Katemera Wothekera Amabweretsa Tsogolo Lowala la Matenda a Alzheimer's

Matenda a Alzheimer's ndi matenda okhudzana ndi dementia ali m'gulu laopunduka kwambiri m'dongosolo lathu laumoyo, ndipo mtengo wapadziko lonse lapansi wopitilira $ US600 biliyoni pachaka. Ndi kuchuluka kwa milandu ya Alzheimer's ikuwonjezeka ndi 7.5 miliyoni pachaka, mtengo uwu ukungokulirakulira. Anthu 48 miliyoni omwe apezeka pano ndi omwe akudwala matenda okwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuyambitsa vuto lalikulu pazaumoyo wapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuwononga chuma chathu padziko lonse lapansi.

Sikuti izi zimangotikhudza pazachuma, zimasintha kwambiri miyoyo ya omwe apezeka ndi okondedwa awo. Matenda a Alzheimer's nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwa odwala azaka 65 kapena kuposerapo (ngakhale kuti Alzheimer's imayamba kuwonekera mwa omwe ali ndi zaka za m'ma 40 kapena 50). Pa nthawiyi ambiri akupita ku ntchito yopuma pantchito ndikukumana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbadwo watsopano wa zidzukulu; koma odwala ambiri a Alzheimer's samakumbukira ngakhale kuti ali ndi zidzukulu. Tsoka ilo, kukumbukira kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi chisokonezo, mkwiyo, machitidwe oopsa komanso kusintha kwamalingaliro, komanso kusokonezeka. Mtolo uwu ndi wopweteka kwambiri kwa mabanja chifukwa amataya anthu omwe amawakonda kwambiri. 

Kodi matenda a Alzheimer ndi chiyani kwenikweni?

Malinga ndi bungwe la Alzheimer's Association, matenda a Alzheimer's ndi "mawu ambiri oti munthu azitha kukumbukira komanso luntha lina lalikulu lomwe lingasokoneze moyo watsiku ndi tsiku". Ndilo mtundu wofala kwambiri wa dementia, womwe umawerengera 60-80 peresenti ya milandu yonse. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amakhala pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu atapezeka ndi matenda a Alzheimer's, ngakhale ena amakhala zaka 20. Chimene chimayamba ndi kusintha kwa kamvekedwe kofatsa ndi kuiwalika kwa kukumbukira, kumapita patsogolo ku kuwonongeka kotheratu kwa ubongo limodzi ndi kulephera kulankhulana, kuzindikira osamalira aliyense ndi achibale, ndi kuthekera kodzisamalira. Matendawa ndi zonse zomwe zikuphatikiza ndi zowononga kwambiri.

Pamlingo wa mamolekyu, ma neuron amawoneka ngati mtundu waukulu wa selo lomwe limawonongedwa ndi matenda a Alzheimer's. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusokonezedwa pakupereka mphamvu zamagetsi pakati pa ma neuron komanso kutulutsidwa kwa ma neurotransmitter. Izi zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa kulumikizana kwabwino kwa mitsempha muubongo, kusintha momwe munthu amatanthauzira zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Pamapeto pake, matenda a Alzheimer's akupita patsogolo adzatsogolera ku imfa ya mitsempha, motero kutayika kwathunthu kwa minofu ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo mu ubongo - chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chimapezeka mu kotekisi, gawo lalikulu kwambiri la ubongo. Makamaka, hippocampus, yomwe imayang'anira kupanga zikumbukiro zatsopano, ikuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu. Choncho, izi ndizo chifukwa cha kukumbukira kukumbukira komanso kulephera kukumbukira zochitika zamakono ndi zam'mbuyo m'moyo wa wodwalayo.  

Ponena za zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a Alzheimer's, asayansi akhala akufunsa mafunso kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, posachedwapa asayansi ambiri avomereza kuti njira yaikulu ya matendawa ndi kuphatikiza kwa β-amyloid ndi tau mapuloteni. M'magawo oyamba a matendawa, pamakhala cholembera cha β-amyloid, chomwe chimasokoneza kuwonetsa kwaubongo ndikuyambitsa mayankho a chitetezo chamthupi omwe amayambitsa kutupa komanso kufa kwa maselo. 

Pamene matendawa akupita patsogolo, pamakhala kuwonjezeka kwa puloteni yachiwiri, yotchedwa tau. Mapuloteni a Tau amagwa n’kukhala minyewa yopotoka imene imamanga m’maselo, n’kupanga milu. Izi zimasokoneza mwachindunji kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka mapuloteni, motero zimasokoneza kusamutsidwa kwa mamolekyu a chakudya ndi ma cell ena omwe ali ofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa selo. Kupezeka kwa mapuloteniwa kwasintha kwambiri kafukufuku wa Alzheimer's, chifukwa kwapatsa asayansi chandamale chomwe angachite popewa komanso kuchiza matenda a Alzheimer's.

Zakale 

Kuphunzira mkati Kafukufuku wa Alzheimer's and Therapy adatsimikiza kuti pakati pa 2002 ndi 2012, mayesero a matenda a 413 a Alzheimer's adachitidwa. Mwa mayeserowa, mankhwala amodzi okha ndi omwe adavomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu, koma kulephera kwake kunali kokwezeka modabwitsa 99.6%. Ngakhale tsamba la mankhwalawa, lotchedwa NAMZARIC, lili ndi chodzikanira chochititsa chidwi, chonena kuti "palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti NAMZARIC imalepheretsa kapena kuchedwetsa matenda omwe ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer's".

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Consumer Report mu 2012, "kafukufuku omwe alipo akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri sadzalandira phindu lililonse pomwa mankhwala a [Alzheimer's disease]". Kafukufukuyu akupitiliza kunena kuti chifukwa cha "mtengo wokwera kwambiri komanso chiwopsezo cha zotsatirapo zake, kuphatikiza zovuta zachitetezo chosowa koma zowopsa, sitingavomereze mankhwala aliwonse". Izi zikutanthauza kuti pakali pano palibe mankhwala amodzi omwe angathe kuchiza, kuteteza kapena kuwongolera zizindikiro za matenda a Alzheimer's. Opezeka ndi matenda alibe njira ina koma kugonja ku matenda awo.   

Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti matenda a Alzheimer ndi osachiritsika. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kupotoza zomwe zapezedwa kwa anthu. M'mbuyomu, maphunziro ambiri a mankhwala omwe tawatchulawa awonetsa kusintha koyezera muubongo, koma sikuyimira molondola kusintha kulikonse m'moyo wa wodwalayo. Izi zimapereka chidziwitso chachinyengo kwa anthu, chifukwa timaganiza kuti zomwe tapezazi ndi zofunika. Sikuti mankhwalawa amakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa, koma amawonjezera chiopsezo cha zotsatirapo zazikulu monga kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, kutaya thupi kwambiri, chizungulire chosatha, kusowa chilakolako cha kudya, kupweteka kwa m'mimba, ndi zina zambiri zazing'ono, ndi kuopsa kwa kulemera kwake. zopindulitsa zochepa. Ndichifukwa chake 20-25% ya odwala pamapeto pake amasiya kumwa mankhwala. Osanenanso kuti mankhwalawa amatha kuwononga odwala mpaka $US400 pamwezi.

Katemera 

Si chinsinsi kuti chinachake chiyenera kusintha. United States yokha yapereka $ US1.3 biliyoni ku kafukufuku wa Alzheimer's chaka chino popanda chilichonse chosonyeza koma zolephera zotsatizana ndi zotsatira zochepa pa chithandizo chamankhwala. Izi zasiya kuchonderera kosimidwa kwa chinthu chovuta komanso chosiyana. Zikuwoneka kuti ofufuza a ku Australia ku yunivesite ya Flinders, pamodzi ndi asayansi aku US ku Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM) ndi University of California ku Irvine (UCI), ayankha pempholi lothandizira. Gululi likupita kukapanga katemera yemwe angachize matenda a Alzheimer's.

Monga tanenera kale, β-amyloid plaque buildup ndi tau protein tangles posachedwapa zatchedwa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a Alzheimer's. Nikolai Petrovsky, Pulofesa wa Zamankhwala ku yunivesite ya Flinders ku Adelaide, South Australia komanso mbali ya gulu lomwe likupanga katemera, akufotokozanso kuti ntchito ya mapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti matenda a Alzheimer awonongeke awonetsedwa mu mbewa za transgenic. 

"Mbewa za transgenic izi zimapeza mtundu wofulumira wa dementia wotsanzira Alzheimer's wamunthu matenda,” adatero Petrovsky. "Matenda ophatikizirapo katemera ndi ma antibodies a monoclonal omwe amalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa ma β-amyloid kapena tau [mapuloteni] mu mbewa izi amalepheretsa kudwala matenda a dementia, kutsimikizira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapuloteni osowawa apangidwe."

Chifukwa chake, kuti muteteze bwino matendawa, kapena kuti muwachiritse atangoyamba kumene, katemera amayenera kusokoneza β-amyloid poyang'ana mwachindunji zomwe plaque imamanga. Kuti athe kuchiza matendawa pakapita nthawi, katemerayu amayenera kusokoneza kugwira ntchito kwa mapuloteni a tau. Kuti athetse vutoli, asayansi amayenera kupeza katemera yemwe angasokoneze zonse ziwiri, nthawi imodzi kapena motsatizana.

Motero gululo linayamba kupeza katemera yemwe angagwirizane bwino ndi mapuloteni panthawi yofunikira kuti akhale ogwira mtima, pogwiritsa ntchito ubongo wa post-mortem Alzheimer's odwala. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo, zotulutsidwa mu Scientific Reports mu Julayi 2016, adatsimikizira kuti katemera ngati uyu ndi wotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ziwiri zomwe zidawoneka kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pakukula kwake. Yoyamba inali adjuvant yochokera ku shuga yotchedwa Advax^CpG. Malinga ndi Petrovsky, kugwiritsira ntchito chothandizira chimenechi “kumathandizira kusonkhezera kwambiri maselo a B kuti apange zodzitetezera zenizeni.” Izi zidalumikizidwa ndi nsanja yachiwiri ya katemera, yomwe imadziwika kuti ukadaulo wa MultiTEP. Izi "zidapangidwa kuti zizipereka chithandizo chokwanira kwambiri cha ma T cell ku ma antibody omwe amapanga ma B cell, potero kuthandizira kuonetsetsa kuti katemerayu ali ndi ma antibodies okwanira kuti akhale ogwira mtima."

Tsogolo labwino

Chifukwa cha gulu la Flinders University ndi Institute of Molecular Medicine, tsogolo la kafukufuku wa matenda a Alzheimer's likuwonetsa lonjezo. Zotsatira zawo zaposachedwa zidzatsogolera tsogolo la Alzheimer's Disease Research, lomwe kale limadziwika kuti "manda oyesera mankhwala okwera mtengo".

Katemera wopangidwa ndi Petrovsky ndi gulu lawonetsa kuti amalimbikitsa kuchulukitsa ka 100 kuchuluka kwa ma antibodies kuposa mankhwala omwe adalephera kale. Gululo lidakwanitsa izi popanga katemera wokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino a 3D omwe angapangitse ma antibodies ofunikira kumangirira ku mapuloteni a β-amyloid ndi tau moyenera. Petrovsky akuti, "Izi sizinachitidwe kwa ambiri omwe adalephera omwe mwachiwonekere, motero, sanatulutse ma antibody okwanira kapena mtundu woyenera wa antibody."

Petrovsky akuyembekeza kuti "katemera ayamba kuyesa kwa anthu pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Zikawonetsedwa kuti ndizothandiza pamayesero otere tingayembekezere kuti zitha kukhala pamsika pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. ”