Tsogolo lokhala ndi mankhwala ovomerezeka ovomerezeka

“M’kukambitsirana kwanga ndi Paul (wophunzira wazaka zakumapeto kwa zaka XNUMX, wophunzira wapayunivesite), iye analongosola Ecstasy kukhala ‘mankhwala ochirikiza m’tsogolo’ chifukwa chakuti amapereka, m’mawonekedwe osavuta kudyedwa, zotulukapo zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhumbidwa m’mikhalidwe yachiyanjano—mphamvu, kumasuka, ndi kudekha. Anaona kuti mbadwo wake unakula kumwa mapiritsi monga yankho lofulumira ku matenda akuthupi ndi kuti njira imeneyi tsopano ingakhale ikufalikira ku mbali zina za moyo, pamenepa, mayanjano ndi zosangalatsa.”

Mawu omwe ali pamwambawa akuchokera Pepala la Anna Olsen Consuming e: Kugwiritsa ntchito chisangalalo komanso moyo wamasiku ano lofalitsidwa mu 2009. Nkhani yake inachokera ku Canberra, ku Australia, ikufotokoza zimene zinachitikira anthu awiri amene anagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otchedwa ecstasy. Pokambirana ndi ophunzira za zomwe adakumana nazo komanso kumvera zomwe amakonda, chisangalalo chidafotokozedwa ngati kupereka phindu ku ubale. Mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri amatanthawuza "malingaliro okhudzana ndi moyo, zosangalatsa, ndi kufunikira kokhala ndi anthu ndi nyonga popanda kusokoneza maudindo ena a anthu."

Sikuti chisangalalo chapeza chidwi chochulukirapo ndikugwiritsa ntchito m'badwo wazaka chikwi, koma mankhwala ambiri osangalatsa omwe amaonedwa ngati "osaloledwa" akukhala ofala kwambiri m'magulu amakono. Chamba nthawi zambiri ndi mankhwala oyamba omwe amabwera m'maganizo akamaganiza za mankhwala osaloledwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha achinyamata, ndipo mfundo za anthu zayamba kuyankha izi. Ku United States, mndandanda wa mayiko omwe amavomereza chamba ndi Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, ndi Washington. Mayiko owonjezera ayambanso kuganizira zovomerezeka, kapena ayambitsa njira yochotsera milandu. Mofananamo, Canada ikukonzekera kuyambitsa malamulo a chamba mu masika a 2017 - amodzi mwa malonjezo Pulezidenti wa ku Canada Justin Trudeau ankafuna kukwaniritsa.

Nkhaniyi ikufuna kufotokoza momwe chamba ndi chisangalalo chamakono cha anthu amakono komanso chikhalidwe cha achinyamata, chifukwa uwu ndi m'badwo womwe udzakhala ukudziwitsa zamtsogolo. Mankhwala osangalatsa ambiri adzaganiziridwa, koma cholinga chake chidzakhala pa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, ecstasy ndi chamba. Makhalidwe apano ndi andale adzakhala ngati maziko odziwa njira yomwe angatengere chamba, chisangalalo, ndi mankhwala ena osangalatsa.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'magulu ndi chikhalidwe cha achinyamata

N'chifukwa chiyani anagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri?

Pakhala zoyesayesa zambiri zoletsa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga chamba chifukwa, mwachidule, “mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi oipa.” Padziko lonse lapansi ayesa kangapo pofuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pakati pa achinyamata, mwachitsanzo malonda a pa TV ndi pa intaneti osonyeza kutsetsereka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Koma mwachiwonekere, sizinachite zambiri. Monga Misty Millhorn ndi anzake amalemba mu pepala lawo Maganizo a Anthu aku North America Pankhani ya Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo: “Ngakhale kuti masukulu aphunzitsa anthu za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga DARE, chiwerengero cha achinyamata amene amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sichinachepe kwambiri.”

Ofufuza ayamba kuyang'ana ziwerengero zochokera ku kafukufuku ndi ntchito zomwe ochita kafukufuku ena adachita ndi chiyembekezo chopeza yankho la funso linalake: chifukwa chiyani achinyamata ndi achinyamata akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngakhale achenjezedwa ali aang'ono?

Howard Parker ochokera ku yunivesite ya Manchester wachita ntchito yodabwitsa poyesa kutsutsa zifukwa zomwe zikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pakati pa achinyamata. Iye ndi m'modzi mwa otsogolera otsogolera "normalization thesis": kuti achinyamata ndi achinyamata apanga pang'onopang'ono kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kukhala gawo la moyo wawo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Cameron Duff amathetsa ganizo mowonjezereka, mwachitsanzo, "nthano yokhazikika" ikhoza kuwonedwa ngati "'chida chamitundumitundu, chowunikira kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo'. The normalization thesis, m'lingaliro ili, yokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe - ndi njira zomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumapangidwira, kuganiziridwa komanso nthawi zina kulekerera ngati chikhalidwe chokhazikika - monga momwe amachitira kafukufuku wa achinyamata angati amadya zinthu zoletsedwa, momwe nthawi zambiri komanso m'mikhalidwe yotani."

Kupeza nthawi yopuma m'dziko lotanganidwa

Lingaliro la "normalization thesis" ndilo maziko omwe ofufuza ambiri amachitira maphunziro awo. M'malo modalira ziwerengero, ochita kafukufuku m'malo mwake akuyang'ana malingaliro abwino kuti amvetse zifukwa "zowona" za chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'mibadwo yachichepere kwafala kwambiri. Si zachilendo kwa anthu kuganiza kuti ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zigawenga ndipo sathandizira anthu, koma ntchito ya Anna Olsen yatsimikizira kuti: "Pakati pa anthu omwe ndinawafunsa, kugwiritsa ntchito Ecstasy kunali kofanana, ndipo izi zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe abwino okhudza mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Nkhani za otenga nawo mbali za nthawi ndi malo amene anagwiritsira ntchito Ecstasy zinaphatikizapo nkhani za makhalidwe abwino za nthawi ndi pamene kunali koyenera kumwa mankhwalawa. zogwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa malo ndi nthawi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zosangalatsa komanso kucheza. " Ngakhale kuti ntchito yake inali ku Australia, ndizofala kumva maganizo awa kuchokera kwa anthu aku Canada ndi America.

Cameron Duff adachita kafukufuku yemwenso adachokera ku Australia, ophatikiza anthu 379 a "bar and nightclub" pogwiritsa ntchito "njira yolowera" posankha omwe atenga nawo mbali mwachisawawa komanso mofunitsitsa m'mabala ndi makalabu ausiku kuti apeze anthu ambiri. osati gulu limodzi. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti 77.2% mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali amadziwa anthu omwe amamwa "mankhwala aphwando," mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapepala amatanthauza mankhwala osangalatsa. Komanso, 56% ya omwe adatenga nawo gawo adatsimikizira kuti adagwiritsapo ntchito mankhwala aphwando kamodzi m'moyo wawo.

Duff amazindikiranso momwe anthu okhazikika bwino akuwoneka kuti akufanana ndi mbadwo watsopanowu wa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ananenanso kuti "pafupifupi 65% ya zitsanzozi ndi olembedwa ntchito, ochuluka kwambiri ndi antchito anthawi zonse, pomwe ena 25% adanenanso za kusakanizika kwa ntchito, maphunziro apamwamba, ndi/kapena maphunziro." Iye akugogomezera kuti anthu amene amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sangangoganiziridwa kukhala opanduka kapena opanda phindu m’chitaganya; za malo ochezera ndi azachuma, ndipo akuwoneka kuti asintha machitidwe awo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti 'agwirizane' ndi maukondewa. " Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi ntchito ya Olsen ponena za lingaliro lakuti si anthu "oipa" okha omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi zolinga ndi zokhumba, omwe amapita patsogolo pa moyo wawo waumwini ndi waukatswiri. . Choncho, kufunika kosangalala ndi zosangalatsa masiku ano kungapezeke mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, malinga ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera komanso mwachisangalalo.

Momwe enawo amamvera

Kawonedwe wamba pamankhwala ongosangalatsa akuwoneka kuti amasiyana malinga ndi komwe mukupita. Kuvomerezeka kwa chamba, makamaka, kukuwoneka kuti kukuvutabe ku United States pomwe Canada ili ndi malingaliro omasuka pankhaniyi. Millhorn ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adawona pokambirana kuti: "Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti anthu ambiri aku America amakhulupirira kuti chamba sichiyenera kuloledwa, koma pakhala kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kwa chikhulupiriro chakuti chamba chiyenera kuvomerezedwa." Ngakhale kuti kusuta chamba nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa manyazi m'madera ena a ku America ndi Canada, "Sizinafike mpaka 1977 pamene anthu a ku America anayamba kuthandizira kuvomereza kwa chamba. ndi kuwonjezeka pang’ono kwa thandizo ku Canada, “kuchokera pa 28 peresenti mu 1977 kufika pa 34 peresenti mu 2003.”

Tsogolo lokhala ndi mankhwala ovomerezeka ovomerezeka

Kodi gulu lathu lingawoneke bwanji ndi mfundo za boma zomwe zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro ochirikiza malamulo? Pali, ndithudi, mapindu a kuvomereza chamba, chisangalalo, ndi mankhwala ena ongosangalatsa. Koma, pali kuthekera kwa malingaliro onse kupita kumwera. Nkhani zina zoipa poyamba.

Zoipa ndi zonyansa

Kukonzekera nkhondo

Peter Frankopan, mkulu wa Oxford Center for Byzantine Research ndi wofufuza wamkulu ku Worcester College, Oxford, analemba nkhani yabwino kwambiri pa Aeon yotchedwa, "Nkhondo, Pa Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo”. Mmenemo, akufotokoza mbiri ya kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo nkhondo isanayambe. Ma Viking a m’zaka za m’ma 9 mpaka 11 anadziŵika makamaka kaamba ka ichi: “Anthu amene anaona ndi maso anaganiza momvekera bwino kuti chinachake chakweza ankhondo ameneŵa kukhala mkhalidwe wofanana ndi masomphenya. Iwo ayenera kuti anali olondola. Zoonadi, mphamvu zoposa zaumunthu ndi kuyang'ana kwake kunali chifukwa cha kumeza bowa wa hallucinogenic wopezeka ku Russia, makamaka wa bowa. kuuluka agaric - omwe chipewa chake chofiira chodziwika bwino komanso madontho oyera nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mafilimu a Disney. […] Bowa wapayiyoni wa ntchentche wa agaric, ukawiritsidwa, umatulutsa zotsatira zamphamvu zamaganizo, kuphatikizapo kunyezimira, chisangalalo, ndi kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo. Ma Vikings adaphunzira za kuuluka agaric paulendo wawo wodutsa mitsinje ya Russia."

Komabe, mbiri ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nkhondo isanayambe siimatha pamenepo. Pervitin kapena "panzer chokolade" adadutsa pamzere waku Germany mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse: "Zinkawoneka ngati mankhwala odabwitsa, otulutsa malingaliro ozindikira kwambiri, kuyang'ana chidwi ndi kulimbikitsa kutenga zoopsa. kugwira ntchito pakugona pang'ono." A British adagwiritsanso ntchito: "General (kenako Field Marshal) Bernard Montgomery adapereka Benzedrine kwa asilikali ake kumpoto kwa Africa madzulo a nkhondo ya El Alamein - gawo la pulogalamu yomwe inawona mapiritsi a 72 miliyoni a Benzedrine akulamulidwa kwa asilikali a Britain. pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.

CNN inanena mu November 2015 wa Omenyera ISIS komanso kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo nkhondo isanayambe. Captagon, amphetamine yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yotchuka ku Middle East, idakhala mankhwala osankhidwa. Dr. Robert Kiesling, dokotala wa matenda a maganizo, anagwidwa mawu m’nkhaniyo kuti: “Ukhoza kukhala maso kwa masiku angapo. Simuyenera kugona. […] Zimakupatsirani kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso chisangalalo. Ndipo ukuganiza kuti ndiwe wosagonjetseka ndipo palibe chimene chingakuvulaze.”

Chidziwitso m'manja olakwika

Zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo ovomerezeka sizimangokhala pankhondo. Kulembetsa mwalamulo mankhwala osangalatsa kungasungunule zotchinga za kafukufuku woyenera komanso wozama wa kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala ndi zotsatira zake. Chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi zomwe apeza zimasindikizidwa kwa gulu la asayansi komanso anthu. Chifukwa cha zochitika izi, zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira zosafunikira. Pali kale chizolowezi cha "mankhwala opangira" atsopano omwe akutuluka mofulumira. Monga tafotokozera m'nkhani ya WebMD "Mankhwala Opangira Msika Watsopano Wakuda: Chifukwa Chiyani Tsopano?" Wothandizira DEA adanenedwa kuti: "'Chosiyana kwambiri apa ndi intaneti -- chidziwitso, chabwino kapena cholakwika kapena chosayanjanitsika, chimafalitsidwa pa liwiro la mphezi ndikusintha malo omwe timasewerera. [...] Ndi mkuntho wabwino kwambiri. Intaneti isanayambe, zinthu zimenezi zinatenga zaka zambiri kuti zisinthike.Project Know” ndi, “opangidwa makamaka kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo omwe alipo kale okhudza mankhwala. Mankhwalawa akhoza kukhala mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala oletsedwa akale kapena angakhale mankhwala atsopano omwe amapangidwa kuti asagwirizane ndi malamulo.” Chifukwa chake, kulembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kungapangitse kuti zidziwitso zina zipezeke mosavuta, ndipo omwe akufuna kupanga mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri atha kutero.

The Good

Panthawiyi, zingawoneke ngati payenera kuganiziridwanso ngati mankhwala osangalatsa ayenera kukhala ovomerezeka. Komabe, mbali yoipayo sinena nkhani yonse.

Monga tanenera kale, pakali pano pali zopinga pa zokonda zina za kafukufuku chifukwa cha momwe mankhwala ena osangalalira amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma, magulu opeza ndalama mwachinsinsi adatha kuyitanitsa mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono ochita kafukufuku okhudza anthu ochepa okha. Anatha kudziwa zina mwazabwino zomwe mankhwala osangalatsa monga chamba, ecstasy, komanso bowa wamatsenga ali nawo pochiza matenda kuyambira kupweteka mpaka matenda amisala.

Zauzimu, kuchiza maganizo

German Lopez ndi Javier Zarracina adasonkhanitsa maphunziro ochuluka momwe angathere pa nkhani yawo yomwe ili ndi mutu Zochititsa chidwi, zachilendo zachipatala za mankhwala a psychedelic, zofotokozedwa mu maphunziro a 50+. Mmenemo, akuwonetsa mapepala angapo ofalitsidwa ndi ofufuza omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yofufuza za psychedelics pa chithandizo chamankhwala. Amabweretsanso maakaunti awo kuchokera kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali kufotokoza momwe adamvera atalandira chithandizo. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera, kafukufuku akuyeserabe kuchoka pamapazi ake. Maphunziro awo ali ndi kukula kwachitsanzo chaching'ono, ndipo palibe magulu olamulira kuti adziwe ngati zotsatira zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi zotsatira za psychedelics. Komabe, ochita kafukufuku ali ndi chiyembekezo chifukwa otenga nawo mbali akuwonetsa zabwino panthawi ya chithandizo.

Kuchepetsa kusuta fodya, uchidakwa, nkhawa za kutha kwa moyo, komanso kupsinjika maganizo ndi ena mwa mavuto akuluakulu omwe anthu adawona kusintha atamwa bowa wamatsenga kapena LSD. Ofufuza sakudziwa chomwe chikuyambitsa izi, koma ena amakhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa cha zochitika zachinsinsi zomwe ma psychedelics amatha kuyambitsa. Lopez ndi Zarracina akutsutsa kuti otenga nawo mbali anali ndi "zokumana nazo zakuya zomwe nthawi zina zingawathandize kuzindikira zatsopano zamakhalidwe awo komanso kulumikizananso ndi zomwe amafunikira komanso zomwe amaika patsogolo potengera zomwe zili zofunika kwa iwo pakukonza zinthu." Albert Albert Garcia-Romeu, wofufuza wina wa Johns Hopkins, mofananamo ananena kuti, “Pamene iwo ali ndi zokumana nazo zoterozo, kumawonekera kukhala kothandiza kwa anthu kukhala okhoza kupanga masinthidwe a makhalidwe monga kuleka kusuta.”

A ena kupsyinjika, kuchiza ululu

Mu pepala lofalitsidwa mu 2012 lotchedwa Chamba Chamankhwala: Kuchotsa Utsi ndi ofufuza Igor Grant, J. Hampton Atkinson, Ben Gouaux, ndi Barth Wilsey, zotsatira za chamba chogwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana zimawonedwa kuchokera pakumaliza maphunziro angapo. Mwachitsanzo, chamba chokokedwa ndi utsi nthawi zonse chinapangitsa kuchepetsa kwambiri kumva kupweteka kosatha mu kafukufuku wina. Anthu ambiri omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu adanenanso kuti 30% adachepetsa ululu akamamwa chamba. Ofufuzawo anatsindika mfundoyi chifukwa "kuchepa kwa 30% kwa ululu wopweteka nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi malipoti a moyo wabwino."

Pankhani ya kupanga THC, yomwe imatengedwa pakamwa, odwala AIDS adawonetsanso zabwino pamtundu umodzi wa mankhwala, dronabinol: "Mayesero a odwala AIDS omwe ali ndi vuto lochepa thupi kwambiri amasonyeza kuti dronabinol 5mg tsiku ndi tsiku imapambana kwambiri placebo ponena za chilakolako chokhalitsa. kupititsa patsogolo (38% vs. 8% pa masabata a 6), komanso kuti zotsatirazi zinapitirira mpaka miyezi ya 12, koma sizinaperekedwe ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kulemera kwa thupi, mwina chifukwa cha kuwononga mphamvu kwa matenda."

Odwala omwe ali ndi multiple sclerosis (MS) adakhudzidwanso ndi mayesero ena. Analgesia, kulephera kumva ululu, ndi chinthu chomwe anthu omwe ali ndi MS amafunafuna zamankhwala kuti athandize pa matenda awo. Iwo, nawonso, adachita bwino: kafukufuku wina wotsatira miyezi ya 12 adapeza kuti 30% ya odwala omwe amathandizidwa ndi mtundu wina wa chamba chifukwa cha ululu wokhudzana ndi MS amatha kukhalabe ndi kumverera kwa analgesia ndipo adanena kuti anapitirizabe "kuwongolera" mlingo waukulu wa 25mg wa THC tsiku lililonse. Motero, ochita kafukufuku afika ponena kuti, “kuchepetsa ululu kungapitirire popanda kuwonjezeka kwa mlingo.”

Pali zotsatirapo, ndithudi, koma zikuwoneka kuti, kupyolera mu mayesero angapo a kafukufuku, odwala safika pamlingo wovuta kwambiri womwe umatsogolera ku chipatala: "Nthawi zambiri zotsatirazi zimakhala zokhudzana ndi mlingo, zimakhala zochepetsetsa pang'onopang'ono mpaka pang'onopang'ono. akuwoneka kuti akuchepa pakapita nthawi, ndipo amanenedwa kuti sakhala odziwa zambiri kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito opanda nzeru -30%), kufooka kwa minofu (60% -10%), myalgia (25%), ndi kugunda kwa mtima (5%).

Ndi zoonekeratu kuti ndi chitsogozo choyenera cha madokotala, mankhwala osangalatsa amatsegula khomo la kuchiza bwino ndi kuwongolera matenda ena amene akukhudza kwambiri anthu. Mankhwala monga chamba ndi bowa wamatsenga sasokoneza thupi koma amatha kusokoneza maganizo. Ngakhale, ndithudi, dokotala wanu wam'deralo angakhale akulembera Mlingo wocheperako. M'malo mwa mankhwala omwe ali owopsa kwambiri, nthawi zina osagwira ntchito, ndipo angayambitse zizolowezi zoipa monga Xanax, oxycodone, kapena Prozac, mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena omwe tawatchulawa wasonyeza kuti ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu ndipo ungakhale wopindulitsa. ku gulu. Komanso, kafukufuku wowonjezereka wokhudza mankhwala monga chamba, ecstasy, ndi psychedelics angapereke chidziwitso chochuluka cha momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndikukhazikitsa mapulogalamu abwino obwezeretsa ndi thanzi.