Mbali yakuda ya kusindikiza kwa 3D

Dera lalikulu la mzinda woyandama wa Orbit uli ndi ma condos osawerengeka omwe amakhala ndi mabanja amtsogolo. Nyumba zawo zogwirira ntchito zimakhala ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zimatuluka nthawi yomweyo pa liwiro la chakudya chofulumira. Kapeti ya conveyor lamba imakufikitsani kumakina, komwe mutha kugawa chakudya chanu malinga ndi zomwe mumakonda mukadina batani.

Ndizo zomwe opanga zojambulazo The Jetsons kuganiza kuti chaka cha 2062 chidzakhala chofanana. Koma lero, zaka 49 m'mbuyomo mu 2013, teknoloji yotereyi ilipo kale. Zomwe a Jetsons amachitcha "Space Age Stove," timachidziwa ngati chosindikizira cha 3D. Tsogolo lili tsopano - ndipo inde, amasindikiza chakudya.

M'mbuyomu, zovuta zosindikizira za 3D zimangokhala m'zipinda zapansi za zomangamanga, makampani osindikizira ndi olemera. Koma tsopano, zipangizo zikukhala zazing'ono, zotsika mtengo komanso zoyengedwa kwambiri. Ali m'njira yoti atha kufikira ogula ambiri. Kale, pali osindikiza pamsika pamtengo wa iPhone. Kwatsala pang'ono kuti agwire. 

Ndi luso lamakono - makina omwe amatha kupanga kapena kubwereza bwino pafupifupi chilichonse. Tangoganizani kutenga mpando womwe mudapanga pa AutoCad ndikusindikiza mtundu wake wabwino tsiku lomwelo kapena kusanthula kachipangizo ka poker kuti musindikize zowonjezera kuti zina zikasochera. Ndi tsogolo labwino kusangalatsa. Zili ngati kukhala ndi fakitale yobwerezedwa pamalo abwino kwambiri a nyumba yanu. Ndani sangafune kukhala ndi chosindikizira cha 3D?

Koma ngakhale zingamveke bwino, pali gulu linalake lomwe silikukondwera kwambiri ndi kupita patsogolo kwa kusindikiza kwa 3D - opanga, ovomerezeka ndi eni ake.

Kubwera kwa kusindikiza kwa 3D, m'badwo ukuyamba pomwe aliyense angathe kukopera, kugawana ndikupanga osati mafayilo a digito, komanso zinthu zakuthupi. Kodi makampani angaletse bwanji kugawana ndi kusindikiza katundu wawo mololedwa?

Zoyamba za kuphwanya malamulo

M'manja mwa anthu ambiri, kusindikiza kwa 3D kungakhale chida champhamvu chophwanya nzeru. Pali nthawi zina pomwe anthu adayikapo zojambula zawo za 3D pa intaneti, enanso amakopera mapangidwe awo mosaloledwa.

Feburari chaka chino, Fernando Sosa, adapanga doko la iPhone lomwe lidalimbikitsidwa ndi Mpandowachifumu wa Iron wa pulogalamu ya TV. Game ya mipando. Pambuyo pa miyezi yowawa kwambiri, adayika template yomalizidwa pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya 3D yogulitsa patsamba lake. Chinali chifaniziro chapafupi kwambiri cha mpando wodziwika bwino wa wolamulira wamphamvu m'chilengedwe chonse chawonetsero, wopangidwa ndi malupanga onse. Mtunduwu udatengera zithunzi zomwe zidatengedwa pawailesi yakanema ndipo zikuwoneka kutali ndi kutsanzira kopanda pake. Sosa ankanyadira kwambiri ntchito yake.  

Koma ndiye eni ake a copyright adazindikira.

HBO, makanema apawayilesi akanema omwe ali ndi ufulu paziwonetserozi, mwachangu adalemba kalata yosiya ndi kuletsa pa Sosa. Inanena kuti dokoli likuphwanya ufulu wawo pamapangidwe a Iron Mpandowachifumu. Kalatayo idabwera panthawi yoyitanitsa, ngakhale doko limodzi lisanagulitsidwe.  

Sosa adalumikizana ndi HBO kuti apange mgwirizano wopatsa chilolezo pampando wachifumu, koma kampaniyo idati pali kale chilolezo cha munthu wina - koma sanganene kuti ndani, ndipo sangalole kuti alumikizane nawo kuti agawane mapangidwewo.

Mlandu wina chaka chatha udakhudza abale awiri ndi mapangidwe awo azithunzi zamasewera apamwamba a Warhammer. M'nyengo yozizira imeneyo, a Thomas Valenty adagula Makerbot, chosindikizira chotsika mtengo cha 3D chomwe chimatha kusindikiza mwachangu zinthu zapulasitiki. Pogwiritsa ntchito zifaniziro za Imperial Guard monga maziko, adapanga zidutswa zawo za Warhammer ndikugawana zojambulazo pa Thingiverse.com, malo omwe amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kugawana ndi kutsitsa kapena kusintha zojambula zawo za digito kuti ena azisindikiza. Ngakhale kuti mwina sangakhale ofanana ndendende ndi a Imperial Guards, Games Workshop, kampani yaku UK yomwe ili ndi Warhammer, idawona ntchito yawo ndikutumiza chidziwitso chotsitsa patsamba, kutchula Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).

Kuthamanga mozungulira…kapena sichoncho?

Kuthamanga kwamakampani akuluakulu omwe amalimbana ndi okonda mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono amalankhula zambiri pakuwopseza kwaukadaulo kwa kusindikiza kwa 3D. Kutha kutengera chinthu ndikuwopseza mokwanira, koma ndizowopsa kwambiri zikaphatikizidwa ndi mphamvu yosatha yogawana pa intaneti.

Mfundo imeneyi si yachilendo. Aka sikoyamba kuti ukadaulo watsopano ulandiridwe mwachikondi poyambira. Kutulutsa tepi yoletsa kwakhala mchitidwe kuyambira pomwe adapangidwa makina osindikizira oyamba, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale malamulo atsopano owunikira komanso kupereka ziphaso zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zichepetse kufalikira kwa chidziwitso.

Makampani oimba adalengeza kutha kwake ndi kujambula kunyumba. Ndipo chodziwika bwino, Jack Valenti, pulezidenti wa Motion Picture Association of America, ananena mu 1982 kuti VCR iyenera kupangidwa kukhala yosaloledwa. Mu umboni wake ku Nyumba ya Oyimilira ya ku United States, Valenti anati: “Ndikunena kwa inu kuti VCR ndi ya wopanga mafilimu wa ku America ndi anthu a ku America monga momwe wopha mnzake wa ku Boston amachitira mkazi yekha kunyumba.”

Koma ndithudi, zinthu zimenezo zidakali pano. Makampani opanga nyimbo sakufa, ndipo Hollywood ikupangabe ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri chaka ndi chaka. Ndipo komabe, VHS ikatembenukira ku DVD kapena ma CD akusintha kukhala mp3 - njira zatsopano zogawira ndi kugawa media mochulukira - eni nzeru ayamba kuda nkhawa. Ambiri achitapo kanthu kuti awonetsetse kuti ufulu pakati pa omwe amapanga zinthu ndi anthu ukupitilirabe. Choyamba, World International Property Organisation (WIPO) idakhazikitsa DMCA mu 1996, nyumba yamalamulo yomwe imayimitsa ntchito zomwe zimayenderana ndi njira zotetezera kukopera kwa digito, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti Digital Rights Management (DRM).

DMCA idapangidwa makamaka kuti igwirizane ndi chinyengo cha nyimbo - ndipo posakhalitsa, kusindikiza kwa 3D kutha kupeza DMCA yakeyake. Koma momwe zilili ndendende sizikudziwika.   

Munthu amene wagwirapo ntchito ndikudziwa kuthekera kwa kusindikiza kwa 3D ndi Laurie Mirsky, mkulu wa situdiyo yosindikizira ya 3D yochokera ku Toronto, 3DPhactory. Kuyambira pakupanga makapu mpaka kupanga ndi kupanga zidole zakale za m'ma 1920, adawonadi kusinthasintha kwa makinawa.

“Ndi sing’anga yatsopano; zinthu zomwe mungamange zilibe malire,” akutero. "Mutha kupanga zitsanzo mwachangu ndipo anthu amafunsa zinthu zomwe sindinaganizirepo."

Ntchito zambiri zomwe kampani yake imachita ndikupanga ndi kusindikiza zida zamakanema. Mirsky anali wopanga mafilimu asanaphunzire za kusindikiza kwa 3D zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Monga munthu yemwe wagwirapo ntchito mubizinesi yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi piracy, akuti akudziwa zovuta za kukopera zomwe kusindikiza kwa 3D kungabweretse.

Ndipo kusindikiza zinthu ngati Game of Thrones iPhone dock ndikosapitako.  

“Sitidzasindikiza zinthu za munthu wina,” akutero Mirsky.

Lingaliro la makina awa omwe akugwera mumsampha wamalamulo ndi malamulo omwewo monga intaneti kapena kujambula kunyumba sikudziwikabe. Kumbali imodzi, ndi lingaliro latsopano lomwe likufunikabe nthawi kuti liyesedwe m'madzi ambiri ogula, ndipo kwina pali kugawanika pakati pa kuphwanya malamulo ndi kuphwanya patent. Lamulo lazachuma ndi losiyanasiyana komanso lovuta, komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D.

Ma Copyright ndi Patents

Kupanga ndi kupanga zinthu zoyambirira kungapereke mikangano yochepa kwambiri ndi luntha - ndipo malamulo a kukopera ndi osinthika pankhaniyi. Ngati wophunzira wa ku Montreal angalembe nyimbo yomvetsa chisoni yofotokoza mavuto ake pa maphunziro a spiking ku yunivesite yake, ntchito yake idzatetezedwa ndi chilolezo. Chaka chotsatira, ngati wophunzira ku Toronto achita zomwezo, osadziwa nyimbo yoyamba, chitetezo chaumwini chidzaperekedwanso. Makhalidwe a kukopera amalola kuti munthu adzipanga yekha. Ngakhale ntchitoyo iyenera kukhala yoyambirira kuti mulandire kukopera, sikuyenera kukhala yapadera padziko lapansi.

Malinga ndi Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO), malamulowa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku zolemba zonse zoyambirira, zochititsa chidwi, zanyimbo ndi zaluso kuchokera m'mabuku, timabuku, nyimbo, ziboliboli, zithunzi ndi zina.

Kutetezedwa kwa kukopera nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwa moyo wa wolemba, komanso kwa zaka 50 kumapeto kwa chaka cha kalendala.

Miyezo ya kukopera ndi mphamvu zake pa kusindikiza kwa 3D ndi gawo laling'ono chabe lachidziwitso chomwe chili ndi eni ake aluntha komanso opanga odziyimira pawokha pankhondo. Ngakhale kuti malamulo a kukopera amalepheretsa kubwereza kwa zojambulajambula zosiyanasiyana, zoletsa zimachulukitsidwa kawiri pamene chitetezo cha patent chikuponyedwa pamkangano.

Mosiyana ndi malamulo okopera, omwe amalola kupanga zinthu zofanana, malamulo a patent satero. Ngati kampani ipereka chilolezo choyamba, makampani ena sangathe kupanga zofanana.

Ndipo apa ndipamene kusindikiza kwa 3D kumaponyera wrench mu dongosolo. Nthawi zambiri kupanga zinthu kumasungidwa m'ma lab a magulu a kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, ndipo malamulo a patent amagwira ntchito mozungulira modeli iyi. Gulu lofufuza mwanzeru lingafufuze patent musanasankhe kutsata kapangidwe kake.

Koma ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D kwatsala pang'ono kugawidwa mochuluka, kupanga zinthu zokhoza kukhala ndi patent sikufanananso ndi magulu ofufuza patent. Kupanga ndi luso - zili m'manja mwa aliyense amene amagula chosindikizira.

Malinga ndi a Michael Weinberg, loya wa gulu lomenyera ufulu wa anthu pa intaneti la Public Knowledge, kusintha kumeneku pagulu la anthu kungapangitse kuchuluka kwa zophwanya malamulo osalakwa - milandu yomwe opanga mabwalo akunyumba mosadziwa amaphwanya patent.

Chilengedwe chimodzi chogwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba sichingachitike kuti chipereke chikalata choyimitsa, koma ngati intaneti yatiphunzitsa kalikonse, ndikuti timakonda kugawana. Munthu amene amapanga chinthu chothandiza komanso chosavuta akhoza kuyika ndi mtima wabwino kapangidwe kake kuti agawane, mosangalala sadziwa kuti mwina akugawira zolengedwa za wina popanda chilolezo.

Koma mwamwayi, malinga ndi ICPO, chitetezo cha patent chimayenda kwakanthawi kochepa kuposa kukopera. Patent idzatetezedwa kwa zaka zopitilira 20. Pambuyo pake, mapangidwewo ali mkati mwa anthu kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa zopanga zopanda chilolezo ndizokwera kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ofuna kupanga azitha kutambasula luso lawo lopanga.

Chaka chatha, pulofesa waku America Levin Golan adagwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D kuti agwiritse ntchito ma patent omwe adatha, owuziridwa ndi gwero losayembekezereka - zoseweretsa za mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka zinayi. Golan ankafuna kupanga chidole cha galimoto kuchokera ku zidutswa ziwiri zosiyana za zoseweretsa - Tinkertoys ndi K'Nex, koma mawilo a K'Nex sakanatha kugwirizanitsa ndi galimoto ya Tinkertoys. Pambuyo pa chaka chokonzekera ndi wophunzira wakale, adapanga pulani yomwe ili ndi mapangidwe a pulasitiki 45 omwe amatha kulumikizana ndi zida zambiri zomanga zidole. Iwo adachitcha kuti Free Universal Construction Kit. Monga momwe mawu ofupikitsira akusonyezera, ichi si chinthu chochepa komanso chokhumudwitsa kwambiri kwa eni ake aluntha.

"Tiyenera kukhala omasuka kupanga popanda kudandaula za kuphwanya malamulo, malipiro, kupita kundende kapena kuimbidwa mlandu ndi kuzunzidwa ndi mafakitale akuluakulu," adatero Golan m'nkhani ya Forbes Epulo chaka chino. "Sitikufuna kuwona zomwe zimachitika munyimbo ndi mafilimu zikuseweredwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe,"

Ndipo mwina Golan apeza zofuna zake. Kusindikiza mu 3D, zikuwoneka, kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri kwa "mafakitale akulu" ngati atamangidwa moyenera.

Kupanga ndi Kugawa

Nthawi zambiri, popanga ma prototypes kapena chinthu chilichonse panjira yopangira zinthu zambiri, kuyanjana kwapakati ndi mtsogolo pakati pa opanga ndi makampani opanga kuyenera kuchitika. Kusindikiza mu 3D kumathandizira kwambiri njirayi pongopanga mapangidwe apakompyuta, kenako ndikusindikiza mkati mwa tsiku lomwelo.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a Mirsky, iyi ndi sitepe yolondola. Podula ndalama zowonjezera pamtengo wopangira, zomwe sizimangophatikiza kupanga, koma pakuyesa ndi kugawa, zitha kuthandizira kudzoza chuma ndi makampani ang'onoang'ono omwe amafunikira ndalama zochepa poyambira. Msika wopikisana kwambiri ukhoza kupangidwa, komanso pali kuthekera kwa ntchito zambiri zotsegulira okonza kapena kukonza osindikiza a 3D.

Ndipo Mirsky akuti sakhulupirira kuti kusindikiza kwa 3D kudzabweretsa mavuto ambiri kumakampani opanga zinthu. Ngakhale kusindikiza kwa 3D kudzakhala ndi gawo lochepetsera makampani opanga zinthu, akuti, sizinthu zonse zomwe zingasindikizidwe zomwe zingatheke kwa ogula onse.

Pali nkhani ya mtengo komanso funso la momwe osindikizira a 3D amavutikira.

“Pakadali pano chosindikizira cha kunyumba chimene anthu amapitako ndi Makerbot,” akutero Mirsky. Pali zambiri zomwe lingachite, koma zambiri silingachite. Pali zolepheretsa pakumanga ndi kumanga. Ganizirani za mtengo wolowera wa $2,200 madola kuphatikiza zida. Sizotsika mtengo.

"Komanso, ngati muyang'ana pa Thingiverse ndi zitsanzo ndikuyang'ana kukhwima kwa zigawozo, mapangidwe ambiri ndi oyambira, olunjika. Pakadali pano sichidzalowa m'malo opanga zinthu zazikulu. ”

Ndipo kupanga ndi kusintha mawonekedwe a 3D sikophweka monga kusintha chithunzi mu Photoshop kapena iPhoto. Mapulogalamu opangira ogula amakhala ndi malire pazomwe amatha kupanga - makamaka zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta, kuphatikiza, ndi kukula kwake. Mapulogalamu opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri sikuti amangowononga ndalama zambiri, amafunikira maphunziro apadera kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera.

Zowona, Mirsky akuti amawona kugwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a 3D kunyumba ngati njira yogawira bwino magawo olowa m'malo mwazinthu zomwe zidagulidwa kale. M'malo moyembekezera kuti chinthu chogulidwa pa intaneti chitumizidwe, mutha kungogula fayilo yomwe mungatsitse ndikuisindikiza nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi zambiri, malamulo a patent samaletsa kupanga zigawo zolowa m'malo.

Tsogolo losatsimikizika

Mu Januware chaka chino, a Weinberg adalemba chikalatacho, "Zidzakhala Zodabwitsa Ngati Sazipopera," kuyang'ana zamtsogolo za kusindikiza kwa 3D pankhani yalamulo lazachuma. Amapereka chitsanzo cha kusintha kwa malamulo mtsogolomu: Kukulitsa zomwe zikuphwanya malamulo.

Kukhala ndi fayilo yojambula pakompyuta yanu, kuyendetsa tsamba lomwe limakhala ndi mafayilo opangira izi, chilichonse chomwe chimapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wokopera zinthu zotetezedwa - monga kuphwanya kwamasamba ang'onoang'ono, zinthu zonsezi zitha kukhala zophwanya malamulo, adalemba Weinberg. Suing 3D opanga chosindikizira pazifukwa kuti amapereka njira kupanga makope n'zotheka.

Koma ngakhale tsogolo lachisoni lomwe Weinberg akuwoneka kuti akulosera, Mirsky, yemwe akuchokera kumakampani omwe "akuchotsedwa" nthawi zonse ndi kugawana mafayilo osaloledwa, adakali wosasunthika powona ukadaulo watsopanowu ukhalabe wotseguka komanso wachilungamo momwe zingakhalire - kumbali zonse ziwiri.

Mirsky anati: "Nthawi iliyonse mukalola anthu kupanga, zimangowonjezera luso."