Tsogolo la kutukwana

Ndi yamphamvu, yapadziko lonse, yokhumudwitsa, ndipo sidzatha: kutukwana ndi chimodzi mwazochita za chinenero zomwe tili nazo. Mu zopeka za dystopian, zimapanga mbiri yodabwitsa ya dziko lathu lamtsogolo; mu A Clockwork Orange, “cal” amatanthauza “nyansi” (lozikidwa pa liwu la Chirasha lotanthauza chimbudzi), ndi mu Dziko Latsopano Lolimba Mtima anthu amapempha "Ford" m'malo mwa Mulungu podzudzula, kudalitsa, kapena kufuula mwachidwi.

Zowona, mphamvu zomwe zimapanga tsogolo lathu la kutukwana sizichokera m'mabuku, koma, nditero kudziwa zonyansa za mawa?

Chisinthiko cha chinenero ndi bwalo lovuta, losatsimikizika. Komabe, chinthu chimodzi n'chachidziŵikire za chinenero kusintha: okhwima mibadwo nthawizonse zimawoneka kuganiza kuti zikucheperachepera, ndipo zikuoneka zotukwana ndi zambiri zovomerezeka tsopano kuposa mmene anali chabe zaka makumi asanu zapitazo.

Ganizirani mawu achikale oti "fuck." Wowonera Google wa NGram akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'mabuku kwachulukirachulukira kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950. Mwina chifukwa chake kutukwana kukukhala kovomerezeka, kapena mwina, chomwe chikusintha ndikutanthauzira kwathu zomwe "zovomerezeka". ” ndi.

Kusintha Taboos 

Kuti tiwone mawu athu m'tsogolo, malo abwino oyambira ndi mbiri ya mawu omwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano. Poyankhulana ndi io9, katswiri wa zilankhulo komanso wolemba "The F-Word," Jesse Sheidlower, Akufotokoza "Miyezo yathu yazomwe zimakhumudwitsa imasintha pakapita nthawi, momwe zikhalidwe zathu zimasinthira." Lerolino, mawu onga “wonyansa” ali ofala, pafupifupi akalekale, ngakhale kuti poyamba anali amwano ndipo ngakhale anali ofala kwambiri. kupewedwa m'mabuku kuyambira m'ma 1700 mpaka 1930. Sheidlower akufotokoza kuti izi zikugwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa chipembedzo monga mphamvu yaikulu pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu ambiri. Momwemonso, mawu okhudzana ndi ziwalo za thupi akuyamba kuchepa pamene kuvomereza kwathu kugonana kumakula - mawu oti "mwendo", tsopano ndi mawu osalowerera ndale, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchedwa "chiwalo" kuti asakhale ochititsa manyazi kwambiri. 

Kulosera kusintha kwa chinenero m'tsogolo kumatanthauza kuzindikira mitu yatsopano yomwe idzaonedwe kuti ndi yovuta, komanso kudziwa zomwe tingachite pa kutukwana. Kwa anthu ambiri, mphamvu ya mawu monga “zithu”, “bulu” ndi “fuck” ikuchepa. Zikucheperachepera mkangano popeza zokambirana za thupi la munthu ndi ntchito zake zikuchulukirachulukira. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti tiwona "chimbudzi cham'chimbudzi" chikuchotsedwa? Mwina. Chotsimikizika nchakuti pamene kuvomereza kwathu thupi laumunthu kukukulirakulira, momwemonso mawu athu akukulirakulira.

Mawu otukwana otsatirawa amachokera kwambiri ndikugonana. Lingaliro lachikhalidwe loti kugonana kubisike likutulutsidwa pang'onopang'ono monga kufunikira kwa maphunziro ochulukirapo okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi ufulu wa anthu ang'onoang'ono, monga LGBT ndi amayi, zikuyenda bwino. M'dera lino komabe, zokambirana zotukwana zikadali zodzaza; zambiri mwa zotukwana izi ndi zazikazi kwambiri. Ganizirani mphamvu ya liwu loti "cunt," lomwe ndi liwu lonyansa kwambiri kuposa "fuck," makamaka lolunjika kwa akazi. Kufotokozera kwa izi kutha kukhala kugonana sikulinso koyipa ngati thupi lachikazi. Mawu akuti “cunt” amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chipongwe chonyoza akazi, pamene “kusemphana maganizo” n’kosagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi, ndipo kumawonjezera kukopa kwake kodzutsa chilakolako m’mawu athu. Anthu amafuna kuti chithunzi chodabwitsa kwambiri chikhale chogwirizana ndi kutukwana. Masiku ano, kuyerekezera anthu akugonana sikuli konyansa monga kunyoza akazi ndi kupotoza komwe kumatsagana ndi chithunzi cha maliseche a mkazi.

Google's NGram viewer ndi chida chothandizira kufufuza mwachidule kusinthika kwa mawu otukwana m'mabuku. Ngakhale kuti sichipereka chiwonetsero chonse kapena mbiri ya kutukwana , imathandizira kuzindikira ndi kuwonetsa zochitika, monga kusiyana kwa kutchuka pakati pa mawu ena, kapena momwe liwu limakhalira kuvomerezeka pofalitsidwa, lomwe limafotokoza zambiri za mlingo wa taboo. kuzungulira mawu.

Tengani kusiyana pakati pa mawu awiri okha omwe amagonana kwambiri ndi anthu amasiku ano; "cunt" ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito mocheperapo kuposa "bitch," koma tchati chake cha NGram chikuwonetsa kukwera kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuyambira 1960s. , kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mawuwa kudzapitirizabe kuwonjezereka kwambiri.

Kuyerekeza ndi mawu oti "bitch" kukuwonetsa kuti yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo ikukhala yotchuka, koma kuchuluka kwake kumacheperako pang'ono. Kuyambiranso kwamakono kwa "bitch" kumadutsana ndi chikazi ndikuyesera kubwereza mawuwo ngati mawu olimbikitsa amuna, osati mwano. Magazini ya Bitch, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ndi chitsanzo cha gulu lofalitsa nkhani lachikazi lamakono lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa poyesa kubwezera. Andi Zeisler, yemwe anayambitsa magaziniyi, Akufotokoza: “Pamene tinkasankha dzinali, tinali kuganiza kuti, zikanakhala bwino kubwerezanso mawu akuti ‘hule’ ponena za akazi amphamvu, olankhula mosapita m’mbali, mofanana ndi mmene anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amachitira. Zimenezo zinali m’maganizo mwathu, mphamvu yabwino yobwezeretsa chinenero.” 

Mosadabwitsa, Sheidlower amalozeranso kusankhana mitundu ngati gwero lotsatira la zinthu zosasangalatsa. Nthawi zambiri, mawu otukwana omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi anthu oponderezedwa amawonedwa ngati kutukwana koipitsitsa. Pamene magulu oponderezedwa akuchulukirachulukira ponena za kuwonetsera kwawo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kosavomerezeka kwa mawu achipongwe ndi chinenero chonyansa, mwatsoka, mikangano yozungulira mawu awa ikuwonjezeka, komanso mphamvu zawo monga mawu otukwana. 

Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amtunduwu kumasiyana kwambiri ndi nkhani. Madera omasuka amatha kuwona kubwezeretsedwa, pomwe madera osamala amatha kuwawona akugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi magulu omwe akufunsidwa. Izi zidafufuzidwa mu a Kafukufuku wozikidwa pa Twitter ndi Adobo kuyang'ana mayiko onse aku America ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu okhumudwitsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti maiko okonda kusamala kwambiri monga Louisiana amalankhula mawu achipongwe, pomwe mayiko okhala ndi anthu ambiri akuda anali ndi ma tweets ambiri okhala ndi zilankhulo zosalowerera ndale komanso zokhumudwitsa zotsutsana ndi anthu akuda. Zikuwonekeratu kuti chilankhulo ndi chithunzi chachikulu cha mavuto omwe anthu amakumana nawo, ndipo panthawi yachisokonezo, mawu odzaza amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kumbali zonse. Iwo amatha kufika pamtima pa mkangano wokhudza ufulu wa gulu, zofuna zawo, ndi kulimbana kwawo.

Kubwezeretsanso: Kutheka Kwamtsogolo?

Zikafika ku ma slurs, kukambirana za kubwezeretsa kumakhala kotentha; ndi nkhani yotakata komanso yokhudza mtima. Mawu ena amapitilira pakukambirana kuposa ena, monga "nigger," ngakhale akadali otsutsana, pomwe ena ngati "bitch" amakondabe kupangitsa kuti anthu azikondana kwambiri akamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri munyimbo yotchuka, ngakhale ndi azimayi ( mwachitsanzo "BBHM" yolemba Rihanna ndi "Bow Down Bitches" yolemba Beyoncé).

M'mbuyomu, kubwezeretsedwanso kumagwirizana ndi zankhondo. Liwu loti "queer" lidabwezedwanso koyamba m'zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi olimbikitsa ziwonetsero pa nthawi ya vuto la Edzi komanso kudana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo mu 1991, zidachitika. idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pamaphunziro ndi Theorist Theresa de Lauretis. Kulimbana kwamkati ndi mawu pakati pa gulu la LGBT + kumadalira kwambiri zochitika ndi zaka; kutengera mbiri, zokumana nazo zoyamba zomwe anthuwa amakhala nazo zokhala ndi mawu ngati "katswiri" nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa m'malo odana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo kubwezeranso kwa ena sichifukwa chowalimbikitsa kubwereza zowawa kapena kuyitanitsa zomwe zidawachitikira pamoyo wawo. Kumbali ina, ochirikiza kubwezeretsedwa amawona kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mawu achipongwe monga mwaŵi wa kutenga mphamvu m’mawuwo mwa kuwakumbatira, kuwasandutsa mawu osaloŵerera m’mbali kapena abwino kotero kuti sangakhale ovulaza. 

Intaneti: Ndi Mulungu Kapena Zowopsa?

Kodi kubwezeretsedwa kumatanthauza chiyani kwa ma slurs mtsogolo? Kuyankha izi sikutheka popanda kuyang'ana koyamba kwa mayi wa ma cesspools onse okhumudwitsa: intaneti. Kukwera kwa intaneti ngati njira yolumikizirana kunawonetsa kutayika kochititsa chidwi kwa chilankhulo, kutsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa momwe chilankhulo chinasinthira. Mosapeŵeka, kuthamanga, kusadziwika, ndi kulumikizana kwapafupi komwe malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amalola kunayambitsa mitundu yonse ya zochitika zosangalatsa za zilankhulo, ndipo ndi zomwe zinathandizira kupanga malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kukhala malo amphamvu otukwana. Komabe, kuthekera kwa intaneti komwe kumapereka kuti kubwezeretsedwenso ndikwamphamvu, chifukwa kumalola kuti zokambirana zidutse malire a malo ndi chikhalidwe. Mayendedwe omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kukulitsa malo a anthu ochepa amayenda mwachangu kudzera pa ma hashtag monga #BlackLivesMatter ndi #ReclaimTheBindi. Komabe, Intaneti yadzazanso ndi anthu amene amalankhula mawu achipongwe ndi zolinga zonyoza. Malo aulere pa intaneti, makamaka Twitter, amadziwika kuti amakonda kuzunzidwa ndi kutukwana kapena kutukwana anthu ochepa.

Ndi intaneti ikuthandizira kukwera kwa malo a intaneti komanso kukulitsa zomwe zimatchedwa kuwira kwa fyuluta, ndizotheka kuti tiwona kuwonjezeka kwa kugawanika kwakukulu kwa momwe chinenero chimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi anthu. Ngakhale kuti nkhani yofuna kubwezeretsedwanso ingakhale yosangalatsa kwambiri m'madera omasuka, omenyera ufulu, zotsutsana ndi kulondola pazandale zitha kukulitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu ngati chipongwe. Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, zomwe zimatsimikizira mphamvu ya mawu sizidzakhala anthu pa intaneti, koma ana awo.

Zimene Ana Adzamva

Pamapeto pake, chosankha cha mmene mibadwo yam’tsogolo idzalumbirira n’chimodzimodzi ndi mmene zakhalira—makolo. Chisangalalo chophwanya lamulo losadziŵika bwino la makhalidwe mwa kusekera mawu akuti “zinyalala” uli mwana n’chimene ambiri akumana nacho. Funso ndilakuti: Kodi ndi mawu ati omwe makolo angasankhe kunena momasuka kwambiri ndipo ndi ati omwe angasankhe kuti awerenge zambiri? 

Ndikosavuta kuona momwe izi zidzagawidwe mwamakhalidwe; ngakhale lero, mawu ena ali oyenera kwa ena kuposa ena. Ana asanasangalale ndi ulamuliro waulere wa zinenero za pa Intaneti, amayenera kumangotsatira malamulo oletsedwa ndi makolo awo. Kuchokera pamenepo, kusintha kwa chinenero pakati pa mibadwo kumakhala kosapeŵeka; tsogolo la ndale lidzakhalanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zoletsa ndi ufulu wa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Mibadwo yamtsogolo ya chikhalidwe chapaintaneti chodziwitsa komanso kukhudzidwa chitha kulowa m'miyoyo yathu kwathunthu, kupangitsa kuti mawu ena asagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma pali kuthekera kwenikweni kuti kubweza motsutsana ndi kulondola kwandale komanso kufanana kwa anthu kungayambitse mikangano yochulukirapo - pa ngakhale zinthu zisanakhale bwino. 

Kusiyana kwa kutukwana kwa magulu ena a anthu, osasiyapo kusiyana kwa mawu, sikuli chinthu chatsopano. Kusiyanaku kumakhala chizindikiro cha kalasi, jenda, kapena mtundu. Akatswiri a zilankhulo amati akazi amalumbira mocheperapo poyerekeza ndi amuna, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa choyembekezera kukhala "oyenera" komanso "ngati madona". M'tsogolomu, kudziyesa nokha kungakhalenso chochokera ku ndale zodziwika. Sikuti kubwezeretsanso kungapangitse kusiyana pakati pa wobwezera ndi wopondereza, koma dichotomy iyi ikhoza kupereka mphamvu zambiri ku mawu omwe akulunjika opondereza okha, monga "fuckboy". Taganizirani za kuopsa kwa anthu pamene Beyoncé akunena za "Becky with the good hair" mu chimbale chake chaposachedwa, Chakumwa chamandimu, kuchonderera kuzunzidwa m’njira imene liwu lakuti “Becky” limagwiritsidwira ntchito ponena za akazi achizungu. Mawu awa sangakhale ndi mbiri yolemera ya kuponderezedwa kwa mabungwe kumbuyo kwawo, koma pali kuthekera kwenikweni kwa kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri, mawu ogawanitsa mtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, taboo imapangidwa, ndipo malingaliro odziletsa pamalingaliro ena okhudzana nawo amatha kutsatira. Kugawikana kwa yemwe anganene chomwe chili chodziwika kwambiri mu taboos ndi zodzinenera okha.