Makomar wasannin Olympics

Tara ’yan wasa mafi ƙarfi, masu ƙwazo, da zazzafar ’yan wasa, gasar Olympics ita ce taron wasanni da ake sa ran za a yi a duniya. Yana faruwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu kuma ana samun musanya tsakanin wasannin bazara da na hunturu, wasannin Olympics na buƙatar kulawar duniya baki ɗaya. Ga 'yan wasan Olympic da dama, tsayawa kan mumbari da lambar yabo a wuyansu, suna wakiltar kasarsu, shi ne babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a wannan sana'a, kuma ga sauran, zai kasance a matsayin babban burinsu.

Amma gasar Olympics tana canzawa a gaban idanunmu. Gasar tana ƙara yin zafi kuma a kowace shekara, masu ƙarfi a cikin wasanninsu suna karya tarihin duniya, suna sanya hannun jari fiye da kowane lokaci. 'Yan wasa suna mamaye rarrabuwarsu tare da kusancin iyawar mutane. Amma ta yaya? Menene ainihin abin da ya ba su fa'ida? Shin kwayoyin halitta ne? Magunguna? Hormones? Ko wasu nau'ikan kayan haɓakawa?

Amma mafi mahimmanci, ina wannan duka ke tafiya? Ta yaya canje-canje na baya-bayan nan da ci gaban kimiyya, fasaha, da da'a za su shafi wasannin Olympics na gaba?

Fara

Godiya ga kokarin Baron Pierre de Coubertin, gasar Olympics ta zamani ta farko ta faru a Athens a shekara ta 1896 lokacin da ya ba da shawarar maido da wasannin Olympics na zamanin da kuma ya kafa kwamitin Olympics na duniya (IOC). Wanda aka fi sani da "Wasanni na Olympics na Farko," an ayyana su a matsayin nasara mai ruri, kuma masu sauraro sun karbe su da kyau.

A shekara ta 1924, an raba wasannin Olympics a hukumance zuwa wasannin hunturu da na bazara, tare da wasannin hunturu na farko da suka faru a Chamonix, Faransa. Ya ƙunshi wasanni 5 kawai: bobsleigh, hockey kankara, curling, Nordic skiing, da skating. An gudanar da wasannin bazara da lokacin hunturu a cikin shekara guda har zuwa 1992 lokacin da aka saita su zuwa zagaye na shekaru hudu.

Idan muka kalli bambance-bambance a cikin wasanni tun daga farko har zuwa yanzu, canje-canjen suna da ban mamaki!

Da farko, ba a ba wa mata damar shiga mafi yawan abubuwan da suka faru ba, gasar Olympics ta 1904 tana da 'yan wasa mata shida kawai kuma dukkansu sun shiga wasan harbi. Wani babban canji mai alaƙa da ababen more rayuwa. Taron wasan ninkaya a shekarar 1896 ya faru ne a tsakiyar dusar kankara, bude ruwa inda masu fafatawa a tseren mita 1200 aka dauke su ta jirgin ruwa zuwa tsakiyar ruwa kuma aka tilasta musu yin yaki da raƙuman ruwa da yanayi mara kyau don komawa bakin teku. Wanda ya lashe gasar, Alfréd Hajós na Hungary ya bayyana cewa shi adali ne murna da tsira.

Ƙara cikin wannan juyin halittar kyamarori da tsarin kwamfuta wanda ya ba 'yan wasa damar bincika kowane motsi. Yanzu za su iya kallon wasa-da-wasa, mataki-mataki-mataki kuma su ga inda suke buƙatar canza kayan aikinsu da fasahohinsu. Hakanan yana ba da damar alkalan wasa, alkalan wasa, da jami'an wasanni su sarrafa yadda ya kamata da wasa da ka'idoji don yanke shawara mafi kyau game da keta doka. Kayayyakin wasanni, irin su rigunan ninkaya, kekuna, kwalkwali, wasan wasan tennis, takalman gudu, da sauran kayan aiki marasa iyaka sun taimaka wajen ci gaban wasanni sosai.

A yau, 'yan wasa sama da 10,000 ne ke fafatawa a gasar Olympics. Filayen wasan na almubazzaranci da kankare, kafofin watsa labarai sun mamaye da daruruwan miliyoyin mutane suna kallon wasannin a duniya, kuma mata da yawa suna fafatawa a wancan lokacin! Idan duk waɗannan abubuwan sun faru a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, kawai kuyi tunani game da yiwuwar nan gaba.

Dokokin jinsi

A tarihi an raba wasannin Olympics zuwa jinsi biyu: namiji da mace. Amma a zamanin yau, tare da karuwar adadin masu yin jima'i da 'yan wasa na jima'i, wannan ra'ayi an soki sosai kuma an yi shawarwari.

An ba wa 'yan wasan maza da mata damar shiga gasar Olympics a hukumance a shekara ta 2003 bayan da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa (IOC) ya gudanar da wani taro da aka sani da "Stockholm Consensus on Sex Reassignment in Sports." Dokokin sun yi yawa kuma suna buƙatar "maganin maye gurbin hormone na aƙalla shekaru biyu kafin gasa, amincewa da doka game da sabon jinsi na mutum, da tiyatar sake gina al'aura."

Tun daga watan Nuwamba 2015, duk da haka, 'yan wasan transgender za su iya yin gasa tare da jinsin da suka bayyana a matsayin, ba tare da buƙatar kammala aikin sake gina al'aurar ba. Wannan doka ta kasance mai canza wasa, kuma ta raba ra'ayoyi iri ɗaya tsakanin jama'a.

A halin yanzu, kawai abubuwan da ake buƙata don mata masu wucewa su ne watanni 12 akan maganin hormone, kuma babu wasu buƙatun da aka tsara don mazaje. Wannan shawarar ta ba da damar ’yan wasa da dama da su shiga gasar Olympics ta 2016 a Rio, yakin da mutane da yawa suka kwashe shekaru suna fafatawa. Tun daga wannan shawarar, IOC ta sami hukunce-hukunce daban-daban da kulawar kafofin watsa labarai.

Dangane da haɗa kai, IOC ta sami tabbataccen bita da yawa. Amma dangane da adalci sun sami tsangwama mai tsauri wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan canjin namiji zuwa mace. Saboda maza a zahiri suna da matakin testosterone mafi girma fiye da mata, canjin canji yana ɗaukar lokaci don rage shi zuwa matakin mata na “al'ada”. Dokokin IOC suna buƙatar mace ta trans don samun matakin testosterone a ƙasa da 10 nmol/L na akalla watanni 12. Matsakaicin mace, duk da haka, tana da matakin testosterone na kusan 3 nmol/L.

Lokacin da namiji ya canza zuwa mace, akwai kuma abubuwan da ba zai iya kawar da su ba, ciki har da tsayi, tsari da wasu nau'in tsokar su na maza. Ga mutane da yawa, ana ganin wannan a matsayin fa'idar rashin adalci. Amma ana watsi da wannan fa'ida ta hanyar bayyana cewa yawan tsoka da tsayi na iya zama a rashin amfani a wasu wasanni. Don ƙarawa ga wannan, Cyd Zeigler, marubucin "Wasa Gaskiya: Yadda 'Yan wasan LGBT ke Da'awar Matsayinsu na Dama a Wasanni," ya kawo ma'ana mai mahimmanci; "Kowane dan wasa, ko cisgender ko transgender, yana da fa'ida da rashin amfani."

Chris Mosier, mutumin farko da ya canza jinsi da ya fara gasa a Team USA shima ya kunyata masu suka da kalaman nasa:

"Ba mu kore Michael Phelps saboda samun manyan makamai masu tsayi; wannan wata fa'ida ce ta gasa da yake da ita a wasansa. Ba mu tsara tsayi a cikin WNBA ko NBA; tsayi yana da fa'ida kawai ga cibiya. Muddin wasanni ya kasance a kusa, an sami mutanen da suka sami fa'ida akan wasu. Babu filin wasa na duniya."

Abu daya da kowa ya yarda da shi shine yana da rikitarwa. A cikin rana da shekaru na haɗa kai da haƙƙin daidaitawa, IOC ba za ta iya nuna wariya ga 'yan wasan motsa jiki ba, suna bayyana kansu cewa suna son tabbatar da cewa "ba a cire 'yan wasan trans daga damar shiga gasar wasanni ba." Suna cikin tsaka mai wuya inda dole ne su yi tunani a kan ƙimar su a matsayin ƙungiya kuma su gano hanya mafi kyau don magance ta.

To, menene ainihin wannan duka ke nufi ga makomar wasannin Olympics? Hernan Humana, farfesa na kinesiology a Jami'ar York da ke Toronto, Kanada, ya yi tunani a kan tambayoyin ɗan adam yana mai cewa "Fatana ita ce haɗakarwa ta yi nasara… nan don." Ya annabta cewa za a sami lokacin da za mu yi tunani a kan ɗabi'unmu a matsayinmu na ɗan adam kuma za mu "ketare gada idan ya zo" saboda babu wata hanyar da za a iya faɗi ainihin abin da zai faru.

Wataƙila ƙarewar wannan shelar jinsin “buɗe” jinsi. Ada Palmer, marubucin labarin almarar kimiyya, Yayi Kamar Walƙiya, yayi hasashen cewa maimakon a kasu kashi na maza da mata, kowa zai yi takara a fanni daya. Ta ba da shawarar cewa "al'amuran da girman ko nauyi ke ba da babbar fa'ida, za su ba da rukunin "buɗe" inda kowa zai iya shiga, amma har da abubuwan da suka bambanta da tsayi ko nauyi, kamar dambe a yau." Zai ƙare zama mafi yawan mata suna fafatawa a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da maza a cikin manya.

Humana, duk da haka, ya kawo matsala tare da wannan ƙarshe: Shin wannan zai inganta mata su kai ga cikakkiyar damar su? Shin za a sami isassun tallafin da za su yi nasara zuwa matakin da maza? Idan muka raba ’yan dambe a kan girmansu, ba ma nuna musu wariya da cewa ’yan damben ba su kai na manya ba amma Humana ta yi gardama, mu kan yi saurin sukar mata mu ce “Oh, ba ta da kyau.” Samar da sashin “buɗe” na jinsi na iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli fiye da waɗanda muke da su yanzu.

Dan wasan "cikakkiyar".

Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, kowane dan wasa yana da fa'idarsa. Waɗannan fa'idodi ne ke ba 'yan wasa damar yin nasara a wasannin da suke so. Amma idan muka yi magana game da waɗannan fa'idodin, muna magana ne game da bambance-bambancen jinsin su. Duk wata dabi'a da ke ba dan wasa damar wasan motsa jiki fiye da sauran, misali karfin motsa jiki, adadin jini, ko tsayi, an rubuta shi a cikin kwayoyin halittar dan wasa.

An fara tabbatar da hakan ne a wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Iyali ta Heritage ta yi, inda aka keɓe kwayoyin halitta 21 da ke da alhakin iya motsa jiki. An gudanar da binciken ne a kan ‘yan wasa 98 da aka ba su horo iri daya kuma yayin da wasu suka iya kara karfinsu da kashi 50% wasu kuma ba su iya ko kadan. Bayan ware kwayoyin halittar 21, masanan kimiyya sun iya yanke shawarar cewa 'yan wasan da ke da 19 ko fiye na wadannan kwayoyin halitta sun nuna sau 3 mafi ci gaba a cikin karfin iska. Wannan, saboda haka, ya tabbatar da cewa a haƙiƙa akwai ginshiƙan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin wasan motsa jiki kuma ya ba da damar ƙarin bincike kan batun.

David Epstein, ɗan wasa da kansa, ya rubuta littafi akan wannan mai suna "The Sport Gene." Epstein ya danganta duk nasarar da ya samu a matsayin dan wasa ga kwayoyin halittarsa. Lokacin da yake atisayen tseren mita 800, Epstein ya lura cewa ya iya zarce abokin wasansa, duk da cewa ya fara a matakin kasa da kasa kuma yana da tsarin horo iri daya. Epstein kuma ya yi amfani da misalin Ero Mäntyranta daga Finland, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta duniya sau bakwai. Ta hanyar gwajin kwayoyin halitta, ya bayyana cewa Mäntyranta yana da maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittarsa ​​ta EPO akan jajayen ƙwayoyin jininsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya sami ƙarin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini na 65% fiye da matsakaicin mutum. Masanin ilimin halittarsa, Albert de la Chapelle, ya ce babu shakka ya ba shi damar da yake bukata. Mäntyranta, duk da haka, ya musanta waɗannan iƙirarin kuma ya ce shi ne "ƙuduri da ruhinsa."

A yanzu babu shakka cewa kwayoyin halitta suna da alaƙa da ikon motsa jiki, amma yanzu babbar tambaya ta zo: Shin za a iya amfani da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta don kera ɗan wasa “cikakkiyar” ɗan wasa? Yin amfani da DNA na amfrayo yana kama da batun almara na kimiyya, amma wannan ra'ayin na iya zama kusa da gaskiya fiye da yadda muke zato. A ranar 10 ga Mayu^th, Masu bincike na 2016 sun hadu a Harvard don wani taron sirri don tattauna ci gaban da aka samu a binciken kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan da suka gano shine cewa kwayar halittar ɗan adam gabaɗaya tana iya "sosai mai yuwuwa wanzu 'a cikin ƙanƙanin shekaru goma'' tare da alamar farashin kusan dala miliyan 90. Babu shakka da zarar an fitar da wannan fasaha, za a yi amfani da ita wajen kera ’yan wasa “cikakkiyar”.

Koyaya, wannan ya kawo wata tambaya mai ban sha'awa! Shin ɗan wasan “cikakkiyar” ɗan wasa zai yi amfani da kowane manufa a cikin al'umma? Duk da bayyanannen abubuwan da ke damun ɗabi'a, masana kimiyya da yawa suna da shakkun cewa 'yan wasan za su yi "kowane abu mai kyau" a duniya. Wasanni suna bunƙasa daga gasar. Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin a Siffar ta Sporttechie, masu binciken "ba a yi tunanin su ba da nufin su kasance masu cin nasara ba tare da izini ba, kuma yayin da cikakken dan wasa zai kwatanta nasara mai mahimmanci ga kimiyya, zai nuna mummunar cin nasara ga duniyar wasanni." Da gaske zai kawar da kowace irin gasa da yuwuwa har ma da jin daɗin wasanni gaba ɗaya.

Tasirin tattalin arziki

Bayan nazarin bangaren kudi da tattalin arziki na gasar Olympics, yawancinsu sun amince da rashin dorewar halin da ake ciki. Tun a gasar Olympics na farko, farashin karbar bakuncin wasannin ya karu da kashi 200,000%. Wasannin bazara a shekarar 1976, tare da farashin dala biliyan 1.5, ya kusa yin fatara a birnin Montreal na Kanada, kuma ya ɗauki birnin shekaru 30 kafin ya biya bashin. Babu wasannin Olympic guda ɗaya tun daga 1960 da suka shiga ƙarƙashin kasafin kuɗin da aka tsara kuma matsakaita akan gudu yana da ban mamaki 156%.

Masu suka, irin su Andrew Zimbalist, sun yi iƙirarin cewa duk waɗannan matsalolin sun fito ne daga kwamitin Olympics na duniya. Ya bayyana cewa, “Mallaka ne na kasa da kasa da ba a kayyade shi ba, yana da karfin tattalin arziki mai yawa kuma abin da yake yi a duk bayan shekaru hudu shi ne cewa ta gayyaci biranen duniya don yin fafatawa da juna don tabbatar wa IOC cewa su ne mafi cancantar masaukin baki. na Wasanni." Kowace ƙasa tana gasa da juna don tabbatar da cewa sun fi sauran ƙasashe "lalata".

Kasashe sun fara kamawa, kuma jama'a gaba daya sun gaji da sakamakon gudanar da wasannin. Gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi ta 2022 ta kasance tana da ƙasashe tara a asali. Sannu a hankali kasashe sun fara ficewa saboda rashin goyon bayan jama'a. Oslo, Stockholm, Karkow, Munich, Davos, Barcelona, ​​da Quebec City, duk sun fice daga neman nasu, inda kawai Almaty, a tsakiyar yankin Katazstan mai rashin kwanciyar hankali, da Beijing, kasar da ba a san ta da wasannin lokacin hunturu ba.

Amma, dole ne a sami mafita, ko? Humana, a Jami'ar York, ya yi imanin cewa, a gaskiya, gasar Olympics za ta yiwu. Cewa yin amfani da fagagen da ake da su, da ’yan wasa na gidaje a dakunan kwanan dalibai na jami’o’i da kwalejoji, da rage yawan wasannin motsa jiki da rage farashin halartar duk za su iya haifar da kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali a wasannin Olympics. Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa na ƙananan abubuwa waɗanda zasu haifar da babban bambanci. Ci gaban gasar Olympics a yanzu, kamar yadda Dr. Humana da wasu da dama suka amince, ba zai dore ba. Amma ba yana nufin ba za su iya samun ceto ba.

A hango cikin nan gaba

A ƙarshen rana, makomar ba ta da tabbas. Za mu iya yin hasashe masu ilimi game da yadda abubuwa za su iya faruwa ko ba za su faru ba, amma hasashe ne kawai. Yana da daɗi ko da yake don tunanin yadda makomar za ta kasance. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin ne ke rinjayar yawancin fina-finai da nunin TV a yau.

The Huffington Post kwanan nan tambaya Marubuta sci-fi 7 don yin hasashen yadda suke tunanin gasar Olympics za ta kasance a nan gaba. Tunani gama gari a tsakanin marubuta daban-daban shine shawarar wasanni daban-daban don “iri” na mutane daban-daban. Madeline Ashby, marubucin Garin Kamfanin yayi annabta, "Za mu ga nau'ikan wasannin da ake da su: wasanni don haɓakar ɗan adam, wasanni don nau'ikan jikin mutum daban-daban, wasannin da suka gane jinsi yana da ruwa." Wannan ra'ayin yana maraba da 'yan wasa na kowane nau'i da launuka don yin gasa, kuma yana haɓaka haɗin kai da ci gaban fasaha. Wannan da alama shine mafi kusantar zaɓi a wannan lokacin, saboda kamar yadda Patrick Hemstreet, marubucin Allah Wave ya ce, “Muna jin daɗin shaida tsayin daka da sarƙaƙƙiyar iyawar ɗan adam. Don ganin membobin nau'ikanmu suna busa shingen da ba za a iya shawo kansu ba shine mafi girman nau'in nishaɗin."

Ga mutane da yawa, ra'ayin cewa za mu gyara jikin ɗan adam ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, injiniyoyi, magunguna ko kowace hanya, abu ne mai matuƙar makawa. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya, yana da kusan yiwuwa yanzu! Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu suna dakatar da su shine tambayoyin da'a a baya, kuma da yawa sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan ba za su daɗe ba.

Wannan, duk da haka, yana ƙalubalanci ra'ayinmu game da 'yan wasa na gaskiya. Max Gladstone, marubucinCross Road, Four Roads Cross. yana ba da shawarar madadin. Ya ce za mu samu a ƙarshe "don yin shawarwari game da abin da manufofin wasan motsa jiki na ɗan adam ke nufi lokacin da jikin ɗan adam ya zama abin iyakancewa." Gladstone ya ci gaba da bayyana yuwuwar wasannin Olympics na iya riƙe 'yan wasan da ba su inganta ba amma hakan ba ya nufin cewa mu, masu sauraro, za mu yi. Ya annabta cewa wataƙila “wata rana yaran yaranmu, waɗanda za su iya tsallen gine-gine masu tsayi a ɗaki ɗaya, za su taru don kallo, da idanu na ƙarfe, gungun yara masu zafin gaske da aka yi da nama da tseren ƙasusuwan ƙashi na mita ɗari huɗu.”

Gasar Olympics ta 2040

Gasar Olympics za ta canja sosai kuma wannan wani abu ne da ya kamata mu fara tunani yanzu. Gaba yana da ban sha'awa kuma ci gaban ɗan wasan ɗan adam zai zama abin kallo don dandana. Idan muka yi la'akari da yadda wasannin Olympics suka canza tun lokacin da aka dawo da su a shekara ta 1896, gasar Olympics ta 2040, alal misali, za ta kasance mai sauyi.

Bisa la'akari da halin da ake ciki a cikin dokokin jinsi a wasannin Olympics, mai yuwuwa haɗa kai zai yi nasara. Za a ci gaba da karɓar 'yan wasan transgender a cikin wasannin Olympics, tare da watakila ƙarin ƙa'idodi akan testosterone da sauran jiyya na hormone. Filin wasa mai adalci na duniya ga 'yan wasa bai taɓa kasancewa ba, kuma ba zai taɓa wanzuwa da gaske ba. Kamar yadda muka tabo, kowa yana da fa'ida wanda ya sa su zama 'yan wasa da suke sa su yi fice a abin da suke yi. Matsalolinmu game da makomar gasar Olympics za su shafi yin amfani da waɗannan "fa'idodi." Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya yi tsalle-tsalle, yana mai da'awar cewa za a iya kerar dan Adam gaba daya na roba a cikin shekaru goma. Da alama baƙon abu ne cewa nan da shekara ta 2040, waɗannan ƴan adam na roba za su iya shiga wasannin Olympics, tare da ingantaccen DNA ɗin su.

Ya zuwa wannan lokaci, duk da haka, dole ne a sami sauyi a tsarin wasannin Olympics. Mai yiyuwa ne gasar Olympics ta 2040 za ta gudana a birane ko kasa fiye da daya don yada wasannin da rage bukatar yin sabbin filayen wasanni da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Ta hanyar samar da hanyar da za ta iya daukar nauyin gasar wasannin Olympics, wasannin za su fi samun sauki ga mutane da yawa, kuma zai kasance da sauki ga kasashe su karbi bakuncin wasannin. Har ila yau, akwai yuwuwar adadin wasannin zai ragu a wurin kwana don ƙaramin sikelin wasannin Olympics.

A karshen wannan rana, da gaske makomar wasannin Olympics tana hannun bil'adama. Kamar yadda Humana ta tattauna a baya, dole ne mu kalli wanene mu jinsin. Idan mun kasance a nan don zama jinsin da ya haɗa da gaskiya, to wannan zai haifar da wata gaba ta daban fiye da idan muna nan don zama mafi kyau, gasa da mamaye wasu. Dole ne mu yi la'akari da "ruhu" na wasannin Olympics, kuma mu tuna da abin da muke jin dadin gasar Olympics. Za mu zo kan mararraba inda waɗannan yanke shawara za su bayyana ko wanene mu a matsayin mutane. Har sai lokacin, zauna a baya kuma ku ji daɗin kallon.