Misonkho ya Carbon kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene: Kodi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene angakwanitse kulipirira zomwe amatulutsa?

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• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• November 27, 2023

Chidule cha chidziwitso

European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ikufuna kuwongolera momwe mpweya umatulutsa mpweya koma mosadziwa akhoza kulanga mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene omwe alibe njira zochepetsera mpweya mwachangu. Popeza kuti mayiko otukuka angapeze ndalama zowonjezereka zokwana madola 2.5 biliyoni kuchokera ku msonkho wa carbon, maiko otukuka kumene angatayikire ndalama zokwana madola 5.9 biliyoni, kutsutsa mmene alili pa zachuma ndi m’misika. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumatsutsana ndi mfundo za maudindo osiyanasiyana pazochitika zanyengo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira zofananira zomwe zimazindikira kuthekera kosiyanasiyana ndi milingo yachitukuko. Zotsatira zazikulu zomwe mayiko omwe akutukuka akukumana nazo zingaphatikizepo kuchepa kwa mafakitale, kutayika kwa ntchito, ndi kukankhira mgwirizano wachigawo kuti asakhululukidwe, pamodzi ndi kuwonjezereka kwa thandizo lakunja ndi ndalama zaukadaulo wobiriwira.

Misonkho ya Carbon pamayiko omwe akutukuka kumene

Mu Julayi 2021, European Union (EU) idatulutsa njira yofulumizitsa kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ndikuyesa kulinganiza mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya kaboni m'dera lonselo mosasamala kanthu komwe zinthu zimapangidwira pokhazikitsa misonkho. Lamuloli limakhudza simenti, chitsulo ndi chitsulo, aluminiyamu, feteleza, ndi magetsi. Ngakhale zikuwoneka ngati lingaliro labwino kumakampani amisonkho pamtundu uliwonse wa kaboni womwe umaperekedwa ndi kupanga kwawo ndi njira zogwirira ntchito, sizinthu zonse zachuma zomwe zingakwanitse kunyamula katundu wotere.

Nthaŵi zambiri, mayiko amene akutukuka kumene alibe luso laumisiri kapena luso lochepetsera mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lapansi. Ayenera kutaya kwambiri chifukwa makampani ochokera m'maderawa adzayenera kutuluka mumsika wa ku Ulaya chifukwa sangathe kutsata malamulo a msonkho wa carbon. Akatswiri ena akuganiza kuti mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene atha kutumiza pempho ku bungwe la World Trade Organisation (WTO) kuti ateteze anthu ena komanso kutetezedwa kumitengo imeneyi. Ena amati mabungwe am'madera monga Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) ndi Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) atha kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti agawane ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndikukambirana kuti ndalama za msonkho wa carbon zipite kumafakitale am'deralo m'malo mwa akuluakulu akunja.

Zosokoneza

Kodi misonkho ya carbon imakhudza bwanji mayiko amene akutukuka kumene? Bungwe la United Nations lazamalonda la United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) likuyerekeza kuti ndi USD $ 44 pa msonkho wa carbon tani, mayiko otukuka adzakhala ndi ndalama zowonjezera zokwana $ 2.5 biliyoni pamene mayiko omwe akutukuka adzataya $ 5.9 biliyoni. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ku Asia ndi Africa ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zochepetsera utsi wokwera mtengo. Amakondanso kukhala pachiwopsezo cha nyengo, kutanthauza kuti adzapindula kwambiri ndi ntchito zochepetsera utsi pakapita nthawi. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, angakhale ndi chisonkhezero chochepa chotsatira njira zimene zingakhudze kwambiri chuma chawo. Chifukwa china chokanira ndi chakuti mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene atha kutaya gawo la msika m'mayiko otukuka chifukwa msonkho wa carbon ungapangitse kuti katundu wochokera ku mayiko omwe akutukuka azikwera mtengo. 

Kusalinganika kumeneku sikugwirizana ndi mfundo ya udindo wamba koma wosiyana ndi kuthekera kosiyana (CBDR-RC). Dongosololi likunena kuti mayiko otsogola akuyenera kukhala patsogolo pothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo, potengera zomwe amathandizira pankhaniyi, komanso luso lawo laukadaulo lothana nazo. Pamapeto pake, msonkho uliwonse wa kaboni woperekedwa uyenera kuganizira magawo osiyanasiyana a chitukuko ndi mphamvu pakati pa mayiko otukuka ndi omwe akutukuka kumene. Njira yamtundu umodzi singakhale yopambana kuti mayiko onse azikhala nawo pochepetsa kusintha kwanyengo.

Zowonjezereka za msonkho wa carbon ku mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene

Zomwe zingakhudze msonkho wa carbon ku mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene zingaphatikizepo: 

• Makampani opanga ndi zomangamanga ochokera kumayiko omwe akutukuka akutaya ndalama chifukwa chakuchepa kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zitha kubweretsanso ulova m'magawo awa.
• EU ndi mayiko ena otukuka akupereka chithandizo, ukadaulo, ndi maphunziro kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kuti achepetse kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni.
• Maboma omwe akutukuka kumene azachuma amalimbikitsa makampani awo kuti agwiritse ntchito kafukufuku waukadaulo wobiriwira, kuphatikiza kupereka thandizo ndi kupeza ndalama kuchokera kumayiko ena.
• Mabungwe azachuma akumagawo akulumikizana kuti alimbikitse kuti asaloledwe mu WTO.
• Mafakitale ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wambiri wa carbon amapezerapo mwayi wopeza misonkho ya kaboni yomwe ingakhalepo m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndikusamutsira ntchito zawo kumayikowa.

Mafunso oti muyankhepo

• Kodi misonkho ya carbon ingapangidwe bwanji kuti ikhale yofanana kwa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene?
• Kodi maiko otukuka angathandize bwanji mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kuti achepetse kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon?