Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokuphakama kokubambisana kokubambisana kwabantu

Umbuzo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu nezilwane 

I-Evolution isibe isihloko senkulumompikiswano edumile neyimpikiswano phakathi neminyaka engamakhulu amabili edlule. Kusukela ngezibonelo zanamuhla zika-Colleen noJane, siyakwazi ukubona izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi abantu abaxhumana ngazo manje. Kukhona izimangalo ezithi abantu bathuthuke kakhulu kwezenhlalo nangokwengqondo kunoma iziphi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezisemhlabeni namuhla ngenxa yemiphumela yethu ecatshangwayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zimangalo   zisekelwa ubufakazi bezinzwa nobebhayoloji bokubambisana kwabantu emphakathini nokwenza izinqumo okuhlanganiswe nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kusetshenziswa indlela yokunquma efanayo egxile kumuntu. Nokho, abantu bangase bangabi izidalwa ezithuthuke kakhulu engqondweni nangokwenhlalo Emhlabeni.  

Ukuvela kwe-pre-homo sapien kanye nokubambisana komphakathi komphakathi sosuku lwanamuhla 

Abantu babambisana ngezizathu eziningi. Nokho, okubonakala kuhlukile ngokubambisana kwabantu ukuthi abantu banamandla okudlulisa ukungezwani komunye nomunye ukuze baphile. Esinye isibonelo salokhu singabonakala kwezombusazwe zaseMelika, lapho abantu bekwazi ukuhlangana futhi bayekethise ukuze baqhubekele phambili futhi bangagcini ngokusinda, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo bahlose "inqubekelaphambili." Emhlabeni jikelele, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezifana neZizwe Ezihlangene zilethe amazwe ndawonye avela kuwo wonke umhlaba, naphezu izinkolelo nemibono engqubuzanayo ekuphishekeleni imigomo efanayo.  

Ukuze ubonise isibonelo esicace kakhudlwana sokuthi kunamandla kangakanani ukubambisana komphakathi kwabantu, asiphakamise ukuthi u-Colleen ahileleke kuphrojekthi yeqembu emsebenzini wakhe ethatha amaviki omsebenzi kanye nokuxhumana. Lapho iphrojekthi isiqediwe, u-Colleen nethimba lakhe bazokwethula njengengxenye yesicelo senkontileka ka-$1,000,000- ibhidi elikhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni wenkampani yakhe. Nakuba lo msebenzi ujabulisa kakhulu, u-Colleen uba nokungezwani ngezikhathi ezithile nozakwabo. UColleen nethimba lakhe bethula ibhidi futhi bagcina ngokuwina inkontileka ephula irekhodi. Kulesi simo, ukungavumelani kuka-Colleen nabasebenza nabo kudlulwa ibhidi yenkontileka eyimpumelelo kanye nezinzuzo zayo. 

Nokho, amazinga okubambisana ayahlukahluka kubantu. UJane, ongabambisani neze, ukhulele emkhayeni lapho ukukhulumisana kwakungasebenzi kahle, futhi umndeni awuzange usebenzisane ukuze unqobe ukungezwani nemingcele. U-Jane usungule ukuhlangana okubi nokubambisana komphakathi ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe eseyingane. 

Umehluko phakathi kwezindaba zabesifazane ababili ungachazwa ngempikiswano yemvelo ngokumelene nokukhulisa. Labo abahambisana nemvelo bathi izakhi zofuzo ziyisizathu esiyinhloko sezenzo zomuntu. Labo abasekela ukondla bathi indawo esizungezile iyisici esinqumayo semicabango nezenzo zethu. NgokukaDkt. Dwight Kravitz e-George Washington University, kanye nabanye ochwepheshe abaningi, le mpikiswano ayisaxoxwa njengoba ukuthuthuka komuntu kuthonywa yikho kokubili imvelo nokukhuliswa, futhi mhlawumbe nezinto ezengeziwe esingakazi ngazo. 

Manje njengoba sesihlaziye ukusebenzisana komphakathi nabantu banamuhla, ake sihlole ukusebenzisana kwe-pre-homo sapien kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ubufakazi bakamuva bubonisa ukuthi izazi zomlando nezesayensi ye-anthropologists zikwazile ukwakha kabusha izinkambiso zomphakathi ezingaba khona emiphakathini ye-pre-homo sapien lapho kwakuhlala khona izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-hominids. Ukubambisana kuyisici esisodwa somsebenzi womuntu esibonakale singashintshi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abantu beqe “umugqa” ukusuka ku-Australopithecus kuya kwi-homo. Ukubambisana kuyisenzo esingabonwa emphakathini phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa izilwane nabantu, kubhayoloji, noma lokho engisungula i-genotypic, noma isisekelo senhlalo/ngokomzimba. Nokho, umuntu angaphikisa ngokuthi lezi zindlela zokubambisana azifani. Ngisho nasendabeni yabantu uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu bangaphambi kwesintu, akekho owayengaphikisa ngokuthi ukubambisana kuye kwahlala kufana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezimweni zenjongo nobunkimbinkimbi. Ngaphandle kokuthi sithatha ukuba abantu bakudala banomzwelo kakhudlwana “wakudala”, sibona indlela isidingo sokubambisana esingase sibe esokuqala, njengomzwelo wokushada noma ukuzingela, uma kuqhathaniswa nokubambisana kosuku lwanamuhla, njengokuphasiswa komthetho kuhulumeni, noma amaphrojekthi weqembu lokubambisana. Uma kubhekwa lolu hlobo lwempikiswano kanye nomphumela wempikiswano yemvelo ngokumelene nokukhulisa, umbuzo ophakamayo ukuthi, sivela kanjani isidingo sokubambisana ekuqaleni?  

Isisekelo sezinzwa sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokubambisana komphakathi 

Nakuba indaba ka-Colleen ingase ibonise ukuthi ukubambisana kungaqiniswa kanjani ezingeni le-phenotypic okushiwo kungabonwa ngokoqobo—kungase futhi kufundwe nangeleveli yebhayoloji ngesistimu ye-dopaminergic ebuchosheni. Njengoba u-Kravitz esho, “isistimu ye-dopamine ihlanganiswe ku-loop lapho amasiginali aqondile athunyelwa kumasistimu e-limbic kanye ne-prefrontal, ekhiqiza umvuzo womzwelo/inkumbulo nokuqeqeshwa, ngokulandelanayo.” Uma i-dopamine ikhishelwa ebuchosheni, isignali yomvuzo ingakhiqizwa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Endabeni ka-Jane, uma i-dopamine kuyi-neurotransmitter eyinhloko enesibopho samasignali omvuzo, kwenzekani lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-dopamine kuphelile, noma kwehle isikhashana, ngenxa yesehlakalo esiyingozi noma isimo, njengasendabeni kaJane. Lokhu kuphumula kwe-dopamine kunesibopho ekudalweni kwezinkanuko zomuntu, ukwesaba, izinkathazo, nokunye. Endabeni kaJane, ukuhlangana okungekuhle kokubambisana ngenxa yekhefu eliphindaphindiwe ku-dopamine lapho ezama ukubambisana nomndeni wakhe esemncane kubangele ukuthi angabi naso isisusa sokubambisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, singabona ukuthi ukubambisana kungabonwa ezingeni lemizwa kubantu banamuhla abafana noColleen noJane “Ukuhlola kwakamuva okwakugxile emphumeleni wamaqhinga ozakwethu kuhlole ukwenziwa kusebenze kokuhluka ku-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) lapho kudlala nabantu ababesebenzisana, abangathathi hlangothi, nabangenakubambisana […] futhi bathola ukwenziwa kusebenze ku-superior temporal sulcus njenge-superior temporal sulcus umsebenzi wokujwayela ngempumelelo amasu alinganayo/okungavumelani ama-ejenti ekhompyutha […].”  

Kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abantu bavele bakhiqize i-dopamine encane, noma bane-dopamine receptors encane ye-dopamine reuptake.  

Ucwaningo mayelana nokubambisana nokuncintisana, olwenziwa yi-NIH, lubonisa ukuthi “ukubambisana kuyinqubo ezuzisa umphakathi futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokubandakanyeka okuqondile kwe-orbitofrontal cortex yesokunxele.” Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi i-orbitofrontal cortex nayo ibandakanyeka kakhulu kusignali yomvuzo egcina ikhiqiza ugqozi. Le micimbi yemvelo ijikeleza futhi inemiphumela ehlukahlukene ekuziphatheni kwabantu. NgokukaW. Schultz, “ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamasignali emiklomelo ahlukene kungase kuqinisekise ukusetshenziswa kwemiklomelo ethile yokuqinisa ngokukhetha ukuziphatha.” Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukubambisana kuyaqiniswa uma kukhiqiza imiklomelo. Noma nini lapho umphumela omuhle uvela ngokubambisana, kungenzeka ukuthi i-neurotransmitter, i-dopamine, ikhululwa. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, yonke into eholela esenzweni iyaqiniswa. Akuqinisekwa ukuthi ayeyini ngempela amazinga e-dopamine we-pre-homo sapiens , ngakho ukuhlaziya kwemizwa ka-Colleen no-Jane kuyichaza kangcono imbangela yokubambisana kwabantu kosuku lwanamuhla. Nakuba kunezimo eziningi ezifana nezikaJane eziphikisana nomphumela ovamile walolu hlobo lwesistimu yemiklomelo, siyazi isibalo sabantu esivamile samanje njengoColleen. 

I-amygdala iyisakhiwo esibalulekile se-bran esifundweni sokubambisana kwabantu. I-amygdala kukholakala ukuthi ihambisana ngokuziphatha komphakathi futhi ibalulekile "Kuboniswa kudingekile ukuze uthole isimo se-Pavlovian sokwesaba, kodwa kubuye kubonakale kubalulekile ekufundeni ukwesaba ukuvuselela ngokubheka omunye umuntu ebhekana nemiphumela yako[...]." I-amygdala enciphile kuthiwa ihlotshaniswa nokuncipha kokwesaba ezigebengwini. Kodwa-ke, kube khona ucwaningo lokucabanga kwengqondo oluncane ku-amygdala futhi abukho ubufakazi obuphakamisa ukuthi yiziphi izifunda ezingaphakathi kwe-amygdala okungenzeka zibe sengozini ngokwesakhiwo kubantu abane-psychopathy.  

Manje, lokhu kusho ukuthini esifundweni sethu sabantu bokuqala? Kunjalo, asinabo ubuchopho benyama bama-hominids asekuqaleni ukuze silinganise futhi sihlaziye. Kodwa-ke, ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zezinsalela ze-cranial esikwazile ukuzithola, singalinganisela ukuthi izakhiwo ezithile zobuchopho bezingaba zinkulu kangakanani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyakwazi nokuhlaziya izakhiwo zobuchopho zama-primates zanamuhla. Usayizi wobuchopho nesimo sogebhezi lwe-Australopithecus kufana nokwemfene; nokho, asazi isisindo esiqondile, noma “umthamo we-cranial.”  Ngokusho kwe-Smithsonian National Museum of History, i- “isisindo esimaphakathi sobuchopho bemfene endala [singu] 384 g (0.85 lb)” kuyilapho “isisindo esimaphakathi sobuchopho bomuntu besimanje [singu]1,352 g (2.98 lb).” Uma kubhekwa idatha, singabona ushintsho kusayizi we-amygdala  zingahlotshaniswa namandla okuqonda akhulisiwe ekusebenzisaneni komphakathi phakathi nesikhathi sokuvela komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kusho ukuthi usayizi okhulayo namandla azo zonke izakhiwo zobuchopho ezihlobene zingahlotshaniswa nokwenyuka, noma okuthuthukisiwe kokwazi komphakathi kanye nokubambisana.