Kusintha momwe mumavotera: Kulephera kwa dongosolo la zipani ziwiri masiku ano

Choyamba-chakale-cholemba ndi dongosolo lachisankho kumene ovota amaponya voti imodzi kwa munthu amene wamufuna. Mwa mayiko a demokalase padziko lonse lapansi, United Kingdom, United States of America ndi Canada ndi ena mwa ochepa omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito posankha akuluakulu aboma. M'mbuyomu, zitha kupanga a dongosolo la zipani ziwiri ya boma pomwe chipani chimodzi chingalamulire nthawi ina iliyonse. Masiku ano, sizikugwiranso ntchito. Canada ndi UK tsopano ali ndi machitidwe a zipani zambiri omwe amavutika ndi dongosololi. Pachisankho chaposachedwa, kuvota koyambirira kwadzetsa zotsatira zosayerekezereka pomwe mavoti adaonongeka komanso oyimira maboma osiyanasiyana amapambana ndi mavoti ochepa poyerekeza ndi omwe adaluza.

Pali mayendedwe ku United States, Canada ndi UK kuti alowe m'malo ovota omwe adachitika kale ndi njira yoyimira. Zolakwazo n’zoonekeratu koma kodi maboma amtsogolo adzasintha?

Demokalase ndi zisankho machitidwe

Malinga ndi Merriam-Webster, a demokarase ndi boma la anthu. Mphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kudzera munjira yoyimira anthu yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zisankho zaulere zomwe zimachitika nthawi ndi nthawi. Anthu amavota ndipo mavoti awo amawerengedwa ngati chonena kuti akufuna kuwayimira ndani.

Dziko lililonse lademokalase limagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lachisankho, ndondomeko ya malamulo ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimayendetsa chisankho cha akuluakulu aboma. Dongosololi limafotokoza momwe mavoti amasinthira kukhala mipando, momwe chisankho chilichonse chimasonyezera pa a pepala lovota, ndi chiwerengero cha ofuna kusankhidwa omwe angasankhidwe m’dera linalake.

Pali mitundu itatu ya machitidwe ovota: machitidwe akuluakulu, kuyimira molingana ndi kusakanikirana kwa ziwirizo.

Majoritarian vs Proportional Representation

Choyambirira-chotsatira ndichosavuta Majoritarian system kuvota komwe anthu ambiri akulamulira posatengera mavoti ochuluka omwe wopikisana naye wapambana. Palinso kuvota mwamakonda (yomwe imatchedwanso mavoti ena kapena mavoti osankhidwa) kumene oponya voti amaika anthu malinga ndi zomwe akufuna. Mwanjira imeneyi, ofuna kupikisana nawo atha kupambana ndi mavoti opitilira 50% (ambiri amtheradi) m'malo mwa unyinji wosavuta wofunikira pakuvota koyamba.

Kuyimira molingana amasankha kuchuluka kwa mipando yomwe chipani chidzalandira a Parliament ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti omwe chipani chilichonse chapeza. Kuwonetsetsa kuti mavoti onse ali ndi kulemera kofanana, dera limodzi limasankha oimira oposa mmodzi. Ndi a mndandanda wa zipani zoyimira molingana, ndizotheka kuvotera chipani chokha, koma a voti imodzi yosamutsidwa, ndizotheka kuvotera munthu mmodzi.

Kuyimira molingana ndi njira yodziwika bwino pakati pa ma demokalase okhazikitsidwa bwino. Vuto lalikulu lomwe lingayambitse ndi m'boma lomwe mulibe chipani cha ndale chomwe chili ndi anthu ambiri okwanira kukopa aphungu onse. Izi zitha kuyambitsa kusakhazikika pomwe palibe chomwe chingachitike ngati maphwando osiyanasiyana salowa nawo a mgwirizano.

Ngakhale kuyimilira molingana kutha kutha ndi kusamvana pakati pa zipani zotsutsana, ndizabwino ndipo mavoti onse amawerengedwa. Woyamba-pa-post-post ali ndi zolakwika zazikulu.

Choyambirira cham'mbuyomu: zabwino ndi zoyipa

Zoona, n'zosavuta kuwerengera mavoti mu dongosolo loyamba lachisankho. Imalimbikitsanso dongosolo la zipani ziwiri, pomwe chipani chimodzi chidzalandira ambiri ndikukhazikitsa boma lokhazikika. Nthawi zina, zipani zazing'ono zimatha kupambana motsutsana ndi zipani zazikulu popanda kufunikira 50% ya mavoti.

Komabe, ndizovuta kwambiri kuti chipani chochepa chipambane pa chisankho choyambirira. Zimakhalanso zachilendo kuti opambana m'zipani zambiri apambane ndi mavoti osakwana 50%, komanso kuti ovota ambiri agwirizane ndi omwe akutayika.

Oyamba kale amalimbikitsanso kuvota mwanzeru, pomwe ovota samavotera munthu yemwe amamufuna kwambiri koma yemwe ali ndi mwayi wochotsa yemwe amamukonda pang'ono. Komanso amalenga kukhalapo kwa mipando yotetezeka, kumene zipani zambiri zinganyalanyaze kukhalapo kwa gulu limodzi la ovota.

Choyamba-chotsatira sichigwira ntchito m'maboma omwe ali ndi machitidwe a zipani zambiri. Izi ndi zoonekeratu ku United Kingdom.

UK

Chisankho chachikulu cha 2015 chinawonetsa momwe njira yovota yoyamba idasweka mu ndale za UK. Mwa anthu 31 miliyoni omwe adavota, 19 miliyoni adachita izi chifukwa chakutaya (63% ya onse). Chipani chaching'ono cha UKIP chidalandira mavoti pafupifupi 4 miliyoni koma m'modzi yekha mwa omwe adasankhidwa adasankhidwa Nyumba yamalamulo, pamene avareji ya mavoti 40,000 amasankha munthu aliyense wopikisana naye pampando, ndi 34,000 pa Conservative aliyense. Mwa anthu 650 omwe adapambana, pafupifupi theka adapambana ndi mavoti osakwana 50%.

Katie Ghose, wamkulu wa bungwe la Electoral Reform Society lomwe lili ku UK, akuti, "Poyamba ntchitoyo idapangidwa kuti ikhale nthawi yomwe pafupifupi aliyense adavotera chimodzi mwa zipani ziwiri zazikulu. Koma anthu asintha ndipo dongosolo lathu silingathe kupirira. ”

Kuwonjezeka kwa chithandizo chamagulu achitatu kumachepetsa mwayi wa mamembala anyumba yamalamulo kuti apeze mavoti 50% kapena kupitilira apo. Zotsatira za zisankho zimasankhidwa ndi ovota ochepa omwe amakhala ofunikira mipando yam'mphepete. Bungwe la Electoral Reform Society limalimbikitsa kuti kuyimira molingana ndi njira yabwinoko kusiyana ndi njira yomwe imapanga mavoti ambiri otayika ndikusokoneza bwino chomwe demokalase ili: boma la anthu.

Ngati dziko la United Kingdom likufuna kukhala lademokalase posintha zisankho, boma lake silinasonyeze kuti lichitapo kanthu.

Komano, nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Canada, yalonjeza kuti idzalowa m’malo mwa zisankho za dzikolo pazisankho zikubwerazi mu 2019.

Canada

Asanasankhidwe, nduna yayikulu ya Liberal Justin Trudeau adalumbira kuti apanga 2015 chisankho chomaliza kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo loyamba lapitalo. Masiku ano ku Canada kuli zipani zambiri zandale: 18 zidalembetsa mu 2011 poyerekeza ndi 4 mu 1972. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zipani zomwe zikupikisana, mavoti ambiri awonongeka kuposa kale.

M'mawu ake papulatifomu, Trudeau adati kusintha zisankho zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu "kupangitsa kuti mavoti onse awerengedwe," m'malo mwa osankhidwa osiyanasiyana. kukwera kupambana kapena kuluza ndi mavoti ofanana.

Chiyambireni kusankhidwa kwake, komiti ya aphungu 12 ochokera m'zipani zonse zisanu mu nyumba yamalamulo ku Canada idapangidwa. Komitiyi idaphunzira njira zomwe zingathandize pakusintha zisankho, kuphatikiza kuvota mwamakonda, kuyimilira molingana ndi kuvota kovomerezeka, ndipo idakambirana kwambiri ndi anthu aku Canada.

Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa December 2016, komitiyi inatulutsa lipoti lolimbikitsa kuti a Liberals apange njira yovotera yoyimira molingana ndikuchita referendum ya dziko lonse kuti awone momwe anthu amathandizira pakusintha kumeneku.

Ngakhale lipotilo, Prime Minister Trudeau akukayika pa lonjezo lake, nati, "ngati tipeza chithandizo chochepa, zitha kukhala zovomerezeka kusintha pang'ono." Ndizomveka kuzengereza kusintha kachitidwe kamene kakupangitsa kuti chipani chanu chikhale ndi mphamvu. Pachisankho cha 2011, chipani cha Conservative chidapambana ambiri ndi mavoti osakwana 25%, pomwe a Greens adapeza mavoti 4% koma sanalandire mpando umodzi ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kuyambira pamenepo, a Liberals akhala akufunitsitsa kusintha zisankho. Tsopano popeza ali mu ulamuliro, kodi adzasinthadi?

Chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika. Nthawi ikutha pa lonjezo la chisankho.

USA

Pachisankho chapurezidenti cha 2016, dziko la Maine lidakhala dziko loyamba ku US kusiya malo oyamba kuti asankhe voti (kuvota mwamakonda). Izi zidaperekedwa ndi Komiti Yosankha Kusankhidwa Kwamavoti ndipo mothandizidwa ndi FairVote, mnzake waku US wa Electoral Reform Society. Mavoti osintha anali 52-48%. Panthawi yomweyi, Benton County, Oregon idatengera mavoti osankhidwa mwachisawawa mwa "kugwedera", pomwe mizinda inayi yaku California idagwiritsa ntchito zisankho zawo zamameya ndi makonsolo amizinda.

FairVote tsopano yakhazikitsa FairVote California poyesa kupitiliza kulimbikitsa kusintha kwazisankho ku United States. Kudakali koyambirira, koma mwina tiwona zosintha zambiri ngati zomwe zalembedwa pamwambapa zaka khumi zikubwerazi.