Izinzwa ezihlola ukugula: Ukubona izifo ngaphambi kokwephuza kakhulu

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• October 3, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Ososayensi basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) ukuze bathole izifo kusenesikhathi, okungenzeka baguqule ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ngamadivayisi alingisa amandla ezinja okuhogela isifo noma asebenzise okugqokekayo ukuze kuqashwe izimpawu ezibalulekile. Lobu buchwepheshe obusafufusa bubonisa isithembiso ekubikezeleni izifo ezifana ne-Parkinson kanye ne-COVID-19, futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luhloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukunemba nokwandisa izinhlelo zokusebenza. Lezi ntuthuko zinganikeza imithelela ebalulekile ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, kusukela ezinkampanini zomshwalense ezisebenzisa izinzwa zokulandelela idatha yesiguli kuye kohulumeni abahlanganisa ukuxilonga okusekelwe ezinzwa kuzinqubomgomo zezempilo zomphakathi.

Umongo wezinzwa ezithola ukugula

Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi nokuxilongwa kungasindisa izimpilo, ikakhulukazi ezifweni ezithathelwanayo noma izifo ezingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka ukuthi izimpawu zibonakale. Isibonelo, isifo sikaParkinson (PD) sibangela ukonakala kwemoto (isb, ukundindizela, ukuqina, nezinkinga zokuhamba) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kubantu abaningi, umonakalo awulungiseki lapho bethola ukugula kwabo. Ukuze kubhekwane nalolu daba, ososayensi benza ucwaningo ngezinzwa nemishini ehlukene ekwazi ukubona izifo, kusukela kuleso esisebenzisa amakhala ezinja kuya kuleso esisebenzisa ukufunda ngomshini (ML). 

Ngo-2021, umfelandawonye wabacwaningi, okuhlanganisa iMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University eMaryland, kanye neMedical Detection Dogs eMilton Keynes, bathola ukuthi bangaqeqesha ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) ukuze balingise indlela izinja. khipha isifo. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi uhlelo lwe-ML luhambisana nezinga lempumelelo yezinja ekutholeni izifo ezithile, okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza wendlala yesinye. 

Iphrojekthi yocwaningo iqoqe amasampula omchamo kubantu abagulayo nabanempilo; la masampula abe esehlaziywa ukuze kutholwe ama-molecule angabonisa ubukhona besifo. Ithimba labacwaningi liqeqeshe iqembu lezinja ukuze libone iphunga lama-molecule agulayo, futhi abacwaningi babe sebeqhathanisa amazinga azo empumelelo ekuhlonzeni ukugula nalawo e-ML. Ekuhloleni amasampula afanayo, zombili izindlela zithole ukunemba okungaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-70. Abacwaningi banethemba lokuhlola isethi yedatha ebanzi ukukhomba izinkomba ezibalulekile zezifo ezahlukahlukene ngokuningiliziwe. Esinye isibonelo senzwa yokuhlola ukugula yileyo eyakhiwe yi-MIT kanye ne-Johns Hopkins University. Le nzwa isebenzisa amakhala ezinja ukuthola umdlavuza wesinye. Nokho, nakuba inzwa ihlolwe ngempumelelo ezinjeni, kusenomsebenzi othile okufanele wenziwe ukuze ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa emtholampilo.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Ngo-2022, abacwaningi benza i-e-nose, noma i-AI olfactory system, engaxilonga i-PD ngokusebenzisa izinhlanganisela zephunga esikhumbeni. Ukuze kwakhiwe lobu buchwepheshe, ososayensi abavela e-China bahlanganisa i-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry nenzwa ye-surface acoustic wave kanye nama-algorithms e-ML. I-GC ingahlaziya izinhlanganisela zephunga ezivela ku-sebum (into enamafutha ekhiqizwa isikhumba somuntu). Ososayensi babe sebesebenzisa ulwazi ukuze bakhe i-algorithm yokubikezela ngokunembile ubukhona be-PD, ngokunemba kwamaphesenti angu-70. Lapho ososayensi besebenzisa i-ML ukuze bahlaziye wonke amasampula ephunga, ukunemba kweqa kumaphesenti angama-79. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi izifundo eziningi ezinosayizi wesampula obanzi nohlukahlukene zidinga ukwenziwa.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ngesikhathi sokuphakama kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, ucwaningo ngedatha eqoqwe izinto ezigqokwayo, njenge-Fitbit, i-Apple Watch, ne-Samsung Galaxy smartwatch, lubonise ukuthi la madivayisi angathola ukutheleleka ngegciwane. Njengoba lawa madivayisi angaqoqa idatha yenhliziyo nomoya-mpilo, amaphethini okulala, namaleveli omsebenzi, angaxwayisa abasebenzisi ngezifo ezingaba khona. 

Ikakhulukazi, iSibhedlela saseMount Sinai sahlaziya idatha ye-Apple Watch ezigulini ezingama-500 futhi sathola ukuthi labo abangenwe ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 babonisa izinguquko ekuguquguqukeni kwezinhliziyo zabo. Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi lokhu okutholakele kungaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezigqokwayo ukudala uhlelo lokuhlonza ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwamanye amagciwane afana nomkhuhlane nomkhuhlane. Uhlelo oluyisixwayiso lungaphinde lwenziwe ukuze luthole izindawo ezishisayo zokutheleleka ngamagciwane esikhathi esizayo, lapho iminyango yezempilo ingangenelela ngaphambi kokuba lezi zifo zikhule zibe ubhadane olugcwelegcwele.

Imithelela yezinzwa ezibona ukugula

Imithelela ebanzi yezinzwa ezibona ukugula ingabandakanya: 

• Abahlinzeki bomshwalense abakhuthaza izinzwa zokuthola ukugula zokulandelela ulwazi lokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwesiguli. 
• Abathengi abatshala imali kuzinzwa ezisizwa yi-AI namadivayisi athola izifo ezingandile kanye nokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo okungaba khona kanye nokuquleka.
• Ukwandisa amathuba ebhizinisi kubakhiqizi abagqokekayo ukuthuthukisa amadivayisi okulandelela isiguli ngesikhathi sangempela.
• Odokotela bagxile emizamweni yokubonisana esikhundleni sokuxilonga. Isibonelo, ngokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ezihlola ukugula ukusiza ekuxilongweni, odokotela bangachitha isikhathi esiningi benza izinhlelo zokwelashwa eziqondene nomuntu.
• Izinhlangano zocwaningo, amanyuvesi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisana ukuze zenze amadivayisi nesofthiwe ukuthuthukisa ukuxilonga, ukunakekelwa kwesiguli, nokutholwa kobhubhane ngezinga labantu.
• Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwezinzwa ezihlola ukugula okukhuthaza abahlinzeki bezempilo ukuthi bashintshele kumamodeli okunakekelwa kwezempilo okubikezelwayo, okuholela ekungeneleleni kwangaphambili kanye nemiphumela yesiguli ethuthukisiwe.
• Ohulumeni ababuyekeza izinqubomgomo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuze bahlanganise ukuxilonga okusekelwe ezinzwa, okuholela ezinhlelweni zokuqapha kanye nezimpendulo zezempilo yomphakathi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
• Ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa obuvumela ukuqapha kwesiguli kude, ukunciphisa ukuvakasha ezibhedlela nezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, okuzuzisa kakhulu imiphakathi yasemakhaya noma enganakiwe.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Uma ungumnikazi wento egqokekayo, uyisebenzisa kanjani ukulandelela izibalo zakho zezempilo?
• Iyiphi enye indlela izinzwa ezibona ukugula ezingawushintsha ngayo umkhakha wezokunakekelwa kwempilo?