Binciken CRISPR: nutsewa cikin bincike na tushen tantanin halitta

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• Sunan marubuci

  Quantumrun Haskaka
• Oktoba 17, 2022

Takaitacciyar fahimta

CRISPR fasaha ce ta gyara kwayoyin halitta wacce ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar gyara ko “yanke” kwayoyin halitta. CRISPR yana ba da damar sabon matakin madaidaicin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta lokacin amfani da furotin Cas9. Masu bincike suna binciken yadda ake amfani da iyawar wannan fasaha da yuwuwar samar da ingantattun kayan aikin gano cutar.

Mahallin bincike na CRISPR

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) hanya ce da ke bawa masana kimiyya damar gyara kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta, kamar kwayoyin cuta, dabbobi, da mutane. Fasaha tana aiki ta hanyar cire sassan DNA da maye gurbinsu da sabbin, ingantattun jeri. Wannan hanyar tana nufin gyara rikitattun kwayoyin halitta ko cututtuka na gado. CRISPR na iya yuwuwar warkar da yawancin cututtukan tushen DNA kamar cututtukan jini da ciwon daji.

A cikin wani gwaji na 2017 da Jami'ar Temple da Jami'ar Pittsburgh suka gudanar, masu bincike sun yi nasarar kawar da kwayar cutar HIV (cutar rigakafin mutum) a cikin beraye masu rai. Duk da haka, za a buƙaci ƙarin bincike a kan primates kafin masu bincike su iya gwada kowane irin wannan magani akan mutane. Duk da fa'idodin CRISPR da yawa, wasu masana kimiyya sun yi hattara cewa wasu kamfanoni za su yi amfani da kayan aikin don gyara ƙwayoyin haifuwa, wanda ke haifar da jarirai masu ƙira.

Baya ga maganin kwayoyin halitta, CRISPR yana nuna alƙawari mai yawa a cikin bincike. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ta Nucleic acid suna da mahimmanci don bincike saboda ana iya haɓaka su daga ƙaramin adadin DNA ko RNA, yana mai da su musamman don gano cututtuka. Sakamakon haka, irin wannan nau'in bincike shine ma'aunin zinare ga nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban, musamman waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka. Kamar yadda aka lura yayin cutar ta COVID-19, gwajin tushen nucleic acid cikin sauri da sauri yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen sarrafa ƙwayar cuta da sarrafawa. Gano alamomin ƙwayoyin acid nucleic shima yana da mahimmanci ga aikin noma da amincin abinci, da kuma sa ido kan muhalli da gano abubuwan yaƙin halittu. 

Tasiri mai rudani

A cikin 2021, masu bincike a Jami'ar California San Diego sun ƙirƙiri kayan aikin bincike mai sauri don gano SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus da ke haifar da COVID-19, ta amfani da kwayoyin halitta, sunadarai, da kimiyyar lafiya. Sabuwar SENSR (mai ba da rahoto mai mahimmanci na enzymatic nucleic acid) kayan aiki yana amfani da CRISPR don gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar gano jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA ko RNA. Yayin da Cas9 enzyme ya kasance furotin na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin nazarin aikin injiniya na CRISPR, wasu enzymes irin su Cas12a da Cas13a sun ƙara yin amfani da su don ƙirƙirar gwaji na likita.

SENSR shine kayan aikin bincike na farko na COVID-19 wanda ke amfani da enzyme Cas13d (wanda kuma aka sani da CasRx). Za a iya samar da sakamakon gwajin kayan aiki a cikin ƙasa da sa'a guda. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa ta hanyar binciken wasu enzymes, CRISPR za su iya buɗe sababbin damar don gano kwayoyin halitta.

Masana kimiyya da likitoci kuma za su iya amfani da CRISPR don gano cututtukan da ba su yaduwa. Misali, tushen CRISPR na mRNA an yi amfani da shi don gano rashin amincewa da dashen koda ta salula. Wannan hanyar ta ƙunshi neman kasancewar mRNA a cikin samfurin fitsari daga wani wanda aka yi masa dashen koda.

Masu bincike sun gano cewa firikwensin na tushen CRISPR ya ƙunshi kashi 93 cikin ɗari da ƙayyadaddun kashi 76. Hakanan an yi amfani da kayan aikin don gano cutar kansar nono da ciwan kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, CRISPR na iya gano daidaitattun cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta, irin su maye gurbi da dystrophy na muscular, ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun nucleotide guda ɗaya.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da bincike na CRISPR

Faɗin abubuwan da ke tattare da bincike na CRISPR na iya haɗawa da: 

• Binciken gaggawa don cututtuka masu yaduwa - aikace-aikacen da zai iya zama mahimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka da annoba a nan gaba.
• Ingantacciyar ganewar asali na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ba kasafai ba, waɗanda ke iya haɓaka keɓaɓɓen magani.
• Tsarin hankali na wucin gadi (AI) da aka yi amfani da shi don haɓaka ƙididdigar tushen CRISPR, wanda zai iya haifar da sakamakon gwaji cikin sauri.
• Tun da farko gano cutar daji, maye gurbi, da gazawar dasawa.
• Ƙarin bincike na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin fasahar kere-kere, kamfanonin harhada magunguna, da jami'o'i don gano wasu yuwuwar enzymes waɗanda zasu iya haɓaka tushen tushen CRISPR.
• Ingantacciyar dama ga gwajin kwayoyin halitta mai rahusa ga masu amfani, mai yuwuwar dimokaradiyya keɓaɓɓen kiwon lafiya da gano farkon yanayin gado.
• Ingantattun tsare-tsaren tsari na gwamnatoci don fasahar gyara kwayoyin halitta, tabbatar da amfani da da'a yayin bunkasa ci gaban kimiyya.
• Canji a cikin masana'antar harhada magunguna suna mai da hankali kan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da aka yi niyya, wanda ke haifar da ingantattun jiyya tare da ƙarancin illa.

Tambayoyin da za a duba

• Menene sauran fa'idodin samun damar gano cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da wuri?
• Ta yaya gwamnatoci za su yi amfani da CRISPR a cikin dabarun sarrafa COVID-19?