Gaba tare da magungunan nishaɗi na doka

"A cikin hirar da na yi da Paul (marigayi matashi, dalibin jami'a), ya bayyana Ecstasy a matsayin 'magungunan nan gaba' domin yana ba da, a cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi, tasirin da ake so a cikin yanayin zamantakewa - kuzari, budewa, da kwanciyar hankali. Ya ji cewa tsararrakinsa sun girma suna shan kwayoyi a matsayin amsar gaggawa ga cututtukan jiki kuma wannan tsari na iya kasancewa a yanzu zuwa wasu bangarorin rayuwa, a cikin wannan yanayin, zamantakewa da jin daɗi."

Maganar da ke sama ta fito daga Takarda Anna Olsen Yin amfani da e: Amfani da jin daɗi da rayuwar zamantakewa ta zamani wanda aka buga a 2009. Bisa a Canberra, Ostiraliya, takardarta ta ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru daga mutane biyu da suka yi amfani da maganin ecstasy. A cikin tattaunawa da mahalarta game da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma sauraron dabi'un su, an kwatanta jin dadi a matsayin mai ba da mahimmanci ga zamantakewa. Maganin sau da yawa yana ba da la'akari da "a'idoji game da rayuwa, nishaɗi, da mahimmancin zamantakewa da kuzari ba tare da yin la'akari da sauran nauyin zamantakewa ba."

Ba wai kawai jin daɗi ya sami ƙarin kulawa da amfani da shi a cikin ƙarni na dubunnan ba, amma yawancin magungunan nishaɗi waɗanda ake ɗauka "haramta" suna zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummomin zamani. Marijuana yawanci magani ne na farko da ke zuwa hankali yayin tunanin haramtattun kwayoyi waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su a al'adun muggan ƙwayoyi na matasa, kuma manufofin jama'a sun fara mayar da martani ga wannan yanayin. A cikin Amurka, jerin jihohin da suka halatta marijuana sun haɗa da Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, da Washington. Ƙarin jihohi kuma sun fara yin la'akari da halatta doka, ko kuma sun fara aikin yanke hukunci. Hakazalika, Kanada tana shirin kan gabatar da dokar marijuana a cikin bazara na 2017 - daya daga cikin alkawuran Firayim Ministan Kanada Justin Trudeau ya so ya cika.

Wannan labarin ya yi niyya don fayyace halin da ake ciki na marijuana da jin daɗi a cikin al'umma na zamani da al'adun matasa, saboda wannan shine tsarar da za ta ƙayyade hanyar gaba. Za a yi la'akari da magungunan nishaɗi gabaɗaya, amma za a mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu da aka ambata a sama, ecstasy da marijuana. Yanayin zamantakewa da na siyasa na yanzu zai zama tushen asali don sanin yiwuwar hanyar marijuana, jin daɗi, da sauran magungunan nishaɗi za su sha.

Magunguna na nishaɗi a cikin al'umma da al'adun matasa

Me yasa aka ƙara amfani?

An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don hana amfani da magungunan nishaɗi kamar marijuana saboda, a sauƙaƙe, "magungunan suna da kyau." An yi ƙoƙari da yawa a duniya da fatan rage shan muggan ƙwayoyi a tsakanin matasa, misali tallace-tallace a kan talabijin da tallace-tallacen kan layi da ke nuna zaluntar kwayoyi. Amma a fili, bai yi yawa ba. Kamar yadda Sunan mahaifi Millhorn kuma abokan aikinta sun rubuta a cikin takarda Halin Arewacin Amurka Game da Magungunan Ba ​​bisa ka'ida ba: "Ko da yake makarantu sun ba da shirye-shiryen koyar da muggan kwayoyi, irin su DARE, yawan samari da ke shan kwayoyi bai ragu sosai ba."

Masu bincike sun fara duba kididdiga daga bincike da kuma ayyukan da wasu masu bincike suka yi da fatan samun amsar wata tambaya ta musamman: me yasa matasa da matasa suke ci gaba da shan kwayoyi duk da gargadin da aka yi musu tun suna da wuri?

Howard Parker daga Jami'ar Manchester ta yi aiki mai ban mamaki a wani yunƙuri na yin tsokaci game da dalilan karuwar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin matasa. Yana daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan kungiyar "karatun al'ada": cewa matasa da matasa a hankali sun mayar da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin "al'ada" na rayuwarsu saboda canje-canje a al'adu da zamantakewa. Cameron Duff yana fitar da ra'ayin wasu, alal misali, "kaidar daidaitawa" ana iya kallonta a matsayin "'kayan aiki mai nau'i-nau'i, ma'auni na canje-canje a cikin halayen zamantakewa da ra'ayoyin al'adu'. Ƙididdigar daidaitawa ita ce, a cikin wannan ma'ana, kamar yadda ya shafi canjin al'adu - tare da hanyoyin da ake gina amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da ake fahimta da kuma wani lokacin jurewa a matsayin tsarin zamantakewar da aka haɗa - kamar yadda nazarin yadda yawancin matasa ke cinye haramtattun abubuwa, ta yaya. sau da yawa kuma a cikin wane yanayi ne."

Samar da lokaci don nishaɗi a cikin duniya mai aiki

Manufar "littafin al'ada" shine tushen abin da yawancin masu bincike ke yin karatunsu. Maimakon dogara ga kididdiga, masu bincike a maimakon haka suna neman ra'ayi mai mahimmanci don fahimtar dalilan "gaskiyar" dalilin da yasa amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ya zama mafi girma. Ya zama ruwan dare ga daidaikun mutane su ɗauka cewa masu amfani da muggan ƙwayoyi masu cin zarafi ne kuma ba sa ba da gudummawa ga al’umma, amma aikin Anna Olsen ya tabbatar da akasin haka: “A cikin mutanen da na yi hira da su, an daidaita amfani da Ecstasy, kuma wannan yana da alaƙa da ƙa’idodin ɗabi’a game da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma haramtattun kwayoyi. lokacin hutu: Bayanan mahalarta game da lokacin da kuma inda suka yi amfani da Ecstasy sun haɗa da labarun ɗabi'a game da lokacin da kuma inda ya dace a sha miyagun ƙwayoyi. don amfani a waje da wurare da lokutan da aka yi amfani da su don nishaɗi da zamantakewa." Ko da yake aikinta ya samo asali ne a Ostiraliya, yana da kyau a ji irin wannan ra'ayi daga mutanen Kanada da Amurkawa.

Camer Duff ya gudanar da binciken da ya samo asali ne a Ostiraliya, wanda ya kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na 379 " maimakon ƙungiya ta musamman. Binciken ya gano cewa kashi 77.2% na mahalarta sun san mutanen da ke shan "magungunan jam'iyya," kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin takarda don nufin magungunan wasanni. Bugu da ƙari, 56% na mahalarta sun tabbatar da cewa sun yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a kalla sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu.

Har ila yau, Duff ya ba da bayanin yadda mutane masu tushe suka yi kama da wannan sabon ƙarni na masu amfani da muggan ƙwayoyi. Ya ambaci cewa "kusan kashi 65% na wannan samfurin ana amfani da su, mafi yawansu a cikin cikakken lokaci, yayin da ƙarin 25% ya ba da rahoton haɗin gwiwar aiki, ilimi na yau da kullun, da / ko horo." Ya jaddada cewa mutanen da ke amfani da kwayoyi na nishaɗi ba za a ɗauka su ɓata lokaci ba ne ko kuma ba su da fa'ida a cikin al'umma, kuma hakan bai sa waɗannan masu amfani da muggan ƙwayoyi su zama masu zaman kansu da zaman kansu ko kuma a ware su ba. na manyan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma suna da alama sun daidaita halayen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi don 'daidaita' tare da waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa." Wannan ya bayyana ya dace da aikin Olsen game da ra'ayin cewa ba kawai "mummunan" mutane suna shiga cikin kwayoyi na nishaɗi ba, amma matasa da matasa waɗanda ke da burin da buri, kuma waɗanda ke ci gaba da samun nasara a rayuwarsu ta sirri da sana'a. . Don haka ana iya samun bukatuwar jin dadi da nishadi a wannan zamani ta hanyar amfani da magungunan shakatawa, matukar an yi amfani da su cikin gaskiya da nishadi.

Yadda sauran suke ji

Gabaɗaya halaye game da magungunan nishaɗi da alama sun bambanta dangane da inda kuka je. Halaccin shan marijuana, musamman, da alama ya ci gaba da zama rigima a cikin Amurka yayin da Kanada ke da ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi akan lamarin. Millhorn da abokan aikinta sun lura a cikin tattaunawarsu cewa, "Wannan bincike ya gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun yi imanin cewa marijuana ya kamata ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma an sami raguwar imani cewa ya kamata a halatta marijuana." Duk da yake amfani da marijuana sau da yawa yakan haifar da rashin kunya a wasu al'ummomin Amurka da Kanada, "Ba a 1977 ba Amurkawa suka fara goyon bayan halatta marijuana. Taimakon su ya karu kadan daga 28% a 1977 zuwa 34% a 2003." da ƙarin ƙarin tallafi a Kanada, "daga 23% a cikin 1977 zuwa 37% a 2002."

Makoma tare da halaltattun magunguna na nishaɗi

Yaya al'ummarmu za ta yi kama da manufofin hukuma da ke yin layi tare da ra'ayoyi masu goyon bayan doka? Tabbas, akwai fa'idodi ga halatta marijuana, jin daɗi, da sauran magungunan nishaɗi. Amma, akwai yuwuwar duk akidar ta tafi kudu. Wasu mummunan labari da farko.

Mummuna da mummuna

Shirye-shiryen yaƙi

Peter Frankopan, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Byzantine ta Oxford kuma babban jami'in bincike a Kwalejin Worcester, Oxford, ya rubuta kyakkyawar maƙala akan Aeon mai taken, "Yaki, Kan Magunguna". A ciki, ya tattauna tarihin shan kwayoyi kafin yaƙi. An lura da Vikings daga ƙarni na 9 zuwa na 11 musamman don wannan: “Shaidun gani da ido sun ɗauka a sarari cewa wani abu ya ɗaukaka waɗannan mayaka zuwa yanayi mai kama da hankali. Wataƙila sun kasance daidai. Kusan tabbas, ƙarfin da ya fi ƙarfin ɗan adam da mayar da hankali shine sakamakon shan namomin kaza na hallucinogenic da aka samu a Rasha, musamman na namomin kaza. tashi agaric - wanda keɓaɓɓen hular ja da ɗigon fari sukan fito da su a cikin fina-finan Disney. […] Waɗannan namomin kaza masu gardama masu guba, lokacin da aka bushe su, suna haifar da tasirin psychoactive mai ƙarfi, gami da delirium, exhilaration, da hallucination. Vikings sun koyi labarin tashi agaric a cikin tafiye-tafiyensu tare da tsarin kogin Rasha."

Koyaya, tarihin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi kafin yaƙi bai tsaya nan ba. Pervitin ko "panzer chokolade" ya yi hanyarsa ta cikin layin gaba na Jamus a yakin duniya na biyu: "Da alama ya zama magani mai ban mamaki, samar da jin dadin fahimtar hankali, mayar da hankali da kuma ƙarfafa haɗarin haɗari. Ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi, kuma ya ba da damar maza. don yin aiki da ɗan barci." Har ila yau, Birtaniya sun shiga cikin amfani da shi: "Janar (daga baya Field Marshal) Bernard Montgomery ya ba da Benzedrine ga sojojinsa a Arewacin Afrika a jajibirin yakin El Alamein - wani ɓangare na shirin da ya ga 72 Benzedrine Allunan da aka rubuta wa sojojin Birtaniya. a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu."

CNN ta ruwaito a watan Nuwamba 2015 na Mayakan ISIS da shan kwayoyi kafin yaki. Captagon, amphetamine wanda ake zaton ya shahara a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya zama maganin zabi. An yi ƙaulin Dokta Robert Kiesling, likitan tabin hankali a cikin talifin yana cewa: “Za ku iya zama a faɗake na kwanaki a lokaci guda. Ba sai kayi bacci ba. […] Yana ba ku jin daɗin jin daɗi da jin daɗi. Kuma kuna tunanin cewa ba za ku iya yin nasara ba kuma babu abin da zai cutar da ku.

Ilimi a hannun kuskure

Sakamakon halaltattun magungunan nishaɗi ba kawai ya iyakance ga yaƙi ba. Halaccin magungunan nishaɗi zai narkar da shinge don ingantaccen bincike mai zurfi akan tsarin sinadarai da tasirinsu. Ana buga ilimin kimiyya da bincike don al'ummar kimiyya da jama'a. Idan aka ba da waɗannan yanayi, zai iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau. An riga an sami yanayin sababbin "magungunan masu zane" suna fitowa cikin sauri. Kamar yadda labarin WebMD ya lura "Sabbin Magungunan Ƙwararrun Kasuwar Baƙar fata: Me yasa Yanzu?" An ambato wani wakilin DEA yana cewa: "'Abin da ke da bambanci a nan shi ne Intanet - bayanai, daidai ko kuskure ko rashin kulawa, ana yadawa cikin saurin walƙiya kuma yana canza filin wasa a gare mu. Kafin Intanet, waɗannan abubuwan sun ɗauki shekaru don haɓakawa. Yanzu yanayin yana haɓaka cikin daƙiƙa. "Magungunan ƙira, kamar yadda ya bayyana ta "Project Sani"an yi, "musamman don dacewa da dokokin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wadannan magungunan na iya zama sabbin nau'ikan tsoffin kwayoyi na haram ko kuma na iya zama sabbin dabarun sinadarai wadanda aka kirkira su fada a waje da doka." Don haka halatta magunguna na nishaɗi zai ba da damar wasu bayanai su kasance cikin sauƙi, kuma waɗanda za su nemi yin magunguna masu ƙarfi za su iya yin hakan.

The Good

A wannan lokaci, yana iya zama kamar ya kamata a sake tunani kan ko ya kamata a halatta magunguna na nishaɗi. Duk da haka, mummunan gefen baya ba da labarin duka.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, a halin yanzu akwai shinge kan wasu bukatu na bincike saboda matsayin wasu magungunan nishaɗi da aka saba amfani da su. Amma, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun sami damar ƙaddamar da wasu ƙananan ayyukan bincike wanda ya ƙunshi mahalarta kaɗan kawai. Sun sami damar tantance wasu yuwuwar fa'idodin da magungunan nishaɗi irin su marijuana, ecstasy, har ma da namomin sihiri suke da shi don magance cututtukan da suka kama daga ciwo zuwa tabin hankali.

Ruhaniya, don bi da hankali

Lopez na Jamus da Javier Zarracina sun tattara yawancin nazari sosai don labarin su mai taken Abin ban sha'awa, baƙon yuwuwar likita na magungunan tabin hankali, wanda aka bayyana a cikin binciken 50+. A ciki, suna nuna takardu da yawa da masu bincike suka buga a cikin binciken yin amfani da masu ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa don maganin likita. Sun kuma kawo bayanan sirri daga mahalarta suna bayanin yadda suka ji daɗi bayan sun karɓi magani. Kamar yadda aka nuna, binciken har yanzu yana ƙoƙari ya tashi daga ƙafafunsa. Nazarin su yana da ƙananan samfurin samfurin, kuma babu ƙungiyoyi masu kulawa don sanin ko tasirin da aka nuna shine ainihin sakamakon masu ilimin halin kwakwalwa. Duk da haka, masu bincike suna da kyakkyawan fata tun lokacin da mahalarta suka nuna sakamako mai kyau a lokacin aikin jiyya.

Rage shan taba sigari, shaye-shaye, damuwa na ƙarshen rayuwa, da baƙin ciki kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin manyan matsalolin da aka ambata waɗanda mutane suka ga ci gaba bayan sun ɗauki kashi na namomin sihiri ko LSD. Masu bincike ba su da tabbacin abin da ke haifar da wannan tasirin, amma wasu sun yi imanin cewa yana da nasaba da kwarewa mai karfi na sufi da masu ilimin halin kwakwalwa zasu iya haifar da su. Lopez da Zarracina suna jayayya cewa mahalarta suna da "zurfafa, gogewa masu ma'ana waɗanda a wasu lokuta na iya taimaka musu su sami sabbin fahimta game da halayensu da kuma sake haɗawa da dabi'u da manyan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa dangane da abin da ke da mahimmanci a gare su a cikin babban tsarin abubuwa." Albert Garcia-Romeu, wani mai bincike na Johns Hopkins, shima ya ce, "Lokacin da suke da irin waɗannan abubuwan, yana da kyau mutane su sami damar yin canje-canje a cikin layi, kamar barin shan taba."

Wani nau'i, don magance ciwon

A wata takarda da aka buga a shekarar 2012 mai take Marijuana na Likita: Cire Hayaki na masu bincike Igor Grant, J. Hampton Atkinson, Ben Gouaux, da Barth Wilsey, ana lura da tasirin tabar wiwi da ake amfani da su don magance cututtuka daban-daban daga tattara bayanai da yawa. Misali, marijuana da hayaki ya shaka a kai a kai ya haifar da raguwar jin zafi na dindindin a cikin binciken daya. Yawancin mutanen da ke da hannu tare da wannan takamaiman binciken sun ba da rahoton aƙalla 30% a cikin rage jin zafi yayin amfani da marijuana. Masu binciken sun jaddada wannan batu saboda "raguwar 30% a cikin tsananin zafi yana hade da rahotanni na ingantaccen rayuwa."

Dangane da THC na roba, wanda ake sha da baki, masu cutar kanjamau suma sun nuna kyakykyawan halayen ga nau'in nau'in abu daya, dronabinol: "Gwaji a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar kanjamau tare da asarar nauyi a asibiti sun nuna cewa dronabinol 5mg kowace rana ya fi placebo a cikin sharuddan ci na ɗan gajeren lokaci. haɓakawa (38% vs. 8% a cikin makonni 6), da kuma cewa waɗannan tasirin sun ci gaba har zuwa watanni 12, amma ba a haɗa su da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin nauyin nauyi ba, watakila saboda cutar da ke tattare da makamashi. "

Marasa lafiya tare da sclerosis da yawa (MS) kuma sun shiga cikin wasu gwaji. Analgesia, rashin iya jin zafi, wani abu ne da mutane da MS ke nema a magani don taimakawa da yanayin su. Su ma, sun amsa da kyau: binciken daya tare da bin diddigin watanni 12 ya gano cewa 30% na marasa lafiya da aka bi da su tare da wani nau'i na marijuana don ciwon MS na iya ci gaba da jin daɗin analgesia kuma sun ba da rahoton ci gaba da "ingantawa" akan matsakaicin adadin 25mg na THC kowace rana. Masu bincike, saboda haka, sun kammala cewa, "za a iya ci gaba da rage jin zafi ba tare da karuwa ba."

Akwai illa, ba shakka, amma ga alama cewa, ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen bincike da yawa, marasa lafiya ba su kai ga matsananciyar wahala da ke haifar da asibiti ba: "Gaba ɗaya waɗannan tasirin suna da alaƙa da kashi, suna da sauƙi zuwa matsakaici. Ana ganin yana raguwa cikin lokaci, kuma ana ba da rahoton rashin ƙwarewa akai-akai fiye da na masu amfani da butulci. Reviews sun nuna cewa mafi yawan sakamako masu illa sune dizziness ko haske (30% -60%), bushe baki (10% -25%), gajiya (5% -40%), raunin tsoka (10% -25%), myalgia (25%), da bugun zuciya (20%). An ba da rahoton tari da haushin makogwaro a cikin gwaji na shan taba."

A bayyane yake cewa tare da ingantacciyar hanyar likita, magungunan nishaɗi suna buɗe kofa don ingantacciyar magani da kula da wasu cututtukan da ke ƙara ɓarke ​​​​a cikin al'umma. Magunguna kamar marijuana da namomin kaza na sihiri ba su da jaraba ta jiki amma suna iya zama jaraba ta hankali. Ko da yake, ba shakka, likita na gida zai kasance yana rubuta allurai waɗanda ba su dace ba. Maimakon magungunan magunguna na yau da kullun waɗanda suka fi haɗari, wani lokacin ba su da tasiri, kuma suna iya haifar da jaraba mai tsanani kamar Xanax, oxycodone, ko Prozac, yuwuwar samun damar yin amfani da madadin magungunan da aka ambata a baya ya nuna yana da babbar dama kuma zai zama abin farin ciki. ga al'umma. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka bincike da ya haɗa da kwayoyi kamar marijuana, ecstasy, da psychedelics zai ba da ƙarin ilimi game da yadda ake amfani da haɓaka ingantattun shirye-shiryen gyarawa da lafiya.