I-Europe AI regulation: Umzamo wokugcina i-AI inobuntu

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• June 13, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

I-European Commission (EC) ithatha izinyathelo zokusetha izindinganiso zokuziphatha ze-artificial intelligence (AI), egxile ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi ezindaweni ezifana nokugadwa nedatha yabathengi. Lesi sinyathelo sivuse inkulumo-mpikiswano embonini yezobuchwepheshe futhi singaholela endleleni ebumbene ne-US, okuhloswe ngayo ukuba nomthelela emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, imithethonqubo ingase futhi ibe nemiphumela engahlosiwe, njengokukhawulela ukuncintisana kwemakethe kanye nokuthinta amathuba emisebenzi emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe.

Umongo we-European AI regulation

I-EC ibigxile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinqubomgomo zokuvikela ubumfihlo bedatha namalungelo aku-inthanethi. Muva nje, lokhu kugxilwa kuye kwanda ukuze kufake ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-AI. I-EC ikhathazekile ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwe-AI okungaba khona emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela ekuqoqweni kwedatha yabathengi kuya ekugadweni. Ngokwenza kanjalo, iKhomishana ihlose ukubeka indinganiso yezimiso zokuziphatha ze-AI, hhayi nje ngaphakathi kwe-EU kodwa okungenzeka ibe yimodeli yomhlaba wonke.

Ngo-Ephreli 2021, i-EC yathatha isinyathelo esibalulekile ngokukhulula isethi yemithetho ehloselwe ukuqapha izicelo ze-AI. Le mithetho yakhelwe ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-AI ukuze kugadwe, kuqhubekisele phambili ukuchema, noma izenzo zengcindezelo ngohulumeni noma izinhlangano. Ikakhulukazi, imithetho ivimbela amasistimu e-AI angalimaza abantu ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo. Isibonelo, amasistimu e-AI akhohlisa ukuziphatha kwabantu ngemilayezo efihliwe awavunyelwe, namasistimu axhaphaza ubuthakathaka bomzimba noma obungokwengqondo babantu.

Eceleni kwalokhu, i-EC iphinde yasungula inqubomgomo eqinile yalokho ebheka izinhlelo ze-AI "ezinobungozi obukhulu". Lezi izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AI ezisetshenziswa emikhakheni enomthelela omkhulu ekuphepheni komphakathi nasenhlalakahleni, efana nemishini yezokwelapha, okokusebenza kokuphepha, namathuluzi okugcina umthetho. Inqubomgomo iveza izidingo zocwaningomabhuku eziqinile, inqubo yokugunyaza, nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ngemva kokuba lezi zinhlelo sezisetshenzisiwe. Izimboni ezifana ne-biometric identification, ingqalasizinda ebalulekile, kanye nezemfundo nazo zingaphansi kwalesi sambulela. Izinkampani ezihlulekayo ukuthobela le mithetho zingase zibhekane nezinhlawulo ezinkulu, ezingafika ku-USD $32 wezigidi noma amaphesenti angu-6 emali engenayo yonyaka emhlabeni wonke.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Imboni yezobuchwepheshe izwakalise ukukhathazeka ngohlaka lokulawula lwe-EC lwe-AI, iphikisana ngokuthi imithetho enjalo ingase iphazamise ukuqhubeka kwezobuchwepheshe. Abagxeki baveza ukuthi incazelo yezinhlelo ze-AI "ezinobungozi obukhulu" ohlakeni ayicacile. Isibonelo, izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe ezisebenzisa i-AI kuma-algorithms enkundla yezokuxhumana noma ukukhangisa okuqondisiwe azihlukaniswa "njengengcuphe ephezulu," ngaphandle kokuthi lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zixhunywe ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi ezifana nolwazi olungalungile nokuhlukanisa. I-EC iyakuphikisa lokhu ngokusho ukuthi izikhungo zokuqondisa zikazwelonke ezweni ngalinye le-EU zizoba nezwi lokugcina mayelana nokuthi isicelo esiyingozi kakhulu, kodwa le ndlela ingase ibangele ukungqubuzana emazweni angamalungu.

I-European Union (EU) ayenzi yodwa; ihlose ukubambisana ne-US ukusungula izinga lomhlaba jikelele lezimiso zokuziphatha ze-AI. Umthetho Wokuncintisana Wamasu weSenate yase-US, okhishwe ngo-Ephreli 2021, nawo ufuna ukusebenzisana namazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuliwe "nokugunyazwa kwedijithali," okuyisithenjwa esifihliwe sezinqubo ezifana nokusebenzisa kweChina i-biometrics ukuze kuqashwe abantu abaningi. Lokhu kubambisana kwe-transatlantic kungasetha ithoni yezimiso zokuziphatha ze-AI yomhlaba wonke, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi lezo zindinganiso zizosetshenziswa kanjani emhlabeni jikelele. Ingabe amazwe anemibono ehlukene mayelana nobumfihlo bedatha namalungelo abantu ngabanye, njenge-China ne-Russia, angayithobela le mihlahlandlela, noma lokhu kuzodala indawo eyiziqephu yezimiso zokuziphatha ze-AI?

Uma le mithethonqubo iba umthetho maphakathi no-2020s, ingaba nomthelela omubi embonini yezobuchwepheshe kanye nabasebenzi e-EU. Izinkampani ezisebenza e-EU zingase zikhethe ukusebenzisa lezi zinguquko zokulawula emhlabeni jikelele, ziqondanise wonke umsebenzi wazo namazinga amasha. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlangano zingase zithole imithethonqubo iwumthwalo kakhulu futhi zikhethe ukuphuma ngokuphelele emakethe ye-EU. Zombili lezi zimo zingaba nomthelela ekuqashweni emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe we-EU. Isibonelo, ukuphuma ngobuningi kwezinkampani kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwemisebenzi, kuyilapho ukuqondanisa umhlaba wonke nezindinganiso ze-EU kungenza izindima zobuchwepheshe ezisekelwe e-EU zibe ngokukhethekileyo kakhulu futhi zibe namandla amakhulu.

Imithelela yokwanda kokulawulwa kwe-AI eYurophu

Imithelela ebanzi ye-EC ngokuya ngokufuna ukulawula i-AI ingase ihlanganise:

• I-EU kanye ne-US benza isivumelwano sokuqinisekisa izitifiketi zezinkampani ze-AI, okuholela eqoqweni elivumelanayo lezindinganiso zokuziphatha okufanele izinkampani zizilandele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikuphi indawo yazo.
• Ukukhula emkhakheni okhethekile wocwaningomabhuku lwe-AI, okugqugquzelwa ukwanda kokubambisana phakathi kwamafemu azimele nemikhakha yomphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho emisha.
• Izizwe namabhizinisi avela emazweni asathuthuka athola ukufinyelela kumasevisi edijithali athobela izimiso ze-AI zezimiso zokuziphatha ezibekwe amazwe aseNtshonalanga, okungenzeka aphakamise ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwalezi zinsizakalo.
• Ushintsho kumamodeli ebhizinisi ukuze lubeke phambili imikhuba ye-AI, eheha abathengi abakhathazeka kakhulu ngobumfihlo bedatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuziphatha.
• Ohulumeni abamukela i-AI emisebenzini yomphakathi njengokunakekelwa kwezempilo nezokuthutha ngokuzethemba okukhulu, bazi ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha eziqinile.
• Ukwenyuka kokutshalwa kwezimali ezinhlelweni zemfundo kugxile ku-AI yokuziphatha, kwakha isizukulwane esisha sochwepheshe abawazi kahle womabili amakhono e-AI nokucatshangelwa kokuziphatha.
• Iziqalo ezincane zobuchwepheshe ezibhekene nezithiyo zokungena ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zokuthobela imithetho, okungase kuphazamise ukuncintisana nokuholela ekuhlanganisweni kwezimakethe.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uyakholelwa ukuthi ohulumeni kufanele balawule ubuchwepheshe be-AI nokuthi busetshenziswa kanjani?
• Iyiphi enye indlela engase yenyuke ngayo imithetho embonini yezobuchwepheshe ibe nomthelela endleleni izinkampani ezisebenza ngayo kulo mkhakha?