Tsogolo la Masewera a Olimpiki

Posonkhanitsa othamanga amphamvu kwambiri, amphamvu kwambiri, ndi owopsa kwambiri, maseŵera a Olimpiki mosakayikira ndiwo maseŵera amene akuyembekezeredwa kwambiri padziko lonse. Masewera a Olimpiki amachitika kamodzi pazaka ziwiri zilizonse ndipo amasinthana pakati pa chilimwe ndi chisanu, maseŵera a Olimpiki amafuna kuti dziko lonse liziwaganizira. Kwa othamanga ambiri a Olimpiki, kuyimirira pabwalo ndi mendulo m'khosi mwawo, kuimira dziko lawo, ndizofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yawo, ndipo kwa ena onse, zidzakhalabe ngati maloto awo aakulu.

Koma Masewera a Olimpiki akusintha pamaso pathu. Mpikisano ukuchulukirachulukira ndipo chaka chilichonse, akuluakulu amphamvu pamasewera awo akuphwanya mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikuyika masitepe apamwamba kuposa kale. Othamanga akulamulira magawano awo ndi luso loposa laumunthu. Koma bwanji? Ndi chiyani kwenikweni chomwe chawapatsa mwayi? Ndi chibadwa? Mankhwala osokoneza bongo? Mahomoni? Kapena njira zina zowonjezera?

Koma chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti, kodi zonsezi zikupita kuti? Kodi kusintha kwa posachedwapa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi, luso lazopangapanga, ndi makhalidwe abwino kudzakhudza bwanji masewera a Olympic amtsogolo?

Chiyambi

Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za Baron Pierre de Coubertin, maseŵera a Olimpiki oyambirira amakono anachitika ku Athens mu 1896 pamene adapempha kubwezeretsedwa kwa Masewera Akale a Olimpiki ndikupanga International Olympic Committee (IOC). Odziwika kuti "Masewera a Olympiad Yoyamba," adalengezedwa kuti ndi opambana kwambiri, ndipo adalandiridwa bwino ndi omvera.

Pofika m'chaka cha 1924, Masewera a Olimpiki adagawidwa m'maseŵera a Zima ndi Chilimwe, ndipo Masewera a Zima oyambirira anachitika ku Chamonix, France. Inali ndi masewera asanu okha: bobsleigh, ice hockey, kupindika, Nordic skiing, ndi skating. Masewera a Chilimwe ndi Zima adachitika mchaka chomwecho mpaka 5 pomwe adakhazikitsidwa mkombero wazaka zinayi.

Tikayang'ana kusiyana kwa masewerawa kuyambira pomwe akuyamba mpaka pano, zosintha ndizodabwitsa!

Poyambirira, akazi sankaloledwa ngakhale kupikisana nawo zochitika zambiri, Olimpiki a 1904 anali ndi othamanga azimayi asanu ndi limodzi okha ndipo onse adachita nawo masewera oponya mivi. Kusintha kwina kwakukulu kokhudzana ndi zomangamanga. Chochitika chosambira mu 1896 chinachitika pakati pa madzi oundana, otseguka kumene ochita nawo mpikisano wa 1200m adatengedwa ndi ngalawa mpaka pakati pa madzi ndikukakamizika kumenyana ndi mafunde ndi zovuta kuti abwerere ku gombe. Wopambana pampikisanowu, Afréd Hajós wa ku Hungary ananena kuti anali wolungama ndikusangalala kuti ndapulumuka.

Onjezani mu izi kusintha kwa makamera ndi makina apakompyuta omwe amalola othamanga kuyang'ana kayendedwe kawo kalikonse. Tsopano amatha kuyang'ana kusewera-ndi-sewero, pang'onopang'ono ndikuwona komwe akuyenera kusintha biomechanics ndi njira zawo. Limaperekanso mwayi kwa osewera, oyimbira masewero, ndi akuluakulu a masewera kuti azilamulira bwino masewero ndi malamulo kuti apange zisankho zabwino zokhudzana ndi kuphwanya malamulo. Zida zamasewera, monga masuti osambira, njinga, zipewa, mabwalo a tennis, nsapato zothamanga, ndi zida zina zosatha zathandizira kwambiri masewera apamwamba.

Masiku ano, othamanga oposa 10,000 amapikisana pa maseŵera a Olimpiki. Mabwalo amasewera ndi opambanitsa komanso konkriti, atolankhani atenga mphamvu ndi mamiliyoni mazana ambiri akuwonera masewerawa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo azimayi ambiri akupikisana kuposa kale! Ngati zonsezi zakhala zikuchitika m’zaka 100 zapitazi, tangoganizirani zimene zidzachitike m’tsogolo.

Malamulo a jenda

Masewera a Olimpiki adagawidwa m'magulu awiri: amuna ndi akazi. Koma masiku ano, ndi kuchuluka kwa othamanga a transgender ndi intersex, lingaliro ili latsutsidwa kwambiri ndikukambirana.

Othamanga a Transgender adaloledwa kuchita nawo mpikisano wa Olimpiki mu 2003 pambuyo poti Komiti Yadziko Lonse ya Olimpiki (IOC) idachita msonkhano womwe umadziwika kuti "Stockholm Consensus on Sex Reassignment in Sports." Malamulowo anali ochuluka ndipo ankafuna “mankhwala obwezeretsa mahomoni kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri mpikisano usanachitike, kuvomereza mwalamulo kuti ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, komanso opaleshoni yokakamiza yokonzanso maliseche.”

Pofika mu Novembala 2015, othamanga a transgender amatha kupikisana limodzi ndi jenda omwe amawazindikira, osafunikira kumaliza opaleshoni yokonzanso maliseche. Lamuloli linali losintha masewera, ndipo adagawana malingaliro osiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu.

Pakalipano, zofunikira zokhazokha za trans-akazi ndi miyezi 12 pa chithandizo cha mahomoni, ndipo palibe zofunikira zoperekedwa kwa trans-amuna. Chisankhochi chinathandiza othamanga ambiri othamanga kukachita nawo mpikisano wa Olympics mu 2016 ku Rio, nkhondo yovuta yomwe ambiri akhala akumenyana kwa zaka zambiri. Chiyambireni chigamulochi, IOC yalandira chigamulo chosiyanasiyana komanso chidwi ndi media.

Pankhani yakuphatikizidwa, IOC yalandila ndemanga zabwino zambiri. Koma ponena za chilungamo adalandira chizunzo chankhanza chomwe makamaka chimakhudza kusintha kwa amuna kupita kwa akazi. Chifukwa amuna mwachibadwa amakhala ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa testosterone kusiyana ndi akazi, kusintha kumatenga nthawi kuti achepetse mpaka "mulingo wamba" wa amayi. Malamulo a IOC amafuna kuti mkazi wa trans azikhala ndi testosterone pansi pa 10 nmol/L kwa miyezi yosachepera 12. Mayi wamba, komabe, ali ndi mulingo wa testosterone pafupifupi 3 nmol/L.

Pamene mwamuna apanga kusintha kwa mkazi, palinso zinthu zomwe sangathe kuzichotsa, kuphatikizapo kutalika, kapangidwe kake ndi zina mwa minofu yawo yamphongo. Kwa ambiri, izi zimawonedwa ngati mwayi wopanda chilungamo. Koma mwayi umenewu nthawi zambiri umatsutsidwa ponena kuti minofu ndi kutalika kwake kungakhalenso a kuipa m'masewera ena. Kuwonjezera pa izi, Cyd Zeigler, wolemba "Fair Play: Momwe Othamanga a LGBT Akudzinenera Malo Awo Oyenera M'masewera," abweretse mfundo yovomerezeka; "Wothamanga aliyense, kaya ndi cisgender kapena transgender, ali ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa."

Chris Mosier, munthu woyamba transgender kupikisana pa Team USA adachititsanso manyazi otsutsa ndi mawu ake:

"Sitimuletsa Michael Phelps chifukwa chokhala ndi mikono yayitali kwambiri; Umenewo ndi mwayi chabe wampikisano womwe ali nawo pamasewera ake. Sitilamulira kutalika kwa WNBA kapena NBA; kukhala wamtali ndi mwayi chabe wapakati. Kwa nthawi yonse yomwe masewera akhala akuchitika, pakhala pali anthu omwe ali ndi ubwino kuposa ena. Malo osewerera padziko lonse lapansi palibe."

Chinthu chimodzi chomwe aliyense akuwoneka kuti akugwirizana nacho ndikuti ndizovuta. Patsiku ndi nthawi ya kuphatikizidwa ndi ufulu wofanana, IOC singathe kusankhana ndi othamanga othamanga, kunena kuti akufuna kuonetsetsa kuti "othamanga othamanga sakuchotsedwa pa mwayi wochita nawo mpikisano wamasewera." Iwo ali mumkhalidwe wovuta momwe ayenera kusinkhasinkha pazikhalidwe zawo monga bungwe ndikupeza njira yabwino yothanirana nazo.

Ndiye kodi zonsezi zikutanthauza chiyani mtsogolo mwamasewera a Olimpiki? Hernan Humana, pulofesa wa sayansi ya zamoyo pa yunivesite ya York ku Toronto, Canada, akulingalira za mafunso aumunthu ponena kuti "Chiyembekezo changa ndi chakuti kuphatikizidwa kumapambana ... kuno kwa.” Amalosera kuti padzakhala nthawi yomwe tidzayenera kulingalira za makhalidwe athu monga mtundu wa anthu ndipo tidzayenera "kuwoloka mlatho ikafika" popeza palibe njira yodziwiratu zomwe zidzachitike.

Mwina mapeto a izi ndi kulengeza za kusiyana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ada Palmer, wolemba buku lopeka la sayansi, Monga Mphezi, amalosera kuti m’malo mogaŵikana m’magulu amuna ndi akazi, aliyense adzapikisana m’gulu limodzi. Ananenanso kuti "zochitika zomwe kukula kapena kulemera kumapereka mwayi waukulu, angapereke magawano "otseguka" pomwe aliyense atha kutenga nawo mbali, komanso zochitika zosiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kapena kulemera, mofanana ndi nkhonya masiku ano." Amatha kukhala azimayi ambiri omwe amapikisana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi amuna mumagulu akulu.

Humana, komabe, akubweretsa vuto ndi mfundo iyi: Kodi izi zidzalimbikitsa amayi kukwaniritsa zomwe angathe? Kodi padzakhala thandizo lokwanira kuti apambane pamlingo wofanana ndi amuna? Tikamagawaniza mabokosi pa kukula kwawo, sitiwasala n’kumanena kuti osewera nkhonya ang’onoang’ono si abwino ngati akulu koma Humana anatsutsa, timafulumira kudzudzula akazi n’kumanena kuti “Aa, si bwino choncho.” Kupanga magawano a jenda "otseguka" kotero kungayambitse mavuto ochulukirapo kuposa omwe tili nawo pano.

Wothamanga "Wangwiro".

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, wothamanga aliyense ali ndi ubwino wake. Ndi zabwino izi zomwe zimalola othamanga kuchita bwino pamasewera omwe amasankha. Koma tikamakamba za ubwino umenewu, tikunenadi za kusiyana kwawo kwa majini. Chikhalidwe chilichonse chomwe chimapatsa wothamanga mwayi wothamanga kuposa china, mwachitsanzo mphamvu ya aerobic, kuchuluka kwa magazi, kapena kutalika kwake, imalembedwa mu majini a wothamanga.

Izi zidatsimikiziridwa koyamba mu kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Heritage Family Study, pomwe majini a 21 anali olekanitsidwa kuti akhale ndi udindo wa luso la aerobic. Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa pa othamanga a 98 omwe adaphunzitsidwa chimodzimodzi ndipo pamene ena adatha kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo ndi 50% ena sanathe nkomwe. Atatha kudzipatula kwa majini a 21, asayansi adatha kunena kuti othamanga omwe anali ndi 19 kapena kuposerapo mwa majiniwa amasonyeza kusintha kwa 3 nthawi zambiri mu mphamvu ya aerobic. Choncho, izi zinatsimikizira kuti panalidi maziko a majini a luso la masewera ndipo zinatsegula njira yofufuza zambiri pa mutuwo.

David Epstein, wothamanga mwiniwake, analemba buku pa izi lotchedwa "The Sport Gene." Epstein amati kupambana kwake konse monga wothamanga kumatengera majini ake. Pophunzitsa mtunda wa 800m, Epstein adawona kuti adatha kuposa mnzake, ngakhale adayamba pamlingo wocheperako ndipo anali ndi gulu lomwelo. Epstein adagwiritsanso ntchito chitsanzo cha Eero Mäntyranta wochokera ku Finland, yemwe adalandira mendulo yapadziko lonse kasanu ndi kawiri. Kupyolera mu kuyezetsa majini, zinawoneka choncho Mäntyranta anali ndi masinthidwe mu jini yake yolandirira EPO pa maselo ofiira a magazi, zomwe zinamupangitsa kukhala ndi 65% ya maselo ofiira a magazi kuposa munthu wamba. Katswiri wake wa majini, Albert de la Chapelle, akuti mosakayikira zidamupatsa mwayi womwe amafunikira. Mäntyranta, komabe, amatsutsa zonenazi ndipo akunena kuti kunali "kutsimikiza mtima ndi psyche" yake.

Tsopano palibe kukayikira kuti majini amagwirizanitsidwa ndi luso la masewera, koma tsopano pakubwera funso lalikulu: Kodi majini amenewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga wothamanga "wangwiro" mwachibadwa? Kuwongolera kwa DNA ya embryonic kumawoneka ngati mutu wankhani zopeka za sayansi, koma lingaliro ili likhoza kukhala loyandikira kwambiri kuposa momwe timaganizira. Pa Meyi 10^th, Ofufuza a 2016 anakumana ku Harvard pamsonkhano wotsekedwa kuti akambirane zakupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa mu kafukufuku wa majini. Zomwe anapeza zinali zoti jini la munthu lopangidwa kotheratu limatha “kwambiri kukhalapo 'pazaka khumi zokha'” ndi mtengo wa $90 miliyoni. Palibe kukayikira kuti teknolojiyi ikatulutsidwa, idzagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga wothamanga "wangwiro".

Komabe, izi zimabweretsa funso lina losangalatsa kwambiri! Kodi wothamanga “wangwiro” wachibadwa adzakhala ndi cholinga chilichonse m’chitaganya? Ngakhale kuti pali zoonekeratu komanso zozama za makhalidwe abwino, asayansi ambiri amakayikira kuti othamanga angachite "zabwino zilizonse" padziko lapansi. Masewera amayenda bwino chifukwa cha mpikisano. Monga tafotokozera mu a zolembedwa ndi Sporttechie, ofufuza “sanali ndi cholinga chofuna kupambana popanda wina aliyense, ndipo pamene kuli kwakuti wothamanga wangwiro angasonyeze ngati sayansi yapambana, izo zingasonyeze kugonja koopsa kwa maseŵera.” Zingathetseretu mpikisano wamtundu uliwonse ndipo mwinanso zosangalatsa zonse zamasewera.

Zotsatira zachuma

Akaunika mbali yazachuma ndi zachuma ya maseŵera a Olimpiki, ambiri amavomereza kusakhazikika kwa mkhalidwe wake wamakono. Kuyambira ma Olympic oyambirira, mtengo wochititsa masewerawa wawonjezeka ndi 200,000%. Masewera a Chilimwe mu 1976, okhala ndi mtengo wa $1.5 biliyoni, anatsala pang’ono kuwononga mzinda wa Montreal, Canada, ndipo zinatengera mzindawu zaka 30 kuti ulipire ngongoleyo. Palibe masewera a Olimpiki amodzi kuyambira 1960 omwe adakhala pansi pa bajeti yawo yomwe akuyembekezeredwa ndipo kuthamanga kwapakati ndi 156%.

Otsutsa, monga Andrew Zimbalist, amati mavuto onsewa amachokera ku International Olympic Committee. Iye akunena zimenezo, "Ndi ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi womwe ulibe malamulo, uli ndi mphamvu zambiri pazachuma ndipo zomwe umachita zaka zinayi zilizonse ndikuti umalimbikitsa mizinda yapadziko lonse lapansi kuti ipikisane wina ndi mnzake kuti atsimikizire ku IOC kuti ndi omwe ali oyenera kulandira alendo. za Masewera.” Dziko lililonse limapikisana kuti litsimikizire kuti iwo ndi “olemera” kuposa mayiko ena.

Mayiko akuyamba kugwira, ndipo anthu onse akutopa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za kuchititsa masewerawa. Masewera a Olimpiki Ozizira a 2022 anali ndi mayiko asanu ndi anayi omwe adapempha. Pang'onopang'ono mayiko adayamba kusiya chifukwa chosowa thandizo la anthu. Oslo, Stockholm, Karkow, Munich, Davos, Barcelona, ​​​​ndi Quebec City onse adasiya zopempha zawo, ndikusiya Almaty yekha, pakati pa dera losakhazikika la Katazstan, ndi Beijing, dziko losadziwika ndi masewera a Zima.

Koma, payenera kukhala yankho, sichoncho? Humana, wa ku yunivesite ya York, amakhulupirira kuti maseŵera a Olimpiki ndi otheka. Kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mabwalo omwe alipo, ochita masewera a nyumba m'nyumba zogona za mayunivesite ndi makoleji, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zochitika zamasewera ndi kutsitsa mitengo yamasewera zitha kubweretsa kukhazikika kwachuma komanso kosangalatsa kwamasewera a Olimpiki. Pali zosankha zambiri zazing'ono zomwe zingapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu. Kukula kwa Olimpiki tsopano, monga momwe Dr. Humana ndi ena ambiri amavomerezera, sikungatheke. Koma sizikutanthauza kuti sangathe kupulumutsidwa.

Kuwoneratu zam'tsogolo

Pamapeto pake, tsogolo silidziwika. Titha kupanga kulosera mophunzitsidwa bwino za momwe zinthu zingachitikire kapena sizingachitike, koma ndi zongopeka chabe. Ndizosangalatsa ngakhale kulingalira momwe tsogolo lidzakhalire. Malingaliro awa ndi omwe amakhudza makanema ambiri ndi makanema apa TV masiku ano.

The Huffington Post posachedwapa anafunsidwa Olemba 7 a sci-fi kuti anenere zomwe amaganiza kuti Masewera a Olimpiki adzawoneka mtsogolo. Lingaliro lodziwika kwa olemba ambiri osiyanasiyana linali lingaliro lamasewera osiyanasiyana a "mitundu" yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. Madeline Ashby, wolemba Company Town akulosera, "Tiwona masewera osiyanasiyana omwe alipo: masewera a anthu okulirapo, masewera amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matupi, masewera omwe amazindikira kuti jenda ndi lamadzi." Lingaliro ili limalandira othamanga amitundu yonse ndi mitundu kuti apikisane, ndipo amalimbikitsa kuphatikizidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo. Izi zikuwoneka ngati njira yomwe ingatheke panthawiyi, chifukwa monga Patrick Hemstreet, wolemba Mulungu Wave limati: “Timasangalala kuchitira umboni utali ndi zovuta za luso la munthu. Kuwona mamembala amtundu wathu akudutsa zotchinga zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zosatheka kuzigonjetsa ndiko zosangulutsa zazikulu kwambiri. ”

Kwa ambiri, lingaliro lakuti tidzasintha thupi la munthu kupyolera mu majini, makina, mankhwala kapena njira ina iliyonse, ndilosapeŵeka kwambiri. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi, ndizotheka tsopano! Zomwe zili pano zomwe zimawalepheretsa ndi mafunso omwe amatsatira, ndipo ambiri amaneneratu kuti izi sizikhala nthawi yayitali.

Izi, komabe, zimatsutsa lingaliro lathu la wothamanga "wowona". Max Gladstone, wolembaFour Roads Cross, akusonyeza njira ina. Akunena kuti tidzakhala nazo "kukambilana zimene maseŵera a anthu amatanthawuza pamene thupi la munthu likhala cholepheretsa.” Gladstone akupitiriza kunena kuti zotheka kuti masewera a Olimpiki apitirizebe kukhala "wowona," osati wothamanga koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti ife, omvera, tidzatero. Iye analosera kuti mwina “tsiku lina ana a ana athu, amene angathe kudumpha nyumba zazitali m’chingwe chimodzi, adzasonkhana kuti aonere, ndi maso achitsulo, gulu la ana olusa opangidwa kuchokera ku nyama ndi mtundu wa mafupa amphawi za mamita mazana anayi.”

Masewera a Olimpiki a 2040

Masewera a Olimpiki asintha kwambiri ndipo ichi ndi chinthu chomwe tikuyenera kuyamba kuchiganizira tsopano. Tsogolo liri losangalatsa ndipo kupita patsogolo kwa wothamanga waumunthu kudzakhala chochititsa chidwi. Tikayang'ana momwe masewera a Olimpiki asinthira kuyambira pomwe adabwezeretsedwa mu 1896, ma Olimpiki a 2040, mwachitsanzo, adzakhaladi osintha.

Kutengera zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano pamalamulo okhudza jenda m'masewera a Olimpiki, kuphatikizidwa kudzakhala kotheka. Othamanga a Transgender apitiliza kulandiridwa mumasewera a Olimpiki, mwina ndi malamulo ochulukirapo okhudza testosterone ndi mankhwala ena a mahomoni. Malo osewerera mwachilungamo padziko lonse a othamanga sanakhalepo, ndipo sadzakhalaponso. Monga tafotokozera, aliyense ali ndi zabwino zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala othamanga momwe alili komanso zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino pazomwe amachita. Mavuto athu ndi tsogolo la Masewera a Olimpiki adzakhudzidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito “zabwino” zimenezi. Kafukufuku wokhudza majini afika patali kwambiri, ponena kuti munthu wopangidwa kotheratu atha kupangidwa m’zaka khumi zokha. Zikuwoneka zodabwitsa kuti pofika chaka cha 2040, anthu opangidwawa atha kutenga nawo gawo pamasewera a Olimpiki, ndi DNA yawo yopangidwa mwangwiro.

Komabe, pofika nthaŵi imeneyi padzakhala kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka maseŵera a Olimpiki. Ndizotheka kuti ma Olimpiki a 2040 achitika m'mizinda yopitilira umodzi kapena mayiko kuti afalitse masewerawa ndikuchepetsa kufunika kopanga mabwalo atsopano ndi zida zatsopano. Popanga njira yotheka yochitira masewera a Olimpiki, masewerawa adzakhala ofikirika kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo zidzakhala zosavuta kuti mayiko achite masewerawa. Ndizothekanso kuti kuchuluka kwamasewera kuchepe m'malo okhala ma Olimpiki ang'onoang'ono.

Pamapeto pake, tsogolo la masewera a Olimpiki lilidi m'manja mwa anthu. Monga Humana tafotokozera kale, tiyenera kuyang'ana kuti ndife ndani. Ngati tili pano kuti tikhale mtundu wophatikizana komanso wachilungamo, ndiye kuti izi zitha kubweretsa tsogolo losiyana ndi ngati tili pano kuti tikhale opambana, kupikisana ndi kulamulira ena. Tiyenera kukumbukira za “mzimu” woipa wa maseŵera a Olimpiki, ndi kukumbukira zimene timasangalala nazo kwambiri maseŵera a Olimpiki. Tidzafika pamphambano pomwe zisankhozi zidzafotokoza kuti ndife ndani monga anthu. Mpaka pamenepo, khalani pansi ndikusangalala ndi mawonekedwe.