Kodi tingalenge dziko lopanda matenda?

Kodi n'zotheka kukhala ndi dziko lopanda matenda? Matenda ndi mawu omwe anthu ambiri (ngati si onse) samva bwino akakhala kuti iwo kapena munthu wina amene amamudziwa ali nawo. Mwamwayi, Max Welling, pulofesa wa maphunziro a makina ku yunivesite ya Amsterdam ndi membala wa Canadian Institute of Advanced Research, ndi gulu lake la amalonda apanga dongosolo losanthula deta kuti adziwe matenda kwa odwala. Zosangalatsa: Amatsogolera AMLAB (Amsterdam Machine Learning LAB) ndikuwongolera QUVA Lab (Qualcomm-UvA Lab). Apa tiwona momwe munthu wodabwitsayu ndi gulu lake la amalonda (Cynthia Dwork, Geoffrey Hinton ndi Yudeya Pearl) adapanga zopambana zopambana kuti athetse matenda padziko lapansi.

Zodetsa nkhawa za Max Welling

Zina mwazinthu zomwe Welling akuwonetsa pakulankhula kwake kwa TEDx zimabweretsa chidwi kuti pali nthawi zina pomwe dokotala amatha kuphonya china chake pozindikira wodwala. Mwachitsanzo, ananena kuti “theka la njira zachipatala zilibe umboni wa sayansi.” Kuzindikira kumeneku kumachitika makamaka kudzera muzochita zawo komanso chidziwitso chomwe adapeza kusukulu, pomwe Max akunena kuti payenera kukhala njira yodziwira matenda ena omwe angakhalepo. Iye akupitiriza kufotokoza kuti odwala ena akhoza kuzindikiridwa molakwika n'kubwereranso m'chipatala, momwe amanenera kuti amatha kufa ka 8. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi ichi ndi nkhani yomwe yakhalapo nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake ndi chophweka monga momwe zolakwitsa zimapangidwira zomwe mwatsoka zingawononge munthu kapena anthu angapo moyo wawo. Osati zokhazo, monga momwe Welling akunenera, pali njira zamankhwala zokwana 230 miliyoni chaka chilichonse zomwe zimawononga theka la madola thililiyoni. Monga makampani aliwonse omwe akuyesera kupereka chithandizo kuti athandize ena, zimatengera ndalama; Kuonjezera apo, izi zikutanthauza kuti zipatala ndi omwe akuyang'anira ndalama zothandizira zipatala ayenera kumvera akatswiri omwe akuyesera kupititsa patsogolo malondawa m'njira yabwino. Komabe, kukhala wosamala n’kopindulitsa nthaŵi zonse.

Kusunga Zachinsinsi

Welling adanena kuti iye ndi gulu lake apanga zopambana zitatu. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi kompyuta yomwe imatha kusunga zachinsinsi mkati mwa chipatala; Komanso, makompyuta amathanso kusanthula zambiri kuti apititse patsogolo matenda a odwala omwe akudwala kwambiri. Pulogalamuyi imatchedwa Wophunzira Makina. Kwenikweni, kompyuta imatumiza funso kumalo osungirako zipatala, lomwe limayankha funsolo ndiye kuti wophunzira makinawo asinthe yankho "powonjezera phokoso." Kuti mudziwe zambiri chonde Dinani apa (Max Welling akufotokoza momveka bwino pakati pa mphindi 5:20 - 6:06). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, monga Max akufotokozera, kompyuta ikufuna "kuchita bwino" kudzera mu matenda ndi "kupanga chitsanzo chabwino cha deta". Zonsezi ndikuthokoza Cynthia Dwork, yemwe ndi wasayansi wodziwika kuchokera ku Microsoft Research. Amayang'ana kwambiri kusunga chinsinsi potengera masamu. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za iye ndi zomwe wachita, Dinani apa. Mwachidule, kutulukira koyamba kumeneku sikungosonyeza kuti Max amafuna kulemekeza zidziwitso za odwala komanso akufuna kupatsa zipatala maziko olimba a matenda.

Kuphunzira Kwambiri

Kupambana kwachiwiri kunadziwika ndi Geoffrey Hinton. Yann Lecun, Yoshua Bengio ndi Geoffrey afotokoza kuti: "Kuphunzira mozama kumapeza kapangidwe kake m'maseti akulu akulu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya backpropagation kuwonetsa momwe makina angasinthire magawo ake amkati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera choyimira pagawo lililonse kuchokera pagulu lapitalo." M'mawu ang'onoang'ono, imathandizira makina kudzimvetsetsa bwino kudzera mu zigawo zake zovuta kwambiri (kuti mumve zambiri chonde werengani ndemanga yonse yomwe njonda zitatuzo zidalemba).

Causality vs Kugwirizana

Kupambana kwachitatu ndi komaliza ndi lingaliro lothandizira kusiyanitsa causality ndi kulumikizana. Max akuona kuti zida za Yudeya Pearl zingathandize kusiyanitsa mfundo ziwirizi ndi konzekerani. Kwenikweni udindo wa Yudeya ndikuthandizira kupereka ndondomeko yowonjezereka ku deta yomwe ingatheke ngati mafayilo a odwala atasamutsidwa mu digito. Ntchito ya Pearl ndi yovuta kwambiri ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za "zida" zake Dinani apa.

Chifuniro cha Max

Welling mwachidule kumapeto kwake TEDX Talk kuti akufuna kusunga zachinsinsi kudzera pa makina ophunzirira. Kachiwiri, kuchita nawo ana a data ndi asayansi kuti apititse patsogolo matenda kuti apulumutse ndalama ndi miyoyo. Pomaliza, akufuna kusintha chisamaliro chaumoyo pothandizira zipatala, madokotala ndi odwala bwino kudzera muukadaulo womwe ungathandize kufupikitsa maulendo azachipatala ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama moyenera. Awa ndi masomphenya okongola okhudza chithandizo chamankhwala chifukwa sikuti akufuna kulemekeza makampani azachipatala, komanso akufuna kuthandiza kupulumutsa miyoyo poganizira bajeti za zipatala ndi zipatala.