I-Interstellar, ama-warts nakho konke, kuthatha uChristopher Nolan ku-infinity nangaphezulu - izindaba ze-tech

inkanyezi, i-epic entsha yokuhlola indawo ye-scifi evela ku-Christopher Nolan, ihlaselwe ukugxekwa okuningi ngesayensi nesakhiwo sayo.

Engangiyibona kaningi kwakuyisiqephu sika-Annalee Newitz ku-io9, "Yeka Ukufaka I-New Age Pseudoscience kuFiction Yethu Yesayensi," kodwa wayengeyedwa. Abantu engibaziyo nengibahloniphayo bathola izizathu eziningi zokuzonda—nokuyithanda—ifilimu engangingakaze ngicabange ukuthi ingenziwa. Futhi phakathi kwayo yonke le ngxoxo, ngiyathokoza ngokuthi sithole nethuba lokuxabana.

Nokho ungase uzizwe ngemininingwane ye-Interstellar, Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi abachayeli nabaphikisi bayo bobabili bavume ukuthi umcimbi oyingqopha-mlando wenganekwane yesayensi. Le movie ayinazo izindiza eziwubukhazikhazi esingazilindela kumdlalo we-opera wasemkhathini, futhi ayinakho ukuvezwa okweqile okubulala amanye amafilimu esayensi angokoqobo.

Kunalokho, i-Interstellar inendaba abantu abayikhokhayo ukuze bayibone bese beyincoma kubangani. Ukuthi leyo ndaba yinhle noma yimbi akubalulekile njengalesi sigameko esiyingqopha-mlando: abalingisi abaphezulu bahlangane nomqondisi ophezulu kanye nososayensi odumile futhi wafakaza ukuthi izethameli zizothenga ithikithi lokubuka ifilimu lapho isayensi ingenye yezihlabani. Lokho kusho ukuthi wonke umqondisi ofuna ukuzama ukwenza into efana ne-Interstellar, noma into ethile kangcono, angakhomba lobu bufakazi bomqondo lapho abahlahlomali baseHollywood bethola izinyawo ezibandayo.

Noma kunjalo, ingabe kuhle? Ngalokho, sidinga ukujula.

Isixuku Sezigidigidi Eziyisikhombisa Nesigamu: Masiqale Iphathi Entsha Emkhathini

I-Interstellar ixoxa indaba yoMhlaba oye wawa ngaphansi kwesisindo sokugcwala kwabantu. Lolu hlobo seluyancipha manje, amabutho ahlukene, futhi abantu abaningi baphoqeleka ukuba babe abalimi ukuze nje bakhiqize ukudla okwanele. Ngokumelene nalokhu okwasemuva, owayengusonkanyezi, u-Cooper (Matthew McConaughey), unombono oyinqaba omholela kumeluleki wakhe wangaphambili, uProfessor John Brand (Michael Caine). Manje uBrand useyinhloko ye-NASA, futhi unohlelo lokusindisa isintu.

Lolu hlelo luncike kokulandelayo kwabaningana be-deus ex machinae kufilimu. I-super-intelligence engaqondakali ivule i-wormhole ezinzile eduze neSaturn, eholela ohlelweni lwamaplanethi amaningana, wonke lawo angaba amakoloni abantu.

I-NASA isivele ithumele osomkhathi bodwa ohambweni lwendlela eyodwa ukuze bahlole umhlaba ngamunye kule. Okuwukuphela kwedatha ethunyelwe emuva kwakungu "yebo" uma bekwazile ukuhlala emhlabeni izikhwepha ukusekela ikoloni. Lapho u-Cooper efika, kunamaplanethi amathathu okufanele ahlolwe, kodwa umgomo wokuqala ukuxazulula kungase kube ithikithi lendlela eyodwa. Eshiya izingane zakhe ngemuva futhi ethembisa ukuthi ngelinye ilanga uzobuya, u-Cooper ulungiselela ukuyala uhambo olungasindisa lezi zilwane.

Kulandela uhambo lwasemkhathini olunezithombe ezikhangayo kanye nefiziksi egoba ingqondo. Kuwo wonke, ifilimu iqhathaniseka nesabantu, kanye nesikaCooper, isikhathi esinqunyelwe kanye nokuphelelwa yithemba ngokumelene namashumi eminyaka abahloli bamazwe abawashisa bezama ukusuka kwenye indawo kuya kwenye. Ukwenza lokhu, inkondlo kaDylan Thomas ("Ungahambi kahle...") idlalwa ngezikhathi ezibalulekile zokungabi nalutho nokulahlekelwa.

Umlayezo, olethwe ngengxoxo futhi, owokugcina ukungena iyiphi impilo ingaveza izinto ezinhle zobuhlakani. Isiphetho se-trippy, esibandakanya ukweqa kokholo emgodini omnyama, sibeka itshe eliyinhloko kulo mbono kuyilapho lihlala lisekelwe emigomeni yesayensi.

Umqondisi, Umbhali, kanye Nesazi Sezesayensi Yezesayensi Bangena EHollywood

Ngentshisekelo yokudalulwa okugcwele kwezimiso zokuziphatha, kufanele ngiqaphele ukuthi ngabelane ngetafula lesidlo sakusihlwa nomunye wabakhiqizi bale filimu izikhathi ezimbalwa: UDkt. Kip Thorne, uzakwabo owayengumfundi waseCaltech futhi ngokungangabazeki uchwepheshe ovelele emhlabeni we-quantum. amandla adonsela phansi.

Echazwa ngokuthi "umxhumanisi" wesayensi, eqinisweni, u-Kip, obukeka kancane njengoMichael Caine futhi ugcizelela ukuthi abafundi bakhe basebenzise igama lakhe lokuqala, wayengumgqugquzeli womqondo oyisisekelo we-Interstellar.. Wakhankasela iminyaka ukwenza ifilimu eyenza kokubili isayensi nendaba ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ngangisesidlweni sakusihlwa esisemthethweni no-Kip, ngalo lelo sonto wayehlohle uStephen Spielberg ngombono wefilimu, futhi kwakunzima ukuthi ngingangenwa umdlandla ka-Kip wokuthi ifilimu emayelana nezimbobo ezimnyama nefiziksi nayo ingaba nomlayezo ojulile womuntu.

Kwesinye isikhathi okuthi "Bonisa, Ungatsheli" Kuholela Ezinkingeni

Angicabangi ukuthi ifilimu iphumelela ngokugcwele ezinhlosweni zayo, ngenxa yokuthi isayensi yomqondo ophezulu kunzima ukungena kuyo. Ukugxekwa okukhulu kuye kwabekwa ngenxa yokungakholakali kokunye ukuqagela okukule filimu, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha obungavamile obuveziwe.

I-Interstellaris ilayishwe ngezinto ezinhle ezincike kulokho okubonakala njengesayensi enwebekayo. Ifilimu igwema ukuchaza lezi zinto ngokuningiliziwe ngoba lokho kungaba isilonda esibulalayo sokugeleza kokulandisa. Esikhundleni sokukutshela ukuthi yonke imininingwane emincane isebenza kanjani, i-Interstellar ikubonisa amaplanethi nemikhumbi-mkhathi futhi yethemba ukuthi uzobathemba ukuthi bayithole kahle.

Ngeshwa, kwesinye isikhathi yenza iphutha kude kakhulu nokuvezwa, ishiya izinto eziningi ezididayo esikrinini. Amaplanethi asonqenqemeni lwembobo emnyama yokungabuyi, isitshalo esikhula kahle nge-nitrogen, kanye nembobo emnyama ephendukayo konke kulethwa etafuleni—futhi ngike ngawabona eklebhulwa aba yizicucu ngabagxeki abanezisusa ezinhle abangawaboni. ngiyabona ukuthi le mibono eyinqaba ingenzeka.

Eqinisweni, zonke lezi zinto “zivunyelwe” isayensi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile, iplanethi ayengakwenza kube seduze kwembobo emnyama ngaphandle kokuthi ibhodloke. Njengoba izitshalo zikhula kahle nge-nitrogen, kungabuye kube nengqondo ukuthi ibhaktheriya elungisa i-nitrogen noma isitshalo se-parasitic singaba isifo sezitshalo. Futhi ngaphezu kobukhulu obuthile, abanye bacabanga ukuthi izimbobo eziningi ezimnyama zizungeza njenge-Interstellar'sGargantua. Nokho, kwabanye akwanele ukuthi isayensi ingenzeka ngokuphelele—kufanele futhi ibe nokwenzeka kangangokuthi kumelwe ibe yinto evamile.

Isayensi Engenakwenzeka Isesayensi

Inkinga iwukuthi, isayensi ayisebenzi ngaleyo ndlela. Ayithobeli imithetho nezilindelo zethu. Lokho kuyingxenye yobumnandi.

Isayensi ilayishwe ukubonwa okungalindelekile kanye nedatha ethembele kakhulu enhlanhleni kunanoma yini eyenza umqondo onembile. Imvelo inokuthambekela kokusimangaza ngamaqiniso angalungile okumele ngisho nemibono eqinile kufanele iwavumelanise ukuze iwathole.

Ubuhle besayensi ukuthi thina do lungisa ukuze ubambe la maqiniso. Yilokho okwenza inqubo ibe ngokwesayensi. U-Interstellar uyakuqonda lokhu.

Isazisa ngokuqamba omunye wabalingisi bayo abakhulu—indodakazi ekhaliphile ka-Cooper, uMurph—ngegama loMthetho ka-Murphy. U-Cooper akakuphindisi ngokuthi "uma kukhona okungahamba kahle kuzokwenzeka," kodwa njengoba kuncane kakhulu, "konke okungenzeka, kuzokwenzeka." Ngifisa nje ukuthi imuvi ikhulume leli phuzu ngokugcizelela okukhulu.

Kuyindlela yesayensi yokubheka okungenzeki. Ngisho noMhlaba uyiplanethi engenakwenzeka. Kodwa likhona, nathi sikhona. Kungani? Ngoba ingumkhathi omkhulu laphaya nakho konke okwenzeka kuwo, kuzokwenzeka. Kulabo abathi akunakwenzeka ukuba nalezi zinto ezingalindelekile efilimini, ngithi bayakhohlwa ukuthi kungakanani okumangalisayo okukhona kokuthathwa.

Kodwa Uma Usebenzisa Okungaqondakali, Kufanele Uzichaze Wena

Yiqiniso, kunezinkinga ezijulile ngefilimu. Lapho u-Annalee Newitz ethi isiphetho "siyi-pseudoscientific woo" lapho u-Cooper elawula amandla adonsela phansi esebenzisa amandla othando, akalungile—kodwa lokho akulona iphutha lakhe. U-Newitz ungumuntu ohlakaniphe kakhulu futhi u-Interstellar akanazo izaba zokwehluleka ukuqondwa nguye. Ifilimu yenza umsebenzi omubi kakhulu echaza ukuthi uCooper noMurph benzani ekupheleni kwefilimu, nokuthi kungani ibalulekile ngesixazululo sokugcina sezinkinga ezikhona zesintu.

Ngenkathi ekugcineni kumayelana namandla adonsela phansi, ukuxoxwa kwezindaba okungengeneki kwenza kube nzima ukwehlukanisa isayensi yamandla adonsela phansi nento ethi uthando luyingqikithi. isisusa ngezenzo zikaCooper, hhayi amandla angempela angokwenyama.

Njengoba abantu abaningi bagcina ukufunda i-physics esikoleni samabanga aphezulu, kuwukwehluleka okukhulu ukuthi ifilimu ilindele ukuthi sazi ukuthi isayensi iphetha kuphi nesingathekiso siqala. U-Nolan bekufanele ahwebe ngezinye zezinto ezingabalulekile kangako ukuze athole izigcawu ezingabonisa izethameli umugqa phakathi kwesayensi ye-prosaic nezindikimba zezinkondlo.

Nokho, phakathi kwalezo zindikimba, i-Interstella inikeza amandla amangalisayo ezinkanyezi, amaqhinga okushayela imikhumbi-mkhathi, nezikhathi ezimangalisayo eziyiqiniso. do xhuma nalabo ababukele. Ngokubona lezo zinto zidlala kahle, ngixolele izikhathi zengxoxo engaqondakali kanye nokuhamba kancane.

Ukushayela umkhumbi-mkhathi kwakujabulisa ngokukhethekile. Esinye sezici ezinkulu kunazo zonke isidingo sabalingisi esiqhubekayo sokulinganisela izinsiza zabo ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu: idatha, uphethiloli, nesikhathi. Kubabiza uphethiloli ukuqoqa imininingwane ngamaplanethi ahlukahlukene, kodwa uma benemininingwane eyengeziwe, balondoloza isikhathi esiningi, futhi lapho bebuyela ngokushesha emindenini abayishiye emhlabeni. Lokho kuseduze nomgodi omnyama, lapho isikhathi singanwebeka khona ukuze izingane zakho ezisemhlabeni zibe neminyaka engama-50 kuyilapho uguga ngosuku, kubalulekile ukonga isikhathi.

U-Cooper neqembu lakhe bayaphikisana, basungula izinto ezintsha, futhi badonse amaqhinga ukuze bathole inhlanhla yabo futhi bathole iplanethi engasindisa isintu ngaphambi kokuba inhlanhla yabo iphele. Yilokho ukuthi i-Interstellar imayelana nani. Amandla efilimu alele kuleyo drama, ehambisana nokungaziwa kakhulu Umbiko we-Europa, engingayincoma kubantu abajabulela lezo zici. 

Phezu kwaleyo drama, kukhona neqiniso lokuthi i-Interstellar inezinye zezinto ezithokozisayo, nezinembile, ezibukwayo zesikhala ezake zavela kufilimu.

Hhayi Ifilimu Yesayensi Kuphela: Futhi Ifilimu Eyenza Isayensi Yenzeke

I-Gargantua iyindawo ephezulu ebonakalayo. Ngokujwayelekile, ifilimu ye-scifi izoveza imiphumela yayo yokubukwayo kumaciko azohwebelana ngamaqiniso esayensi ukuze bathole ubuhle. Hhayi-ke, akunjalo ku-Interstellar. Esikhundleni salokho, u-Kip usebenze nethimba le-VFX ukwenza isayensi yangempela.

Besebenzisa amakhompiyutha okwenza amamuvi umnyango wefiziksi ngokuvamile owawungakwazi ukuwathenga ukuze ukhiphe izithombe, bafaka i-astrophysics yangempela esibalweni futhi bathola into engeyona nje enhle, kodwa lokho kuzophumela ekushicilelweni okumbalwa kwe-academic physics ngoba akekho. wake wahumusha ngokunembile imbobo emnyama ngaleyo ndlela ngaphambili.

Ngabuza u-Kip ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yokucabangela uGargantua ayecabanga ukuthi iyona ebanda kunazo zonke (igama lami, hhayi elakhe), futhi waphendula ngokuthi “imininingwane yesakhiwo se-caustic sekhoni yokukhanya edlule yekhamera uma iseduze nembobo emnyama, nokuthi ama-caustic athinta izithombe ezinamalensi adonsela phansi.”

Kunjalo, lokho kudinga ukuhunyushwa kancane ukusuka “kwisazi sefiziksi ovelele” kuye “noma ubani omunye.”

Akhuluma ngakho yiqiniso lokuthi amandla adonsela phansi embobo emnyama aphakeme kangangokuthi angakwazi ukugoba imisebe yokukhanya nxazonke. Lokho kubizwa ngokuthi i-gravitational lensing, futhi i-gravitational lensing yembobo emnyama iyakwazi ukuphazamisa ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya kokubili esikhathini esizayo nakudala ("ikhoni yokukhanya edlule"). Lokho kusho, ngamafuphi, ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi aphezulu embobo emnyama angenza ukukhanya kubukeke kuxakile kumuntu obukele eduze nomgodi omnyama.

Kodwa-ke, ukuhumusha okuningi kwemigodi emnyama akuzange kulingise ukuthatha izithombe ngekhamera engokoqobo.

Amalensi ekhamera nawo agobisa ukukhanya futhi iphethini yalokho ibizwa ngokuthi "isakhiwo se-caustic." Kukhamera eseduze nembobo emnyama, ukwakheka kwekhamera kanye namalensi adonsela phansi embobo kudlala ndawonye ngezindlela eziyinqaba. Uthola imiphumela eyinqaba esithombeni sakho sokugcina obungeke uyibone ukude.

Lokho kubalulekile kososayensi besikhathi esizayo—izithombe zokuqala zembobo emnyama cishe zizovela ekhamera ye-space probe, futhi ngenxa ye-Kip ne-Interstellar, sizoba nombono wokuthi yini okufanele siyilindele.

U-Kip ungitshela ukuthi unephepha elizophuma maduze elihlola i-physics yalokhu ngokuningiliziwe; Ngincoma ukuthi uyihlole uma ungakwazi ukulandela lolo hlobo lwe-physics.

Uma unolwazi oluncane nge-spacetime physics, ngizokukhombisa indlela yencwadi yakamuva ka-Kip Isayensi ye-Interstellar, ekhishwe njengomngane wefilimu. Yomibili leyo mibhalo ifakazela iqiniso lokuthi i-Interstellar ingumshado omkhulu phakathi kweHollywood nesayensi yangempela.

Izinselelo Ezimangalisayo Zibuye Ziqhutshwa Isayensi

Kusekuningi, nokho. Imikhumbi-mkhathi esetshenziswa efilimini iwubuchwepheshe obungokoqobo obunomkhawulo ongokoqobo. Eyokuqala yale mikhawulo ingenye ongayiboni kakhulu ngaphandle kwekusasa nesayensi yezinganekwane: iqiniso elilula lokuthi amandla erokhethi ngeke anele ukukhipha sonke isintu eMhlabeni ofayo.

Iqiniso. Umhlaba uyi-Titanic futhi azikho izikebhe zokuhlenga ezanele ezinobuchwepheshe bamanje. I-NASA efilimini ikwazi ngokugcwele lokhu futhi uhlelo lukaProfessor Brand lokusindisa isintu luklanywe ngendlela engabasindisi bonke abantu. Ngenkathi u-Cooper nethimba lakhe besaphumile befuna ikhaya elisha, u-Brand uzozama ukuxazulula izilinganiso zamandla adonsela phansi e-quantum ezingasusa sonke isintu eMhlabeni. Lokho "Uhlelo A."

Nokho ukuphishekela isayensi akuzi neziqinisekiso futhi uSolwazi Brand unohlelo lokusekelayo. Indodakazi yakhe (u-Anne Hathaway, ngokudidayo futhi onguprofesa futhi obuye abizwe kakhulu ngokuthi "Brand") uzohamba nomsebenzi futhi athuthe inqolobane yezinkulungwane zemibungu yabantu eqandisiwe. Lena "Plan B" futhi incike ekusetshenzisweni kwesibeletho sokwenziwa. UBrand (omncane) uyena kuphela umuntu okwaziyo ukuthwala ingane kulo msebenzi.

Izingane Eziphuma Ku-toaster: Ingabe Ipulani B Ingenzeka Ngempela?

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesibeletho sokwenziwa kuyaqhubeka njengamanje. Ibizwa nge-ectogenics, futhi ibalulekile kukho kokubili isayensi yokuzala kanye nobuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo obungakhulisa izitho zomuntu kusuka kuma-stem cells.

Ngo 2003, UDkt. Helen Liu waseCornell wabonisa ukuthi angayikhulisa imibungu yezilwane ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa ngokunikeza izicubu zesibeletho ezenziwe ngobunjiniyela, uketshezi lwe-amniotic, amahomoni, nezakhamzimba eshubhuni lokuhlola elingokomfanekiso. Uqhubekile nomsebenzi wakhe, waze wakhulisa umbungu womuntu isikhathi esingaphansi kwamasonto amabili, kodwa ukuvivinywa kwabantu kuzoba nzima ngenxa yemithetho ebeka lowo mkhawulo wamasonto amabili. Noma kunjalo, ekugcineni kuyoba nesibeletho sokwenziwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungenakugwenywa vele kukhona abantu abakhuluma ngokuziphatha kwethuluzi elinjalo.

Interstellar, okungewona umcimbi omkhulu wobufazi, ugxumela phezu kwalezo zinkinga uvuna ubuchwepheshe obukuvumela ukuthi ukhulise amakholoni emkhathini ku-microwave, futhi kufanele ngivume ukuthi kupholile ukucabanga. Ngalobo buchwepheshe, i-Plan B ingenzeka emhlabeni wangempela—ukuthi uMhlaba uyafa noma cha.