Ingabe abantu bazowathanda amarobhothi?

Sonke siwabonile amamuvi amayelana nabaphathi bamarobhothi futhi silazi kahle itulo: amarobhothi, aphoqelelwe ukusebenza njengezigqila ukuze abe ngcono izimpilo zabantu, aqaphele ukuphathwa kabi kwamarobhothi futhi ahole uguquko. Manje, esikhundleni sokuzama ukukubulala, cabanga ukuthi i-toaster yakho incoma amehlo akho futhi iwahleka wonke amahlaya akho. I-toaster yakho ikulalela ukhuluma kakhulu mayelana nosuku lwakho olubi nomphathi onyantisayo uze uthandeke ngokuphelele ngobuhle nobuhlakani bayo. Ngokushesha irobhothi lithatha impilo yakho ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele: ngokukubulala ngomusa nokuba umlingani wakho wokuphila. 

Ngokuthuthuka kwakamuva kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, lobu budlelwano berobhothi nomuntu bungaba ngokoqobo. Abantu sebevele bethandana nobuchwepheshe: sesiyimilutha yama-smartphones ethu futhi asikwazi ukucabanga usuku ngaphandle kwekhompyutha. Abaningi baze bakholelwe ukuthi lokhu kwencika kungase kuguqukele kwezothando lapho amakhompyutha efinyelela izinga lobuhlakani obudingekayo ukuze akhe lezi zinhlobo zobudlelwano.

Iyini i-Artificial intelligence?

NgokukaJohn McCarthy, usosayensi wamakhompiyutha eStanford, “[Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa] buyisayensi nobunjiniyela bokwenza imishini ehlakaniphile, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezihlakaniphile. [Nakuba] kuhlobene nomsebenzi ofanayo wokusebenzisa ama-computer ukuze uqonde ukuhlakanipha komuntu, . . . I-AI akudingeki ukuthi isebenzise izindlela ezibonakala ngokwebhayoloji.” Nsuku zonke, ingqondo yomuntu yenza izigidi zezibalo. Sibala yonke into, kusukela ezinzuzweni zokudla okusanhlamvu esikhundleni sama-waffle ngesidlo sasekuseni ukuya emzileni ongcono kakhulu okufanele siwuthathe ukuze sifike emsebenzini. Ikhono lokwenza lezi zibalo wubuhlakani. 

Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bulingisa ubuhlakani bomuntu; isibonelo, umshini olula efektri ungafaka amakepisi kumashubhu okuxubha amazinyo njengomuntu. Kodwa-ke, umuntu owenza lokhu angase aqaphele uma amakepisi aqhubeka egwegwile noma uma amakepisi ephukile bese engakwazi ukulungisa inqubo. Umshini ongahlakaniphile uzoqhubeka nokujikijela i-cap emva kwe-cap, yehluleka ukuqaphela i-inventory echithiwe.

Eminye imishini inobuhlakani obuncane, okusho ukuthi le mishini ingakwazi ukuzilungisa ngokwezimo ezithile ngokubona komshini (uhlelo lwamamephu, oluvame ukusebenzisa amalaser noma ezinye izinsimbi zokulinganisa ezikwazi ukubona amaphutha emsebenzini). Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yalobu buchwepheshe ilinganiselwe. Imishini ingasebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwendawo ehlelelwe ukusiphatha, ngakho-ke, ayikwazi ukusebenza njengomuntu wangempela ngaphandle kokuhlela okubanzi.

Ukuze uhlakaniphe, umshini kufanele ucishe ungabonakali kumuntu. Ubuhlakani bomshini bunqunywa kusetshenziswa i-Turing Test, efaka abantu ababili nerobhothi elihlakaniphile. Bobathathu basemagunjini ahlukene, kodwa bayakwazi ukuxhumana. Umuntu oyedwa usebenza njengejaji futhi kufanele anqume (ngochungechunge lwemibuzo nezimpendulo) ukuthi yimaphi amagumbi aqukethe irobhothi futhi aqukethe umuntu. Uma ijaji lingakwazi ukuqagela ukuthi yiliphi igumbi eliqukethe irobhothi ngaphezu kwengxenye yesikhathi, umshini uyaphumelela ekuhlolweni futhi ubhekwa njengohlakaniphile. 

AI kanye imidlalo

Iningi lelukuluku lamanje mayelana nobudlelwano babantu ne-AI lisuka ku-movie imidlalo, lapho umlingisi oyinhloko, uTheodore (Joaquin Phoenix), ethanda uhlelo lokusebenza olubizwa ngokuthi uSamantha (Scarlett Johansson). Nakuba ifilimu ithatha inkululeko yokudala ngokuboniswa kwayo kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ifilimu isisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani lo mbono wangaphandle wothando lomuntu wekhompyutha ungase ukhange. Isehlukaniso sikaTheodore simshiya ecindezelekile futhi engakwazi ukuxhumana nabanye abantu kunoma yini ngaphandle kwezinga elikha phezulu. USamantha angase angabi umuntu wangempela, kodwa uphefumulela impilo entsha ku-Theodore ngokumsiza ukuthi aphinde axhumane nomhlaba.

Izingibe zeRobot Romance

Nakuba imidlalo igcizelela izinzuzo ezingaba khona zobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ifilimu iphinde ikhombise ukuwa kobudlelwano babantu ne-AI. USamantha uba nesithukuthezi ngoba ukuntula kwakhe ifomu lomzimba kumvumela ukuthi abe yonke indawo ngenkathi efunda yonke into ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uma ikhompyutha ehlakaniphile ifunda emithonjeni eminingi, ikhompuyutha ingaba yindilinga kahle. Ngokuthola imithombo ehlukene, ikhompuyutha ithatha imibono ehlukene nezindlela ezihlukene zokusabela esimweni.

Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi umshini olokhu ushintsha ube isithandwa esizinzile? USamantha unabangane abaningi kakhulu, izithandwa eziningi kanye nemizwa eminingi uTheodore ayengeke ayiqonde. Ngesinye isikhathi efilimini, ukhuluma nabantu abangu-8,316 ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba ekhuluma noTheodore futhi uthandana nabangu-641 babo. Izinsiza ezingapheli zivumela ukukhula okungapheli kanye noshintsho olungapheli. Uhlelo olufana no-Samantha ngeke lukwazi ukuba khona emhlabeni wangempela njengoba ukukhula kwakhe kwakungeke kwamukelwe ebudlelwaneni obujwayelekile.

Ake sithi lokhu kusebenzisana kwe-AI bekukhawulelwe enanini elifanayo labantu, izincwadi, amawebhusayithi, nezinye izitolo zolwazi umuntu ojwayelekile axhumana nazo. Ngokwethiyori, lokhu kungenza ikhompuyutha ibe ukulingisa okuqondile komuntu wangempela. Inkinga, nokho, ukuthi ukuphola isistimu yokusebenza phezu ukuphola umuntu wangempela kungase kudale inkinga enkulu kunesixazululo. Esikhundleni sokuvumela abantu abanesizungu ukuba bathole uthando, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bungase bukhulise idamu lokuqomisana kuze kube yilapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthola umlingani wakho womphefumulo.

Enye inkinga ngobudlelwano be-AI ibonakala ku imidlalo ngowayengumkaTheodore lapho ethi, “Wawuhlala ufuna ukuba nenkosikazi ngaphandle kwezinselele zokubhekana nanoma yini engokoqobo.” Nakuba kungase kube isitatimende esingalungile, uveza iphuzu elihle. Abantu baye bahlela lesi simiso esihlakaniphile. yengezwe emicabangweni yokuziphatha futhi inikeze ikhono lokufunda nokuzizwa.Kodwa ingabe le mizwa ingokoqobo?Uma ingokoqobo, ingabe ihlukile kweyethu?

Amasiko

Njengoba uGary Marcus, uprofesa wezengqondo e-NYU, esho, "Ngaphambi kokuthi uthandane ngempela nekhompyutha yakho, kuzodingeka uqiniseke ukuthi iyakuqonda futhi inomqondo wayo." Mhlawumbe abanye abantu ngeke bakwazi ukuzwa uthando ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezibonakalayo noma ezingokomzimba zomunye umuntu.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abantu bathola ubudlelwano bulula nakakhulu ngaphandle kokudideka okuvela kumzimba noma ukubukeka ngokunganaki. 

Uma ungakwazanga ukugxumela ku-bandwagon futhi uthole uthando ngerobhothi ngokwakho, kulungile. Ngokuqinisekile ubungeke ube nguwe wedwa umuntu emhlabeni ozizwa ngaleyo ndlela futhi ubungakwazi ukuthola uthando nomuntu onemibono yakho. Kodwa-ke, uma ungakholelwa ngokweqiniso ukuthi ubudlelwano bakho buphelele futhi bunempilo, ngeke ube nenkinga yokuba sebudlelwaneni nerobhothi. Nakuba abanye bengase bangakholelwa ukuthi ubudlelwano bungokoqobo noma buyagculisa, kuya ngokuthi umuntu osebudlelwaneni uzizwa ejabule futhi egcwalisekile yini. 

Izinzuzo: Uthando

Kulabo abavulekele ukuthandana nekhompuyutha, izinzuzo zingaba zinkulu. Umlingani wakho angafunda emikhubeni yakho. Ikhompiyutha ingakuqonda futhi ikulalele, isabele ngendlela eyohlala ikujabulisa. Ngeke sibe khona isidingo sezimpikiswano (ngaphandle uma ukulolo hlobo lwento). Ngokombono, injabulo yomshado ingafinyelelwa ngokuphelele. 

Ebudlelwaneni bakho berobhothi nomuntu, ubungeke ulindeleke ukuthi uguqule noma yini ngawe. Konke okwenzayo kuhamba kahle ngoba umlingani wakho ubengeke abe nezinto ezilindelekile kuwe. Uma udle i-lasagna kukho konke ukudla, umlingani wakho uzobona ukuziphatha kwakho njengento evamile, noma ungahlela kabusha umlingani wakho ukuze aqonde ukuziphatha kwakho njengento evamile. Uma ushintsha umqondo wakho bese uqala ukudla ama-kale shakes kukho konke ukudla, umlingani wakho naye angakujwayela lokho. Unenkululeko yokwenza ngendlela engahambisani nothando olungenamibandela. 

Ngokucabanga ukuthi irobhothi liyakuqonda futhi likwazi ukuzwa imizwa ngokwalo, lokhu kulungiswa ngeke kube okungalungile. Kunalokho, izinguquko zilingisa indlela umbhangqwana ozivumelanisa ngayo nesimo, unikeza indlela yokukhula nokushintsha ndawonye. 

Izinzuzo: Ake sixoxe ngezocansi

Ukuze umphakathi uthande ubudlelwano ngaphandle kokusondelana ngokomzimba, ubudlelwano buzodinga ukunqanyulwa ngokomzwelo ocansini. 'Isiko lokuxhumanisa' lanamuhla likhuthaza ukuqhelelana ngokomzwelo ngokususa amahloni ocansini nje noma ukuhlala ubusuku obubodwa. Ngisho noMbuso WaseRoma wasendulo wawungaboni ubulili njengesibopho esingokomzwelo phakathi kwabantu ababili. Amadoda nabesifazane baseRoma babekwazi ukufinyelela ocansini noma nini lapho befisa futhi babevame ukuhlanganyela nezigqila endlini noma abantu ababajwayele. 

Ngaphandle kobuKristu nezinye izinkolo, ubuntombi bowesifazane babungewona ngaso sonke isikhathi umklomelo wokuwina ngomshado. Owesifazane angase azilethele ihlazo uma ekhuleliswe indoda enesikhundla esiphansi, kodwa ukuhlanganyela esenzweni sobulili kwakukhuthazwa eRoma lasendulo. Lolu hlobo lobudlelwano obuvulekile lushiya isikhala sobudlelwano obanelisayo ngokomzwelo nekhompyutha yakho, kanye nobudlelwano obanelisayo ngokomzimba nabanye abantu abadala abavumayo.

Emibhangqwaneni engase ingakhululeki ukuhlanganyela ezenzweni zocansi nanoma yimuphi umuntu ngaphandle komlingani wayo, kukhona ezinye izindlela. U-Theodore no-Samantha bakhetha ukwenza ucansi ngocingo futhi kamuva bathola 'umuntu oshade naye' onezwi lika-Samantha. Imboni yezocansi nayo ihlala idala intuthuko entsha engavumela ubudlelwano bomzimba; isibonelo, i Kissenger iyisisetshenziswa esivumela abathandi bebanga elide ukuthi baqabulane besebenzisa izinzwa noxhumano lwe-inthanethi. 

Izinzuzo: Umkhaya

Mayelana nokuqala umndeni kuhamba, kunezinye izindlela eziningi zokuthi umbhangqwana wamarobhothi ongumuntu ube nezingane. Abesifazane abasebudlelwaneni nesistimu yokusebenza bangasebenzisa ibhange lesidoda noma baphendukele ekukhuliseni izingane. Amadoda ayekwazi ukuqasha abantu abazalela izingane. Ososayensi baze bakukholelwe lokho amadoda amabili angaba nengane ndawonye ngeminyaka embalwa nje yocwaningo ukuze shintsha i-DNA. Ngalezi ntuthuko, izinketho ezengeziwe zingatholakala kwabashadile abafuna ukukhulelwa. 

Ubuchwepheshe Bamanje

Njengoba abantu abaningi kangaka besebenzela ukuthuthukisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kuyindaba nje yesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba impumelelo yesayensi ithuthukise ubuhlakani bobuchwepheshe. Noma i-AI isezigabeni zayo zakudala, sinezinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana nalezi Watson, ikhompuyutha eyaphihliza ababekade bewine i-Jeopardy, u-Ken Jennings noBrad Rutter. Cishe kumasekhondi angu-7, u-Watson uhlaziya amagama angukhiye kumbuzo we-Jeopardy esebenzisa ama-algorithms amaningi ukuze abale impendulo yombuzo. U-Watson uhlola imiphumela ye-algorithm ngayinye ehlukene ngokuqhathanisa nezinye, ekhetha impendulo edume kakhulu ngesikhathi esifanayo esisithathayo ukuze umuntu aqonde umbuzo futhi acindezele i-buzzer. Nokho, le software eyinkimbinkimbi ayihlakaniphile. UWatson akakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesimo futhi akakwazi ukwenza eminye imisebenzi yomuntu. 

Letha Uthando

Uma ukuphendula imibuzo nge-Jeopardy kungenele ukukholisa ijaji ekuhlolweni kwe-Turing, kungaba yini? Njengoba kuvela, abantu babheka okungaphezu kokucabanga okunengqondo kwabanye abantu. Abantu bafuna ububele, ukuqonda nezinye izici. Kubalulekile futhi ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi le mishini ayinqumi ukuthi asinangqondo kuze kube yilapho umhlaba ungase ube ngcono ngaphandle kwethu.  

Kokubili isifiso sobuntu kanye nokwesaba amandla e-AI kushayela ososayensi ukuhlela uthando nezinye izimfanelo zomuntu zibe amarobhothi. UZoltan Istvan, isazi sefilosofi ye-transhumanist, uthi, "Ukuvumelana okuvamile ukuthi ochwepheshe be-AI bazohlose ukuhlela imiqondo "yesintu," "uthando," kanye "nemvelo yezilwane ezincelisayo" ibe ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze ingasibhubhisi kwabanye abantu esikhathini esizayo. ukuqubuka kokuqothulwa. Umcabango uwukuthi, uma into ifana nathi, kungani ingazama ukwenza noma yini ukusilimaza? " 

Imvelo yomuntu iyisidingo sobuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-AI iyakwazi ukuxhumana, ukuhlobana, nokuqonda izenzo zethu. Uma kungenjalo, umshini ongenangqondo ungaqonda kanjani ukuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuthola umlingani wokuphila uma ungenantshisekelo yokukhiqiza kabusha? Ingayiqonda kanjani imiqondo enjengomona noma ukukhathazeka? Ukuze imishini ihlakaniphe ngempela, kudingeka ibe namandla okucabanga ngendlela ehluzekile; badinga ukulingisa isipiliyoni somuntu esiphelele.

Development

Omunye angase aphikise ngokuthi uthando phakathi kwamarobhothi nabantu akuyona into engafunwa yinoma yimuphi umuntu ovamile. Nakuba izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni ze-AI zingaba usizo, i-AI ayisoze yahlanganiswa nomphakathi wonke. Ngokwe-Lister Oration kaProfesa Jefferson ka-1949, “Ayikho indlela eyayingazizwa (futhi hhayi nje isibonakaliso sokwenziwa, ukwakheka okulula) ukujabulela impumelelo yayo, usizi lapho ama-valve ayo ehlangana, efudunyezwa ukuthopha, edabukiswa ngamaphutha ayo, ethakazelelwa. ngocansi, ukuthukuthela noma ukucindezeleka lapho ingakwazi ukuthola lokho akufunayo."  

Njengoba isayensi ebangela lokho okunikeza abantu imizwa eyinkimbinkimbi ibola, imakethe ezama ukulingisa lokhu kuziphatha kanye nomuzwa womuntu kuye kwavela. Kukhona ngisho negama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuthuthuka nokufunda kothando namarobhothi: I-Lovotics. I-Lovotics iwumkhakha omusha ohlongozwe nguSolwazi Hooman Samani waseNyuvesi yaseTaiwan. USamani wenze isiphakamiso sokuthi kumele siqonde izimfanelo eziningi ngaphambi kokuthi sijule kuLovotics. Uma laba sebelingisa lezi zimfanelo emshinini, sizobe sesisendleleni eya ekuthuthukiseni ubuhlakani bokwenziwa obungase buhlanganiswe nomphakathi wethu.

Izimfanelo ze-AI ezilingisa imizwa yomuntu sezivele zikhona ngokwezinga elithile nge Irobhothi yeLovothi, evezwe kuvidiyo lapha. Njengoba kuboniswe kusixhumanisi, irobhothi lifuna ngothando ukunakwa kowesifazane osemusha. Ukuhlelwa kwerobhothi kulingisa i-dopamine, i-serotonin, i-endorphin, ne-oxytocin: wonke amakhemikhali asenza sijabule. Njengoba abantu beshaya noma bejabulisa irobhothi, amazinga akhe amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene akhuphuka ngokufanele. Lokhu kulingisa injabulo nokwaneliseka erobhothini. 

Nakuba abantu beyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuneRobhothi ye-Lovotis, sisebenza ngokomqondo ofanayo: imizwa ehlukene noma izehlakalo zicupha ukukhishwa kwe-dopamine namanye amakhemikhali. Ukukhishwa kwala makhemikhali yikho okusenza sijabule. Uma umshini ubuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwanele, asikho isizathu sokuthi awukwazanga ukusebenza ngaphansi kwesisekelo esifanayo. Phela, singamarobhothi nje aphilayo, ahlelwe iminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokusebenzisana komphakathi.

Umphumela Ongaba Khona

Ubuchwepheshe obusha be-Lovotis isinyathelo sokuqala esiya kuhlobo lokuziphatha oludingekayo kubudlelwano berobhothi nomuntu. Eqinisweni, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi le mizwelo efana neyomuntu, ehlanganiswe nesixhumi esibonakalayo sikazakwethu we-AI, ingadambisa inqubo enzima yokwakha ubudlelwano obusha. 

Ngokusho kukaProfesa wase-University of Wisconsin u-Catalina Toma, "Lapho sixhumana endaweni enezimpawu ezimbalwa ezivela ebusweni nomzimba, abantu banendawo enkulu yokwenza abalingani babo bafaneleke." Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi banesikhathi esilula sokwakha isibopho nomuntu nge-imeyili noma egumbini lengxoxo, okusho ukuthi isistimu yokusebenza elingisa lobu budlelwano bomuntu siqu ngaphandle kokubi kokusebenzelana kwabantu ilungile. "Kungaba nzima kubantu bangempela, nazo zonke izinkinga ezingcolile zomhlaba wenyama, ukuncintisana," kusho uToma.