Ukugcina i-AI Benign

Ingabe amarobhothi e-AI nokuthuthuka kwawo okusheshayo kuzothiya noma kuzuzise isintu esikhathini esizayo? Abanye bososayensi befiziksi abanethonya elikhulu emhlabeni, osomabhizinisi nonjiniyela bakholelwa ukuthi kungadala umonakalo omkhulu kunokuhle. Njengoba ukuvela kobuchwepheshe kuqhutshwa emphakathini, kufanele kube khona abantu abazinikele ekugcineni amarobhothi e-AI elungile?  

Ifilimu ka-Alex Proyas, Mina, I-Robot, ngokungangabazeki ikhulise ukuqwashisa kulokho abaningi okungenzeka bakubheka njengokwesaba okungabalulekile ngaleso sikhathi – ukwesaba ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI). Ifilimu yango-2004 eyalingisa u-Will Smith yenzeka ngo-2035, ibonisa umhlaba lapho amarobhothi e-AI ayedlange khona. Ngemva kokuphenya ubugebengu okungenzeka ukuthi benziwa irobhothi, uSmith wabuka njengoba ubuhlakani bomphakathi wamarobhothi bushintsha ukuzimela, okwabe sekuholela empini yombango phakathi kwabantu namarobhothi e-AI. Ngenkathi i-movie ikhishwa okokuqala eminyakeni eyishumi nambili edlule ikakhulukazi yayibonwa njengefilimu yenganekwane yesayensi. Emphakathini wethu wamanje usongo lwe-AI esintwini alukafezeki, kodwa lolo suku lungase lungabi kude kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kubheka kushukumise izingqondo ezihlonishwa kakhulu ukuthi zizame kanye nokuvimbela lokho abaningi abake bakwesaba ngo-2004.  

Izingozi ze-AI 

Ukwenza umzamo wokugcina i-AI ingasongeli futhi iyivuna kungaba into esizoyibonga ngakho esikhathini esizayo. Kule minyaka lapho ubuchwepheshe bukhula ngokushesha futhi bubolekisa ngosizo empilweni yansuku zonke yomuntu ojwayelekile, kunzima ukubona umonakalo obungawuletha. Njengezingane, sasiphupha ikusasa elifana ne The Jetson – enezimoto ezi-hover kanye no-Rosie the Robot, i-Jetsons’ robot maid, ezulazula endlini ehlanza ukungcola kwethu. Kodwa-ke, ukunikeza amasistimu ekhompuyutha amandla akhona kanye nengqondo yawo kungabangela ukulimala okungaphezu kwalokho okungakhuthaza usizo. Engxoxweni yango-2014 ne-BBC News, isazi sefiziksi uStephen Hawking naye wazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngekusasa le-AI. 

"Izinhlobo zakudala zobuhlakani bokwenziwa esivele sinabo, ziye zaba usizo kakhulu, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa obuphelele kungasho ukuphela kwesintu. Uma abantu sebenobuhlakani bokwenziwa iyozihambela yona futhi iziklame kabusha izinga elikhula njalo. Abantu abanqunyelwe ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okunensayo abakwazanga ukuncintisana futhi bazothathelwa indawo," kusho u-Hawking.  

Ngomhla zingama-23 kuNdasa kulo nyaka, umphakathi wathola amazwibela okwesaba kuka-Hawking lapho i-Microsoft yethula ibhothi yabo yakamuva ye-AI ngegama elithi Tay. I-AI bot yadalelwa ukuxhumana nesizukulwane seminyaka eyinkulungwane ikakhulukazi ngemithombo yezokuxhumana. Incazelo yokuphila kuka-Tay ku-Twitter ifundeka kanje, "I-akhawunti esemthethweni, umndeni wakwa-Microsoft we-AI ovela ku-inthanethi ongagodoli nhlobo! Lapho ukhuluma kakhulu yilapho ngiba hlakaniphile khona." Ukukhuluma no-Tay, njengoba umuntu ebengenza umngane ku-twitter, kwazisa i-AI bot ukuthi iphendule ngokuzimela. Umuntu angathumela i-tweet kusibambo sika-Tay se-twitter ebuza umbuzo mayelana nesimo sezulu samanje, izinkanyezi zansuku zonke, noma izindaba zezwe. Inhloso ka-Tay iwukuba aphendule ngokushesha kulawa ma-tweets ngemiyalezo efanele. Nakuba izimpendulo bezihambisana nombuzo, bekungabaza ukuthi i-Microsoft ibikezele ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo.  

Inqwaba yemibuzo ku-twitter mayelana nezindaba zezepolitiki nezenhlalo iholele ekutheni i-AI entsha ye-Microsoft iphendule ngezimpendulo ezimangaze umphakathi. Lapho ebuzwa umsebenzisi we-twitter ukuthi ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwenzeka noma cha, u-Tay uthe, "Kwakhiwe." Leyo mpendulo beyiyiphuzu nje le-iceberg. Engxoxweni ye-twitter nomsebenzisi oqale wathumela i-tweet ku-Tay eyayivele ifunde "Bruce Jenner", u-Tay uphendule ngokuthi, "U-Caitlyn Jenner uyiqhawe futhi ungowesifazane omangalisayo futhi omuhle." Ingxoxo yaqhubeka lapho umsebenzisi we-twitter ephendula ngokuthi "uCaitlyn uyindoda" futhi u-Tay waphendula,                                                      ] Okokugcina, umsebenzisi we-twitter ubeke amazwana, "Wake waba yindoda naphakade," u-Tay waphendula wathi, "Usuyazi kakade mfowethu." 

Lokhu kungahambi kahle kunikeza umphakathi umbono omncane wokuthi yini engenzeka uma ingqondo yebhothi ye-AI isabela ngendlela engalindelekile kubantu. Ngasekupheleni kokuxhumana kuka-Tay ku-twitter, i-AI bot izwakalise ukukhungatheka ngenani lemibuzo eyitholile, ithi                         ngizizwa ngisetshenziswa.  

I-AI Optimism  

Yize abaningi besaba ukungaqiniseki ukuthi amarobhothi ahlakaniphile akhona emphakathini, akubona bonke besaba ikusasa nge-AI. 

"Anginandaba nemishini ehlakaniphile," kumemezela u-Brett Kennedy, umholi wephrojekthi e-NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab. U-Kennedy uqhube wathi, "Ngesikhathi esizayo esibonakalayo anginandaba futhi angilindele ukubona irobhothi lihlakaniphe njengomuntu. Nginolwazi lwangempela lokuthi kunzima kangakanani ngathi ukwenza irobhothi elenza okuningi noma yini." 

U-Alan Winfield, weBristol Robotics Lab uyavumelana noKennedy, ethi ukwesaba kwe-AI ukuthatha umhlaba kuyihaba elikhulu.    

Ukubheka Ikusasa le-AI 

Ubuchwepheshe bube yimpumelelo enkulu kuze kube manje. Kungaba nzima ukuthola umuntu emphakathini wanamuhla ongathembeli ku-AI ngandlela thize. Ngeshwa, impumelelo yobuchwepheshe kanye nezinzuzo ezivela kubo kungaphuphuthekisa umphakathi ukuthi ungawaboni amathuba amabi alokho okungenzeka ngokuzayo.  

“Ngempela asiwaboni amandla ale nto esiyidalayo… Leso isimo esikuso njengohlobo lwezilwane,” kuphawula uprofesa u-Nick Bostrom we-Oxford University's Future of Humans Institute. 

Uprofesa uxhaswe unjiniyela kanye nesikhulu sebhizinisi, u-Elon Musk, ukuhlola izingqinamba ezingase ziphakame ku-AI futhi akhiqize indlela eklanyelwe ukuphepha kwe-AI. U-Musk uphinde wanikela ngezigidi ezingu-$10 ku-Future of Life Institute ngethemba lokuvimbela ikusasa u-Hawking alesabayo.  

“Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele siqaphele kakhulu ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa, uma bengingaqagela ukuthi yini usongo lwethu olukhulu olukhona, kungenzeka ukuthi yilokho. Ngithambekele kakhulu ekucabangeni ukuthi kufanele kube nokugada okuthile ezingeni likazwelonke nelamazwe ngamazwe ukuze nje ngiqiniseke ukuthi asenzi into ewubuwula kakhulu. Ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa sibiza idimoni,” kusho uMusk. 

Ikusasa lobuchwepheshe be-AI likhulu futhi liqhakazile. Thina njengabantu kufanele senze umzamo wokuthi singalahleki ebukhulu baso noma sicinywe ukukhanya kwawo.  

“Njengoba sifunda ukwethemba lezi zinhlelo ukuthi zizosithwala, zisethule kwabangase sishade nabo, zihlele izindaba zethu ngendlela oyifisayo, zivikele impahla yethu, zigade indawo esihlala kuyo, zikhule, zilungiselele futhi ziphakele ukudla kwethu, zifundise izingane zethu futhi zinakekele asebekhulile. kungaba lula ukuphuthelwa isithombe esikhulu, "kusho uprofesa uJerry Kaplan waseStanford University.