ʻO Interstellar, warts a me nā mea a pau, lawe iā Christopher Nolan i ka palena ʻole a ma waho - nā moʻolelo ʻenehana

interstellar, ʻO ka moʻolelo ʻimi scifi hou mai Christopher Nolan, ua paʻi ʻia e ka nui o ka hoʻohewa ʻana no kāna ʻepekema a me kāna hoʻolālā.

ʻO ka mea aʻu i ʻike pinepine ai, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana a Annalee Newitz ma io9, "E ho'ōki i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka Pseudoscience Makahiki Hou i kā mākou ʻepekema ʻepekema," akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe aʻu i ʻike ai a mahalo i nā kumu he nui e inaina ai—a aloha—he kiʻi ʻoniʻoni aʻu i manaʻo ʻole e hana ʻia. A i waena o kēia mau kūkākūkā ʻana, hauʻoli wau i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa.

Eia naʻe, manaʻo paha ʻoe e pili ana i nā kikoʻī o Interstellar, Manaʻo wau he mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻae ʻana o kāna mau mea hoʻolaha a me nā mea hōʻino he hanana ʻāina ia no ka moʻolelo ʻepekema. ʻAʻole loaʻa i kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni nā huakaʻi o ka nani a mākou e manaʻo ai i kahi opera space, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka hōʻike hoʻolaha nui e pepehi ai i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻepekema kiʻekiʻe.

Ma kahi, he moʻolelo ko Interstellar e uku ana ka poʻe e ʻike a laila paipai i nā hoaaloha. Inā maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha kēlā moʻolelo, ʻaʻole ia he mea koʻikoʻi e like me kēia koʻikoʻi: ua hui pū nā mea keaka kiʻekiʻe me kahi alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe a me kahi ʻepekema kaʻao a ua hōʻoia e kūʻai ka poʻe i kahi tikiki e ʻike i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni kahi ʻepekema kekahi o nā hōkū. ʻO ia ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia alakaʻi e makemake e hoʻāʻo a hana i kahi mea e like me Interstellar, a i ʻole kekahi mea maikai, hiki ke kuhikuhi i kēia hōʻoia o ka manaʻo i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā wāwae anu o Hollywood budgeters.

Eia nō naʻe, maikaʻi paha ia? No ia mea, pono mākou e hele hohonu.

ʻEhiku Miliona a me ka hapa: E hoʻomaka kākou i kahi pāʻina hou ma ka lewa

Hōʻike ʻo Interstellarte i ka moʻolelo o kahi Honua i hāʻule kaiaola ma lalo o ke kaumaha o ka nui o ke kanaka. Ke emi nei ka ʻano, ua hāʻule ka pūʻali koa, a ua koi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e lilo i mau mahiʻai no ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka meaʻai. E kūʻē i kēia ʻano, ʻo Cooper (Matthew McConaughey) ka mea hoʻokalakupua mua, he hihiʻo ʻē aʻe e alakaʻi iā ia i kāna kumu aʻo mua, ʻo Professor John Brand (Michael Caine). ʻO Brand ke poʻo o NASA, a he hoʻolālā e hoʻopakele i ke kanaka.

Ke hilinaʻi nei kēia hoʻolālā i ka mea aʻe o kekahi mau deus ex machinae ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua wehe kahi naʻauao pohihihi i kahi wormhole paʻa kokoke i Saturn, kahi e alakaʻi ai i kahi ʻōnaehana o kekahi mau hīnaʻi, ʻo lākou āpau nā kolone kanaka.

Ua hoʻouna mua ʻo NASA i nā astronauts hoʻokahi i kahi huakaʻi hele e ʻimi i kēlā me kēia honua. ʻO ka ʻikepili wale nō i hoʻihoʻi ʻia he "ʻae" inā hiki iā lākou ke pae i ka honua ikaika kākoʻo i kahi panalāʻau. I ka hōʻea ʻana o Cooper, aia ʻekolu mau papa honua e nānā, akā ʻo ka misionari e hoʻomaka i kahi hoʻoholo ʻana he tiketi ala hoʻokahi. Haʻalele ʻo Cooper i kāna mau keiki a hoʻohiki e hoʻi i kekahi lā, hoʻomaka ʻo Cooper e kauoha i kahi huakaʻi e hiki ai ke hoʻopakele i kēia ʻano.

ʻO kahi huakaʻi hoʻokalakupua me nā hiʻohiʻona nani a me ka physics hoʻoluhi noʻonoʻo. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ko ke kanaka, a me ko Cooper, ka manawa liʻiliʻi a me ka desperation e kūʻē i nā ʻumi makahiki a ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e hoʻāʻo nei e hele mai kēlā me kēia wahi. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, hoʻokani ʻia kahi mele ʻo Dylan Thomas ("Mai hele mālie ...") i nā manawa koʻikoʻi o ka nele a me ka nalowale.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo, i hāʻawi ʻia ma ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea hope hope loa i kekahi Hiki i ke ola ke hana i nā hana maikaʻi o ka nani. ʻO ka hope trippy, e pili ana i ka lele ʻana o ka manaʻoʻiʻo i loko o ka lua ʻeleʻele, e kau i ka pōhaku poʻokela ma kēia manaʻo ʻoiai e hoʻomau ʻia ana i nā loina ʻepekema.

He Luna Hoʻokele, he mea kākau, a he Theoretical Physicist Walk Into Hollywood

No ka makemake o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka pono piha, pono iaʻu e hoʻomaopopo ua kaʻana like wau i kahi papa ʻaina me kekahi o nā mea hana o kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni i nā manawa he nui: ʻo Kauka Kip Thorne, he hoa alumnus Caltech a ʻo ia hoʻi ka loea kaulana loa o ka honua ma ka quantum. umekaumaha.

Ua wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano he "mea aʻoaʻo" ma ka ʻepekema, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Kip, ka mea i like iki me Michael Caine a koi i kāna mau haumāna e hoʻohana i kona inoa mua, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoikaika ma hope o ka manaʻo kumu o Interstellar. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia no nā makahiki e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hana i ka ʻepekema a me ka moʻolelo ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe.

Aia wau ma kahi ʻaina ahiahi me Kip, ʻo ia pule hoʻokahi i hoʻokumu ai ʻo ia iā Stephen Spielberg ma ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a he paʻakikī ke ʻole e loaʻa i ka ʻoliʻoli o Kip i hiki i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pili ana i nā lua ʻeleʻele a me ka physics ke loaʻa i kahi leka kanaka hohonu.

I kekahi manawa "Hōʻike, Mai haʻi" alakaʻi i nā pilikia

ʻAʻole au i manaʻo ua kūleʻa piha ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kāna mau pahuhopu, ʻo kekahi hapa no ka paʻakikī o ka ʻepekema kiʻekiʻe ke komo. Nui ka hoʻohewa ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano implausible o kekahi o nā manaʻo i loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a me nā ʻenehana hou ʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia.

Hoʻopiha ʻia ʻo Interstellaris me nā mea kupanaha e hilinaʻi nei i ka mea e like me ka ʻepekema stretchy. Hōʻalo ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau mea ma nā kikoʻī pedantic no ka mea he ʻeha make ia no ke kahe moʻolelo. Ma kahi o ka haʻi ʻana iā ʻoe i ka hana ʻana o kēlā me kēia kikoʻī liʻiliʻi, hōʻike ʻo Interstellar iā ʻoe i nā hōkūhele a me nā moku ākea a manaʻolana ʻoe e hilinaʻi iā lākou ua loaʻa pono.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i kekahi manawa he mamao loa ia mai ka hōʻike ʻana, e waiho ana i nā mea huikau ma ka pale. ʻO nā hokele ma ka lihi o ka lua ʻeleʻele ʻaʻole e hoʻi hou mai, kahi palaka hua e ulu ana ma luna o ka nitrogen, a me kahi lua ʻeleʻele kaʻawili ʻia i lawe ʻia i ka papaʻaina-a ua ʻike au iā lākou i haehae ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻohewa manaʻo maikaʻi. ʻIke ʻoe he hiki maoli kēia mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua "ʻaeʻia" kēia mau mea a pau e kaʻepekema. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā, kahi honua hiki e pili kokoke i ka puka ʻeleʻele me ka haki ʻole. Ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka nitrogen, he mea kūpono hoʻi e lilo ka hua bacteria hoʻopaʻa i ka nitrogen a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kanu parasitic i lilo i mea pala. A ma luna aʻe o kekahi nui, manaʻo kekahi ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lua ʻeleʻele e huli ana i nā lua e like me Interstellar'sGargantua. No kekahi poʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka hiki ʻana o ka ʻepekema—pono nō hoʻi he mea maʻamau.

Implausible Science is Still Science

ʻO ka pilikia, ʻaʻole hana ka ʻepekema pēlā. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻolohe i kā mākou mau lula a me nā manaʻo. ʻO ia kahi o ka leʻaleʻa.

Hoʻopiha ʻia ka ʻepekema me nā ʻike i manaʻo ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻikepili i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka laki ma mua o nā mea āpau i manaʻo intuitive. Hiki i ka Nature ke kāhāhā iā mākou me nā ʻoiaʻiʻo kūpono ʻole a hiki i nā manaʻo ikaika loa ke hoʻololi e komo.

ʻO ka nani o ka ʻepekema ʻo mākou do e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēia mau ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ia ka mea e hana ai i ka ʻepekema. Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Interstellar i kēia.

Hōʻike ia iā mākou ma ka inoa ʻana i kekahi o kāna mau mea nui - ke kaikamahine maikaʻi a Cooper, ʻo Murph - ma hope o ke kānāwai ʻo Murphy. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo hou ʻo Cooper "inā hiki i kekahi mea ke hele hewa, e hiki nō paha ia," akā ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa loa, "e hiki mai nā mea āpau." Manaʻo wau e hana ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kēia wahi me ka manaʻo nui.

He ala ʻepekema ʻoi aku ka nānā ʻana i ka mea hiki ʻole. ʻO ka Honua kekahi honua honua. Akā aia ma ʻaneʻi, a pēlā pū mākou. No ke aha mai? No ka mea he ao nui ia ma waho a me nā mea a pau e hiki ke hana i loko. I ka poʻe e ʻōlelo nei ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau mea like ʻole i loko o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻōlelo wau ua poina lākou i ka nui o ke kahaha ma laila no ka lawe ʻana.

Akā ke hoʻohana ʻoe i ka Implausible, pono ʻoe e wehewehe iā ʻoe iho

ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nā pilikia hohonu me ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ke ʻōlelo nei ʻo Annalee Newitz ʻo ka hopena he "pseudoscientific woo" kahi e hoʻohana ai ʻo Cooper i ka gravity me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ke aloha, ʻaʻole pololei ʻo ia - akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka hewa. He kanaka akamai loa ʻo Newitz a ʻaʻohe kumu o Interstellar no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia e ia. He hana weliweli loa ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni e wehewehe ana i ka hana a Cooper lāua ʻo Murph ma ka hopena o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a no ke aha he mea nui ia no ka hopena hope loa o nā pilikia e noho nei ke kanaka.

ʻOiai ʻo ka hopena e pili ana i ka gravity, ʻo ka moʻolelo hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻepekema gravity mai ka mea kumuhana ʻo ke aloha he mea paʻakikī. ways no nā hana a Cooper, ʻaʻole he ikaika kino maoli.

Ma muli o ka lawe ʻana o ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i ka physics i ke kula kiʻekiʻe, he hemahema nui ka manaʻo o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni iā ​​mākou e ʻike i kahi e pau ai ka ʻepekema a hoʻomaka ka metaphor. Pono ʻo Nolan e kūʻai aku i kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi liʻiliʻi no nā hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike i ka poʻe i ka laina ma waena o ka ʻepekema prosaic a me nā kumuhana poetic.

Ma waena o kēlā mau kumumanaʻo, hāʻawi ʻo Interstellaro i kekahi mau stellar dynamics, nā hoʻopunipuni hoʻokele mokulele, a me nā manawa kupaianaha maoli. do e hui me ka poe e nana ana. I ka ʻike ʻana i ka pāʻani ʻana o kēlā mau mea, kala wau i nā manawa o ke kamaʻilio clunky a me ka hele ʻana i ke kaulike.

He mea leʻaleʻa ka hoʻokele mokuahi. ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻokele koʻikoʻi nui ʻo ia ka pono mau o nā kiʻi e kaulike i kā lākou mau kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi ʻekolu: ʻikepili, wahie, a me ka manawa. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa iā lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa e mālama ai, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻi ʻana i nā ʻohana a lākou i haʻalele ai ma ka Honua. ʻO kahi kokoke i kahi lua ʻeleʻele, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka manawa a hiki i kāu mau keiki ma ka Honua he 50 mau makahiki i kou makahiki i ka lā, he mea nui e mālama i ka manawa.

Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Cooper a me kāna poʻe holo moku, hana hou, a huki i nā hoʻopunipuni maverick e loaʻa ai ka maikaʻi loa no kā lākou kālā a loaʻa i kahi honua e hiki ke hoʻopakele i ke kanaka ma mua o ka pau ʻana o kā lākou laki. A he aha ka Interstellar. Aia ka ikaika o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o kēlā pāʻani, e hoʻokani i ka mea liʻiliʻi loa Hoike a Europa, a'u e paipai aku ai i ka poe makemake i keia mau mea. 

Ma luna o kēlā pāʻani, aia pū kekahi ʻo Interstellar kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi loa, a pololei, i ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

ʻAʻole wale he kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻepekema: he kiʻiʻoniʻoni hoʻi e hoʻokō ai i ka ʻepekema

Aia ʻo Gargantua i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni scifi e mahiʻai i kāna mau hiʻohiʻona i nā mea pena kiʻi e kūʻai aku i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema no ka nani. ʻAe, ʻaʻole pēlā no Interstellar. Akā, ua hana ʻo Kip me ka hui VFX e hana i ka ʻepekema maoli.

Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kamepiula hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hiki ʻole i kahi keʻena physics ke uku no ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻi, ua hoʻokomo lākou i ka astrophysics maoli i ka makemakika a loaʻa hou i kahi mea nani wale nō, akā e hopena ia i nā paʻi puke physics ʻelua no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea. ua hana pololei i ka puka ʻeleʻele ma mua.

Ua nīnau au iā Kip i ke ʻano o ke kiʻi kiʻi ʻo Gargantua āna i manaʻo ai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa (ʻo kaʻu ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole kāna), a pane mai ʻo ia ʻo "nā ʻike i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka pahu kukui i hala o ka pahu kiʻi inā kokoke ia i kahi lua ʻeleʻele, a pehea kēlā Hoʻopili ka caustics i nā kiʻi i nānā ʻia me ka gravityly.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono ia i kahi unuhi liʻiliʻi mai ka "physicist kaulana" i "kekahi mea ʻē aʻe."

ʻO kāna mea e kamaʻilio nei, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka umekaumaha o ka lua ʻeleʻele a hiki iā ia ke hoʻohuli i nā kukuna o ka mālamalama a puni iā ​​​​ia iho. Kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i ka umekaumaha, a ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka umekaumaha o ka lua ʻeleʻele hiki ke hoʻopili i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama i ka wā e hiki mai ana a i ka wā i hala ("past light cone"). ʻO ia hoʻi, i ka pōkole, hiki i ka umekaumaha kiʻekiʻe o ka lua ʻeleʻele ke hoʻohālikelike i ka mālamalama i kahi mea nānā i kahi kokoke i ka lua ʻeleʻele.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ka hapa nui o nā puka ʻeleʻele i ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻi ma o ka pahupaʻikiʻi maoli.

ʻO nā lens pahupaʻikiʻi hoʻi e kulou i ka mālamalama a ua kapa ʻia ke ʻano o ia ʻano "caustic structure." No ka pahupaʻikiʻi kokoke i ka lua ʻeleʻele, e pāʻani like ke ʻano o ka pahupaʻikiʻi a me ka lens gravity o ka lua ma nā ʻano ʻano ʻē. Loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mau hopena ʻē aʻe i kāu kiʻi hope loa āu e ʻike ʻole ai ma kahi mamao.

He mea koʻikoʻi ia no nā kānaka ʻepekema e hiki mai ana—ʻo nā kiʻi mua o ka lua ʻeleʻele e loaʻa mai paha ia mai ka pahupaʻi kiʻi ākea, a mahalo iā Kip a me Interstellar., e loaʻa iā mākou kahi manaʻo o ka mea e kali ai.

'Ōlelo mai ʻo Kip iaʻu he pepa kāna e puka koke mai ana e ʻimi ana i ka physics o kēia me nā kikoʻī; Manaʻo wau iā ʻoe e nānā inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hahai i kēlā ʻano physics.

Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻike i ka physics spacetime, e kuhikuhi wau iā ʻoe i ke ala o ka puke hou a Kip. Ka ʻepekema o Interstellar, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoa no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ke hōʻike nei kēlā mau palapala ʻelua i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he male nui ʻo Interstellar ma waena o Hollywood a me ka ʻepekema maoli.

Hoʻoikaika pū ʻia nā pilikia hoʻokūkū e ka ʻepekema

He mea hou aʻe, ʻoiai. ʻO ka mokulele i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni he ʻenehana maoli maoli me nā palena maoli. ʻO ka mua o kēia mau palena ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike nui ma waho o ka futurism a me ka ʻepekema ʻepekema honua: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maʻalahi ʻaʻole lawa ka mana rocket e hoʻokuʻu i nā kānaka āpau mai kahi honua e make ana.

ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ka Honua ka Titanic a ʻaʻole lawa nā waʻa ola me nā ʻenehana o kēia manawa. ʻIke piha ʻo NASA i kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni a ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻolālā a Professor Brand e hoʻopakele i ke kanaka ma ke ʻano ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopakele i nā kānaka āpau. ʻOiai ʻo Cooper a me kāna poʻe holo e ʻimi nei i kahi home hou, e hoʻāʻo ʻo Brand e hoʻoponopono i nā hoʻohālikelike o ka gravity quantum e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ke koena o ke kanaka mai ka Honua. ʻO ia ka "Plan A."

ʻAʻole naʻe e hele mai ka ʻimi ʻepekema me nā hōʻoiaʻiʻo a loaʻa iā Professor Brand kahi hoʻolālā kākoʻo. ʻO kāna kaikamahine (Anne Hathaway, huikau pū kekahi kumu aʻo a ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi ʻo "Brand") e hele i ka misionari a lawe i kahi huna o nā tausani o nā embryos kanaka. ʻO kēia ka "Plan B" a ke hilinaʻi nei ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kōpū hana. ʻO Brand (ʻo ka ʻōpio) wale nō ka mea ma ka misionari hiki ke lawe i kahi keiki, ma hope o nā mea a pau.

Nā Pepe i waho o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe: hiki i ka Plan B ke hana maoli?

Ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū artificial i kēia manawa. Kapa ʻia ʻo ia he ectogenics, a he mea nui ia no ka ʻepekema hānau ʻana a me nā ʻenehana e hiki mai ana e hiki ke ulu i nā kino kanaka mai nā pūnaewele pū.

I 2003, Ua hōʻike ʻo Kauka Helen Liu o Cornell e hiki iā ia ke ulu i nā embryos holoholona ma lalo o nā ʻano hana ma ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka ʻiʻo o ka ʻōpū i hana ʻia, nā wai amniotic, nā hormones, a me nā meaʻai i loko o kahi paipu hōʻike metaphorical. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna hana, ʻoiai e ulu ana i kahi embryo kanaka no ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ʻelua pule, akā paʻakikī nā hoʻokolokolo kanaka ma muli o nā kānāwai e kau ana i kēlā palena ʻelua pule. Eia naʻe, ma hope e loaʻa kahi ʻōpū hana, a no ia mea hiki ʻole aia kekahi poʻe e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke ʻano o ia mea hana.

Interstellar, ʻAʻole ia he hanana nui no ka wahine, hops ma luna o kēlā mau pilikia i makemake i kahi ʻenehana e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ulu i nā colonists i loko o ka microwave, a pono wau e ʻae he ʻano ʻoluʻolu ke noʻonoʻo. Me ia ʻenehana, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia ka Plan B ma ke ao maoli - inā e make ana ka Honua a ʻaʻole paha.