Kusazindikira kwa anthu kukuchedwetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwaulimi kwa GMO

Kalekale kwambiri, anthu onse pamodzi anataya njira zawo zosaka nyama chisomo wa famu. Ulimi unabadwa; chitukuko chinayamba ndipo luso lamakono linatsatira. Tinakula ndipo tinachita bwino, makamaka. Patapita zaka zambiri, cha m’ma 1960, katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zamoyo komanso amene analandirapo mphoto ya Nobel, dzina lake Norman Borlaug, anayambitsa ntchito zingapo zimene masiku ano zimadziwika kuti Green Revolution, zomwe zinasintha kwambiri ulimi wamakono. Iye anaimitsa njala imene inafa m’njira zake ndipo anapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu biliyoni imodzi.  

Tsopano m'zaka za zana la 21, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kukuyenda movutikira, nthawi ingakhale pafupi kuti tiyambe kuyang'ana m'tsogolo ku chitukuko chathu chachikulu chazaulimi. Ndiponsotu, njala padziko lonse idakali nkhani yaikulu, makamaka pamene zoneneratu za chiwerengero cha anthu zikupitiriza kukwera. Borlaug, pogwiritsa ntchito kuswana kosankha, anatipatsa Green Revolution - tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za Genetic Revolution.

Ngati misonkhano yaposachedwa ya Marichi Against Monsanto ndi chilichonse chomwe chingadutse, komabe, ndizomveka kunena kuti malingaliro a anthu pazamoyo zosinthidwa ma genetic (GMOs) amakhalabe achipwirikiti monga kale. Kampani yayikulu yomwe ili ndi mbiri yokhazikika pazaumisiri waulimi, a Monsanto abwera kudzayimilira chithunzithunzi cha umbombo wamakampani, yemwe amalemba zolemba za Big Whatever. Milandu yawo yolimbana ndi alimi osauka omwe adagwiritsanso ntchito mbewu zomwe adagwiritsanso ntchito ndi yodziwika bwino, monganso momwe alimi aku India pafupifupi 300,000 amavutikira kudzipha chifukwa cha ngongole zosatheka.

"Chifukwa ma GMO tsopano ali omangika kwambiri ku kampaniyo, kunong'ona chabe kwa zilembo zitatuzi kumadzetsa kutentha m'chipinda chilichonse chomwe chimakhala ndi anthu omwe amakhala osasinthasintha."

Aliyense ndi agogo awo aakazi akuwoneka kuti akuvomereza kuti Monsanto ndi woipa. Ndipo chifukwa ma GMO tsopano ali omangika kwambiri ku kampaniyo, kunong'ona chabe kwa zilembo zitatuzi kumabweretsa kutentha m'chipinda chilichonse chomwe chimakhala ndi anthu omwe amakhala osasinthasintha. Kuyang'ana kumodzi pa zonse "Nenani Ayi ku GMO!" zizindikiro pa zionetsero za Monsanto zidzakuuzani zambiri: Ma GMO ndi oipa. A 2015 Pew voti anapeza kuti 37% yokha ya Achimereka amaganiza kuti zakudya za GMO zinali zotetezeka kudya, poyerekeza ndi 88% ya asayansi omwe adanena zomwezo. Kusiyanaku kwa 51% kunali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malingaliro a anthu ndi asayansi omwe adanenedwa pazinthu zonse zomwe zidakambidwa, kuphatikiza koma osati kokha ku katemera, kusintha kwanyengo ndi chisinthiko.

Koma tiyeni tiyesere kuchitapo kanthu mmbuyo apa. Tiyeni tichotse mawu akuti GMO kuchokera kumalingaliro athu amakampani ndi malingaliro athu ndikuwunika momwe alili: gawo lodalirika la kafukufuku.

Zamoyo zosinthidwa ma genetic zimatanthawuza za chamoyo chilichonse chomwe chalandira kusintha kwamtundu wina mu DNA yake kudzera mukuchitapo kanthu kwa munthu: kuyika kapena kuchotsa jini imodzi, mwachitsanzo. Ndichoncho. Kusintha kwa ma genetic si kuyesa kwa wacko kochitidwa ndi wasayansi wina wamisala, monga momwe mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri "Frankenfood" angakhulupirire; m'malo mwake, ndikungowonjezera njira zomwe takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito kwazaka zambiri.

Kuyiyika mosabisa potsegula maso TED Talk, katswiri wa zachibadwa za zomera Pamela Ronald anati, “kusinthidwa kwa majini si kwachilendo; pafupifupi chilichonse chimene timadya chasinthidwa chibadwa mwa njira inayake.”

Kale kwambiri asayansi asanatulukire, alimi ankaona mbewu zina zimene zinali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri ndipo ankaziswana. M'mibadwo yambiri, izi zidapangitsa kuti mbewu zathu zizikhala zazikulu monga momwe tikudziwira masiku ano - tirigu, chimanga ndi soya, kungotchula zochepa chabe.

"Anthu amakonda kukakamiza ndi kutchera khutu; kuti tinasokoneza ndi dongosolo lachilengedwe la zinthu kalekale siziyenera kutidabwitsa."

Tikudziwa tsopano kuti kuswana kosankha kumadalira mfundo yaikulu ya chisinthiko: kuti masinthidwe amtundu wamtundu amapezeka mkati mwa zamoyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana. Monga alimi, tinkawauza zosintha zomwe zidzapulumuke. Anthu amakonda kukakamiza ndi kutchera khutu; kuti tinasokoneza ndi dongosolo lachilengedwe la zinthu kalekale siziyenera kutidabwitsa. Ndi zomwe zidatifikitsa patali poyambirira, ndiye mulekerenji tsopano? Kusintha kwa ma genetic kwapangitsa kuti ntchito yowawa ikhale yosavuta, makamaka pamalingaliro. M’malo motsogolera chisinthiko, tsopano tikhoza kuchisonkhezera. Sipadzakhalanso kuswana mokhwima ndi kuyesa ndi zolakwika. Asayansi amatha kulunjika zomwe akufuna molondola kwambiri komanso moyenera.

"Zokolola za alimi akuti zidakwera mpaka 25%."

Makhalidwe othandiza kwambiri atuluka munjira izi. Mu 2006, Ronald ndi gulu lake lofufuza ku UC Davis adayang'ana mtundu wosowa komanso wodabwitsa wa mpunga waku East Indian womwe umatha kukhala m'madzi kwa milungu iwiri, koma sunakulitsidwe movutikira chifukwa chosakolola bwino. Iwo adalekanitsa jini yomwe idayambitsa chikhalidwe chodabwitsa ichi (chomwe adachitcha Sub1) n’kuuika mu mpunga wofala kwambiri, womwe umalimidwa kwambiri. Chotsatira? Swarna-Sub1, mbewu yosamva kusefukira kwa madzi. Zinali zosintha masewera. Mothandizidwa ndi bungwe la International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), alimi okwana 25 miliyoni amene nthaŵi zambiri mbewu zawo zambiri zinawonongedwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi chaka chilichonse anatha kubzala mpunga wamatsengawo. Zokolola zawo zidanenedwa kuti zidakwera mpaka XNUMX%.

Ndipo izi zikungokhudza pamwamba pazomwe ma GMO angatichitire. Bt-corn, yomwe imapangidwa ndi majini ochokera ku Bacillus thuringiensis mabakiteriya, amachita ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuteteza pafupifupi madola biliyoni mu kuwonongeka kwa mbewu pachaka. Kenaka panali Rice wa Golden, GMO yoyamba yokhala ndi michere yambiri: njere yowonjezeredwa ndi beta-carotene kuti athe kuthana ndi vuto la vitamini A ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Posachedwapa, ofufuza a IRRI akuyesera kusintha momwe mbewu za mpunga zimagwiritsira ntchito photosynthesis, zomwe zingapangitse zokolola zambiri ndi madzi ochepa.

Mavibe abwino amapitilirabe. Koma kufunikira kwa GMO sikungokhudza kudyetsa mayiko osauka okha. Malinga ndi pepala lofalitsidwa ndi asayansi ku yunivesite ya Ghent, ofufuza akuwona tsogolo lomwe zakudya zokhala ndi zolimbitsa thupi zofananira ndi Rice wa Golden Rice zomwe tatchulazi zimalowanso pamsika m'maiko otukuka. Iwo adawulula kuti ogula angalolere kulipira ndalama zokwana 70% za ma GMO okhala ndi thanzi. Sizovuta kuwona chifukwa chake. Kukonzekera mokhazikika kwazakudya kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha moyo wathu wotanganidwa. Nthawi zonse timayang'ana kukonza mwachangu, panacea. Ndipo ngakhale pepalalo likufulumira kuvomereza kuti GMOs ali kutali ndi njira yothetsera zakudya zopanda thanzi, amatero "perekani njira ina yowonjezera komanso yotsika mtengo."

Zachidziwikire, kuti izi zitheke, kuyimitsanso nkhani yapagulu kuyenera kuchitika. Anthu sakukhulupirirabe GMOs panobe ndipo, mpaka atatero, palibe njira zosinthira chitetezo cha chakudya, kupititsa patsogolo ulimi wokhazikika kapena kuwonjezera thanzi la anthu.  

Palibe amene akunena kuti kusintha kwa majini kudzakhala zonse komanso kutha-zonse, koma ndithudi ndi chida chamtengo wapatali chomwe chili ndi zambiri zopatsa dziko lapansi. Zolemba zasayansi zimatsimikizira kwambiri chitetezo cha zakudya za GMO.

Koma sayansi yakhala ndi mbiri yoyipa kwambiri ikafika pa otsutsa okhutiritsa; taziwona mobwerezabwereza ndi katemera ndi chisinthiko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Machitidwe a zikhulupiliro ndi okhwima ndipo nthawi zambiri, ozikidwa pa malingaliro ndi zochitika zaumwini m'malo molingalira. Okayikira amaona sayansi ngati bungwe lina loyenera kusamala nalo, ndipo simungawaimbe mlandu. Monga momwe timafunira, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti sayansi sikhala ndi cholinga chilichonse. Kuseri kwa zitseko zotsekedwa, mphamvu zakunja za chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndale ndi makampani, komanso mikangano ya zofuna, zimakhudza kafukufuku. Asayansi akhozanso kukhala ndi zolakwa zazikulu zaumunthu. Nthawi zina amalakwitsa. Koma ndichifukwa chake ndondomeko yowunikira anzawo ilipo. Ndicho chifukwa chake mayesero amabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza. Sayansi ndi yokhwima, ndipo mgwirizano wodabwitsa wokhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi wovuta kutsutsana nawo.

"Zochita za Monsanto zapangitsa kukambirana kovomerezeka pa biotechnology - sayansi yeniyeni - kuchoka pa chithunzi."

Dr. Steven Novella, pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Yale, inanenaly anati: “Pafupifupi chilichonse chimene ndimamva ponena za [ulimi wa m’mafakitale] ndi nthano chabe. Ndi nkhani yokhudza mtima kwambiri - nkhani yamalingaliro komanso yandale - zomwe ndimapeza ndikuti zambiri zomwe anthu amalemba ndikuzikhulupirira zimangogwirizana ndi nkhani zina, malingaliro adziko lapansi. Ndipo sizowona kwenikweni kapena umboni. ”

Iye akulondola. Zochita za Monsanto zapangitsa kukambirana kovomerezeka pa biotechnology - sayansi yeniyeni - kuchoka pa chithunzi. Anthu wamba akuzunguliridwa ndi mikangano patent, njira zamabizinesi. Zaposachedwa zifukwa kuti mankhwala awo a herbicide, Roundup (omwe akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kugulitsa msika mwadongosolo ndi mbewu zawo za GMO zosamva Roundup), ndiwowopsa ku thanzi la anthu omwe adapanga mafunde akulu.

Izi, ndithudi, ndi nkhawa yovomerezeka yomwe iyenera kuthetsedwa. The March Against Monsanto ndi malo abwino oyambira, koma kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa Monsanto-hate ndi GMO-kudana kuyenera kuthetsedwa. Anthu akuyenera kumvetsetsa kuti Monsanto sayenera kufotokozera zamtsogolo zaukadaulo waulimi. Tiyenera kukhala ndi chidwi chambiri chomwe anthu awonetsa ndikuchitsogolera kuzinthu zolimbikitsa zaubwino wakusintha chibadwa m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito molakwika. Kuthana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo waukadaulo ndi kulumikizana ndikofunikira. Asayansi akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kunja kwa labu pochitapo kanthu kuti alankhule ndi anthu, kufalitsa chidziwitso komanso kulimbikitsa chilengedwe chothandizira sayansi.