ngokushesha. Lapho ethola ukuthi angakwazi ukuhambisa ingalo yerobhothi ngengqondo yakhe lapho exhunyiwe, uthi, “Bengiqala ukuhambisa okuthile endaweni engihlala kuyo ngemva kweminyaka. Kwakudonsa umoya futhi kujabulisa. Abacwaningi nabo abakwazanga ukusula ukumamatheka ebusweni babo amasonto amaningi.”

Eminyakeni emithathu edlule yokuqeqeshwa ngengalo yerobhothi, ayibiza ngoHector, u-Jan useqalile ukukhombisa ukulawula okucushwe kahle engalweni. Ufinyelele umgomo wakhe siqu wokukwazi ukuzondla ngebha kashokoledi futhi ufeze eminye imisebenzi eminingi ebekwe ithimba labacwaningi eNyuvesi yasePittsburgh.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uJan waqala ukuhluleka ukulawula ingalo. Ubuchopho buyindawo enobutha kakhulu ezintweni zikagesi okufanele zifakwe ngokuhlinzwa. Ngenxa yalokho, izicubu ezibomvu zingakheka eduze kokufakelwa, kuvimbele ama-neuron ukuthi afundeke. U-Jan uphoxekile ngokuthi akasoze akwazi ukuba ngcono kunalokho ayeyikho, kodwa “wamukele [leli qiniso] ngaphandle kwentukuthelo noma intukuthelo.” Lokhu kuyinkomba yokuthi ubuchwepheshe ngeke bulungele ukusetshenziswa ensimini isikhathi eside.

Izithiyo

Ukuze ubuchwepheshe bufaneleke, inzuzo kufanele idlule ingozi. Nakuba iziguli zingenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo ngezitho zokufakelwa njengokuxubha amazinyo, ingalo ayinikezi ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene okwanele ukuze kuzuze imali kanye nobuhlungu bomzimba bokuhlinzwa kobuchopho ukuze busetshenziswe.

Uma ikhono lesiguli lokunyakazisa isitho somzimba liwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze silawule isitho sokufakelwa singase singawufanele umzamo. Uma lobu buchwepheshe buthuthukisiwe, bungase busebenziseke kakhulu, kodwa okwamanje, abusebenzi emhlabeni wangempela.

Okungaphezu Komuzwa

Njengoba lawa ma-prosthetics asebenza ngokwamukela amasignali athunyelwa esuka ebuchosheni, inqubo yesignali ingase ihlehliswe futhi. Imizwa, lapho itshelwa ukuthintwa, ithumela ama-electronic impulses ebuchosheni ukuze ikwazise ukuthi uthintwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi ama-electronic impulses ngaphakathi kwemizwa ukuthumela amasignali ngakolunye uhlangothi emuva ngasebuchosheni. Cabanga ukulahlekelwa umlenze bese uthola omusha osakuvumela ukuthi uzwe ukuthintwa.