Kuwongoleranso chiweruzo, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndi kukonzanso: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P4

ndende yathu yawonongeka. M’madera ambiri padziko lapansi, ndende nthaŵi zonse zimaphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe, pamene mayiko otukuka amatsekera m’ndende kuposa mmene amasinthira.

Ku United States, kulephera kwa ndende kumawonekera kwambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, US imamanga ndende 25 peresenti ya akaidi padziko lonse lapansi - ndizo Akaidi 760 pa nzika 100,000 (2012) poyerekeza ndi Brazil pa 242 kapena Germany pa 90. Popeza kuti US ali padziko lonse ndende chiwerengero cha anthu, ndi chisinthiko m'tsogolo ali ndi zotsatira outsized mmene dziko lonse amaganizira kasamalidwe zigawenga. Ichi ndichifukwa chake dongosolo la US ndilo gawo lalikulu la mutu uno.

Komabe, kusintha kofunikira kuti njira yathu yotsekera ikhale yogwira mtima komanso yaumunthu sizingachitike kuchokera mkati - gulu lankhondo lakunja liwona izi. 

Zochitika zomwe zimalimbikitsa kusintha kwa ndende

Kusintha kwa ndende kwakhala nkhani yovuta kwambiri yandale kwazaka zambiri. Mwamwambo, palibe wandale amene amafuna kuoneka wofooka pa zaupandu ndipo ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene amaganizira kwambiri za moyo wa zigawenga. 

Ku US, zaka za m'ma 1980 zidayamba "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo" yomwe idabwera ndi zigamulo zokhwima, makamaka nthawi yovomerezeka yandende. Zotsatira za ndondomekozi zinali kuchulukirachulukira kwa chiwerengero cha ndende kuchoka pa 300,000 mu 1970 (pafupifupi akaidi 100 pa 100,000) kufika pa 1.5 miliyoni pofika 2010 (akaidi opitirira 700 pa 100,000) -ndipo tisaiwale anthu mamiliyoni anayi omwe anamasulidwa.

Monga momwe munthu angayembekezere, ambiri mwa omwe adatsekeredwa m'ndende anali ophwanya malamulo, mwachitsanzo, omwerekera ndi ogulitsa mankhwala otsika. Tsoka ilo, ambiri mwa olakwawa adachokera kumadera osauka, motero akuwonjezera kusankhana mitundu ndi nkhondo zamagulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mkangano m'ndende. Zotsatira zoyipa izi, kuphatikiza pazochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zaukadaulo, zikupangitsa kuti pakhale gulu lalikulu, logwirizana kwambiri ndikusintha chilungamo chaupandu. Zomwe zimayambitsa kusinthaku ndi izi: 

Kuchulukana. US ilibe ndende zokwanira kuti azisunga mwachifundo akaidi onse, pomwe bungwe la Federal Bureau of Prisons likunena kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 36 peresenti. Pansi pa dongosolo lomwe lilipo pano, kumanga, kusamalira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndende zambiri kuti zithandizire kuwonjezereka kwa ndende zikubweretsa vuto lalikulu pa bajeti ya boma.

Chiwerengero cha akaidi otuwa. Ndende pang'onopang'ono zikukhala malo akuluakulu osamalira anthu okalamba ku US, ndipo chiwerengero cha akaidi opitirira zaka 55 chikuwonjezeka kuwirikiza kanayi pakati pa 1995 ndi 2010. Pofika chaka cha 2030, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a akaidi onse a ku United States adzakhala akuluakulu omwe adzafunika kukhala ndi mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. chithandizo chamankhwala ndi unamwino kuposa momwe chikuperekedwa m'ndende zambiri. Pa avareji, kusamalira akaidi okalamba kungawononge ndalama zoŵirikiza kaŵiri kapena kanayi zimene panopa zimafunika kutsekera m’ndende munthu wazaka za m’ma 20 kapena 30.

Kusamalira odwala m'maganizo. Mofanana ndi mfundo yomwe ili pamwambayi, ndende zikukhala pang'onopang'ono kukhala wothandizira wamkulu wa US kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu a maganizo. Popeza kubweza ndalama ndi kutsekedwa kwa mabungwe ambiri azaumoyo oyendetsedwa ndi boma m'zaka za m'ma 1970, chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a maganizo adasiyidwa opanda chithandizo chofunikira kuti adzisamalira okha. Tsoka ilo, ambiri mwa milandu yowopsa kwambiri adalowa m'bwalo lamilandu pomwe adavutika popanda chithandizo choyenera chamankhwala chomwe amafunikira.

Zaumoyo zikuchuluka. Kuwonjezeka kwachiwawa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwa anthu, kuphatikizapo kufunikira kokulirapo kwa akaidi odwala matenda amisala komanso okalamba, zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo m'ndende zambiri zakhala zikukulirakulira chaka ndi chaka.

Nthawi zambiri recidivism. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maphunziro ndi mapulogalamu a resocialization m'ndende, kusowa kwa chithandizo pambuyo pa kumasulidwa, komanso zolepheretsa ntchito zachikhalidwe kwa omwe adamangidwapo kale, chiwerengero cha recidivism ndi chokwera kwambiri (kupitirira 50 peresenti) zomwe zimatsogolera ku chitseko chozungulira. anthu akulowa ndikulowanso kundende. Izi zimapangitsa kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha akaidi m'dzikoli kukhala kosatheka.

Kugwa kwachuma kwamtsogolo. Monga tafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane wathu Tsogolo la Ntchito mndandanda, zaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi, makamaka, tiwona mndandanda wazinthu zokhazikika zokhazikika chifukwa chodzipangira ntchito ndi makina apamwamba komanso luntha lochita kupanga (AI). Izi zidzachititsa kuchepa kwa anthu apakati komanso kuchepa kwa misonkho yomwe amapanga - zomwe zidzakhudza ndalama zamtsogolo za kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo. 

Cost. Mfundo zonse zomwe tatchulazi pamodzi zimatsogolera kundende komwe kumawononga pafupifupi madola 40-46 biliyoni pachaka ku US kokha (kutengera mtengo wa mkaidi pa $30,000). Popanda kusintha kwakukulu, chiwerengerochi chidzakula kwambiri pofika 2030.

Kusintha kosintha. Poganizira momwe ndende ikuchulukirachulukira komanso zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kuti zikuchulukirachulukira pazachuma chaboma ndi boma, omwe nthawi zambiri amayang'ana zaupandu ayamba kusintha malingaliro awo pakugamula kokakamiza komanso kutsekeredwa m'ndende. Kusinthaku kupangitsa kuti kukhale kosavuta kuti mabilu osintha chilungamo apeze mavoti okwanira amitundu iwiri kuti apitirire kukhala malamulo. 

Kusintha malingaliro a anthu pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuchirikiza kusintha kwamalingaliro kumeneku ndi thandizo lochokera kwa anthu onse pofuna kuchepetsa zilango pamilandu yokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Makamaka, anthu alibe chidwi chofuna kuphwanya malamulo, komanso kuthandizira kuletsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga chamba. 

Kukula kolimbana ndi kusankhana mitundu. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa gulu la Black Lives Matter komanso kutsogola kwa chikhalidwe chandale komanso chilungamo pazandale, andale akumva kukakamizidwa kwa anthu kuti asinthe malamulo omwe amalimbana mopanda malire ndikuimba mlandu anthu osauka, ang'onoang'ono ndi anthu ena oponderezedwa.

Ukadaulo watsopano. Ukadaulo watsopano wosiyanasiyana wayamba kulowa msika wandende ndi lonjezo lochepetsa kwambiri mtengo woyendetsa ndende ndikuthandizira akaidi akamasulidwa. Zambiri zazatsopanozi pambuyo pake.

Kuwongolera chiweruzo

Zachuma, zachikhalidwe, komanso zaukadaulo zomwe zikubwera panjira yathu yazaupandu zikusintha pang'onopang'ono njira yomwe maboma athu amatengera popereka chiweruzo, kutsekera m'ndende, ndi kukonzanso. Kuyambira ndi chigamulo, izi zitha kukhala:

• Kuchepetsa zilango zomwe zikuyenera kutsatiridwa ndikupangitsa oweruza kuti azilamulira nthawi yayitali kundende;
• Khalani ndi njira zoperekera chiweruzo kwa oweruza kuti ziwunikidwe ndi anzawo kuti ziwathandize kuthana ndi tsankho lomwe lingalange anthu mopanda malire malingana ndi mtundu wawo, fuko kapena chuma;
• Apatseni oweruza milandu yowonjezereka m'malo mwa nthawi yandende, makamaka kwa anthu okalamba ndi odwala matenda amisala;
• Kuchepetsa kuphwanya malamulo osankhidwa kukhala olakwa, makamaka pamilandu yokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
• Zofunikira zochepetsera kapena zochotsa kwa omwe akuimbidwa omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa;
• Kuwongolera momwe zolemba zaupandu zimasindikizidwa kapena kufufutidwa kuti zithandizire omwe anali olakwa kupeza ntchito ndikuyanjananso ndi anthu;

Pakadali pano, pofika koyambirira kwa 2030s, oweruza ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma analytics oyendetsedwa ndi data kuti akwaniritse chigamulo chozikidwa pa umboni. Chigamulo cham'bukuli chimagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuti awunikenso mbiri yakale ya woimbidwa mlandu, mbiri yawo ya ntchito, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma, ngakhale mayankho awo pa kafukufuku wamaganizo, zonsezo kuti athe kulosera za chiopsezo chawo chochita zolakwa zamtsogolo. Ngati chiwopsezo chobwezeranso mlanduwo ndi chochepa, ndiye kuti woweruza akulimbikitsidwa kuti awapatse chilango chochepa; ngati chiwopsezo chawo chili chachikulu, ndiye kuti wozengedwayo adzalandira chilango chokhwima kuposa momwe amachitira. Zonsezi, izi zimapatsa oweruza ufulu wochuluka wopereka chilango choyenera kwa opezeka ndi milandu.

Pazandale, kukakamizidwa kwa anthu polimbana ndi nkhondo yamankhwala osokoneza bongo pamapeto pake kupangitsa kuti chamba chikhale choletsedwa pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2020, komanso kukhululukidwa kwa anthu masauzande ambiri omwe atsekeredwa kuti akhale nawo. Kuchepetsanso mtengo wochulukirachulukira mndende, kukhululukidwa, ndi kuyankha koyambirira kwa parole zidzaperekedwa kwa akaidi ambiri osachita zachiwawa. Pomaliza, opanga malamulo ayamba ntchito ya kulinganiza dongosolo lazamalamulo kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha malamulo olembedwa okhudza chiwongoladzanja chapadera m’mabuku ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zophwanya malamulo zomwe zimafuna nthawi yandende. 

Makhothi ogawidwa ndi machitidwe azamalamulo

Kuti achepetse kupsinjika kwa makhothi amilandu, kuweruzidwa kwa olakwa, milandu yocheperako komanso mitundu yosankhidwa yamilandu yamabizinesi ndi mabanja idzaperekedwa ku makhothi ang'onoang'ono ammudzi. Kuzengedwa koyambirira kwa makhothi awa kwachitika zatsimikiziridwa bwino, kupangitsa kutsika kwa 10 peresenti m'kubwerezabwereza ndi kutsika kwa 35 peresenti ya olakwa omwe amatumizidwa kundende. 

Ziwerengerozi zidatheka chifukwa makhoti awa adzilowetse m'deralo. Oweruza awo amayesetsa kusokoneza kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya ndende polola oimbidwa mlanduwo kuvomera kukhala m'chipatala chothandizira anthu odwala matenda amisala, kugwira ntchito zapagulu - ndipo, nthawi zina, kuvala chikwangwani chamagetsi m'malo mwa njira yaparole. amalondola komwe ali ndikuwachenjeza kuti asachite zinthu zina kapena kukhala pamalo enaake. Ndi dongosololi, ophwanya malamulo amateteza mabanja awo, amapewa mbiri yowononga ndalama, komanso amapewa kupanga maubwenzi ndi zigawenga zomwe zingakhale zofala m'ndende. 

Ponseponse, makhothi ammudziwa amabweretsa zotsatira zabwino kwa madera omwe amawatumikira ndikuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo mdera lawo. 

Kuganiziranso zandende kupitirira khola

Ndende za masiku ano zimagwira ntchito yabwino yotsekera akaidi masauzande ambiri—vuto n’lakuti amangochita zochepa. Mapangidwe awo sagwira ntchito kukonzanso akaidi, komanso sagwira ntchito kuti awateteze; ndipo kwa akaidi omwe ali ndi matenda amisala, ndende zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti mikhalidwe yawo ikhale yoipitsitsa, osati yabwinoko. Mwamwayi, zomwezi zikugwiranso ntchito pokonzanso zigamulo zaupandu zikuyambanso kukonza ndende zathu. 

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2030, ndende zidzakhala zitatsala pang'ono kumaliza kusintha kwawo kuchoka m'makola ankhanza, okwera mtengo kwambiri kupita kumalo otsitsirako anthu omwe amaphatikizanso anthu otsekeredwa. Cholinga cha malowa chidzakhala kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi akaidi kuti amvetsetse ndi kuchotsa chisonkhezero chawo chochita nawo zaupandu, komanso kuwathandiza kuti agwirizanenso ndi mayiko akunja m'njira yopindulitsa komanso yabwino kudzera m'mapulogalamu a maphunziro ndi maphunziro. Momwe ndende zamtsogolo izi zidzawoneka ndikugwira ntchito zenizeni zitha kugawidwa m'magawo anayi:

Kapangidwe ka ndende. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti anthu omwe amakhala m'malo okhumudwitsa komanso omwe ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri amakhala ndi makhalidwe oipa. Izi ndi momwe anthu ambiri angafotokozere ndende zamakono, ndipo zingakhale zolondola. Ichi ndichifukwa chake pali chizoloŵezi chowonjezereka chokonzanso ndende kuti ziwoneke ngati sukulu yoitanira ku koleji. 

Lingaliro la kampaniyo, KMD Architects, likuwona malo osungira anthu (mwachitsanzo chimodzi ndi awiri) yomwe ili ndi nyumba zitatu zolekanitsidwa ndi mlingo wa chitetezo, .ie kumanga ndende imodzi ndi chitetezo chokwanira, ndende yachiwiri ndi chitetezo chochepa, ndipo imodzi ndi chitetezo chochepa. Akaidi amatumizidwa ku nyumbazi malinga ndi momwe anawunikiridwa kale, monga momwe zafotokozedwera ndi chigamulo chochokera ku umboni chomwe tafotokoza pamwambapa. Komabe, potengera khalidwe labwino, akaidi omwe ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira amatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono m'nyumba zotetezedwa zomwe zingasangalale ndi zoletsa zochepa komanso ufulu wochulukirapo, motero kulimbikitsa kusintha. 

Mapangidwe a ndendeyi agwiritsidwa kale ntchito bwino kwambiri m'malo osungira ana koma sanasamutsire kundende za akuluakulu.

Technology mu khola. Kuthandizira kusintha kwa mapangidwe awa, matekinoloje atsopano adzafalikira m'ndende zamtsogolo zomwe zidzapangitse kuti zikhale zotetezeka kwa akaidi ndi alonda andende, potero kuchepetsa kupsinjika ndi chiwawa chomwe chafala m'ndende zathu. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuyang'anira mavidiyo kumakhala kofala m'ndende zamakono, posachedwapa adzaphatikizidwa ndi AI yomwe imatha kuzindikira khalidwe lokayikira kapena lachiwawa ndi kuchenjeza gulu la alonda andende omwe nthawi zambiri alibe antchito. Ukadaulo wina wakundende womwe ungakhale wamba pofika m'ma 2030 ndi monga:

• Zibangili za RFID ndi zida zotsatirira zomwe ndende zina zikuyesa nazo. Amalola malo oyang'anira ndende kuyang'anira akaidi nthawi zonse, kudziwitsa alonda za kuchuluka kwachilendo kwa akaidi kapena akaidi omwe amalowa m'malo oletsedwa. Pamapeto pake, zida zolondolera izi zikayikidwa m'ndende, ndendeyo idzathanso kuyang'anira thanzi la mkaidiyo komanso momwe amachitira nkhanza poyesa kugunda kwa mtima ndi mahomoni m'magazi awo.
• Makina ojambulira thupi lonse otchipa adzaikidwa m'ndende yonseyo kuti azindikire akaidi omwe akugulitsidwa mosaloledwa komanso mwaluso kuposa momwe oyang'anira ndende amachitira pakali pano.
• Zipinda za teleconferencing zimalola madotolo kupereka zoyezetsa zachipatala kwa akaidi akutali. Izi zichepetsa mtengo wonyamula akaidi kuchokera kundende kupita kuzipatala zotetezedwa kwambiri, ndipo zipangitsa kuti madotolo ocheperako athe kuthandiza akaidi ochulukirapo omwe akufunika thandizo. Zipindazi zithanso kupangitsa kuti azikumana pafupipafupi ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala komanso othandizira zamalamulo.
• Oyimba mafoni am'manja amalepheretsa akaidi, omwe amapeza mafoni am'manja mosaloledwa, kuyimba mafoni akunja kuti awopsyeze mboni kapena kulamula zigawenga.
• Ma drones oyendera padziko lapansi ndi mumlengalenga adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira madera omwe anthu wamba ndi ma cell blocks. Pokhala ndi mfuti zingapo za taser, zigwiritsidwanso ntchito mwachangu komanso kutali akaidi omwe akuchita ziwawa ndi akaidi ena kapena alonda.
• Wothandizira wa AI wofanana ndi Siri / mlonda wa ndende wapafupi adzapatsidwa kwa mkaidi aliyense ndipo angapezeke kudzera pa maikolofoni ndi wokamba nkhani m'chipinda chilichonse cha ndende ndi chibangili cha RFID. AI idzadziwitsa mkaidi za momwe ndende ilili, kulola akaidi kumvetsera kapena kulemba maimelo kwa achibale awo, kulola mkaidiyo kulandira nkhani ndikufunsa mafunso ofunikira pa intaneti. Pakadali pano, bungwe la AI lisunga mbiri ya mkaidiyo komanso momwe apitira patsogolo pokonzanso chikhalidwe chake kuti bungwe la parole liwunikenso.

Chitetezo champhamvu. Pakali pano, ndende zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yachitetezo yosasunthika yomwe imapanga malo omwe amalepheretsa zolinga zoipa za akaidi kukhala zachiwawa. M’ndende zimenezi, akaidi amaonedwa, kuwalamuliridwa, kutsekeredwa m’khola, ndipo amachepa pa kuchuluka kwa kuyanjana kumene angakhale nawo ndi akaidi ena ndi alonda.

M'malo otetezeka achitetezo, kugogomezera ndikupewa zolinga zoyipazo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kulimbikitsana ndi akaidi ena omwe ali m'madera omwe anthu onse amakhala nawo komanso kulimbikitsa alonda a ndende kuti azikhala ndi ubale wabwino ndi akaidiwo. Izi zikuphatikizanso bwino madera wamba ndi ma cell omwe amafanana ndi zipinda za dorm kotero kuti osayenera. Makamera achitetezo ali ochepa ndipo akaidi amapatsidwa chidaliro chokulirapo kuti aziyendayenda popanda kutsogozedwa ndi alonda. Mikangano pakati pa akaidi imadziwika msanga ndipo imathetsedwa mwamawu mothandizidwa ndi katswiri woyimira pakati.

Ngakhale mawonekedwe achitetezo awa akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupambana kwakukulu mu ndondomeko ya chilango cha Norway, kukhazikitsidwa kwake kuyenera kungokhala kundende zochepetsera chitetezo ku Europe ndi North America.

konzanso. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha ndende zamtsogolo zidzakhala mapulogalamu awo okonzanso. Monga momwe masukulu masiku ano amawerengedwera ndikuthandizidwa ndi ndalama potengera kuthekera kwawo kutulutsa ophunzira omwe amakwaniritsa mulingo wovomerezeka wamaphunziro, ndende zizikhalanso pagawo lofanana ndi kulipidwa potengera kuthekera kwawo kochepetsera chiwongola dzanja.

Ndende zidzakhala ndi mapiko onse opereka chithandizo cha akaidi, maphunziro ndi maphunziro aluso, komanso ntchito zoika anthu ntchito zomwe zimathandizira akaidi kupeza nyumba ndi ntchito atatulutsidwa, ndikupitilizabe kuthandizira ntchito zawo zaka zingapo pambuyo pake (kuwonjezera ntchito yaparole). ). Cholinga chake n’chakuti akaidi azitha kugulitsidwa m’misika yantchito pofika nthawi imene amamasulidwa kuti akhale ndi njira ina yothandiza kusiyana ndi umbanda kuti azipeza zofunika pamoyo wawo.

Njira zina zandende

M'mbuyomu, tidakambirana zolozera okalamba ndi odwala matenda amisala ku malo apadera odzudzula anthu komwe angakalandire chithandizo chapadera chomwe amafunikira mwachuma kuposa momwe amachitira m'ndende wamba. Komabe, kafukufuku watsopano wa momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito akuwulula njira zina zatsopano zomwe zingatheke m'malo mwa kumangidwa kwachikhalidwe.

Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wofufuza za ubongo wa anthu omwe adakhalapo ndi mbiri yaupandu poyerekeza ndi anthu wamba awonetsa kusiyana komwe kungathe kufotokozera makonda a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zigawenga. Sayansiyi ikakonzedwanso, zosankha zakunja kwa kumangidwa kwachikhalidwe zitha kukhala zotheka, monga chithandizo cha majini ndi maopaleshoni apadera aubongo - cholinga chake ndi kuchiritsa kuwonongeka kulikonse muubongo kapena kuchiritsa chibadwa chilichonse chaupandu wa mkaidi chomwe chingawapangitse kuyanjananso ndi anthu. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2030, zidzatheka "kuchiritsa" gawo la ndende ndi njira zamtunduwu, kutsegulira chitseko cha kumasulidwa koyambirira kapena kumasulidwa nthawi yomweyo.

M'tsogolomu, zaka za m'ma 2060, kudzakhala kotheka kukweza ubongo wa mkaidi kudziko lofanana ndi la Matrix, pamene thupi lawo limakhala la hibernation pod. M'dziko lenilenili, akaidi adzakhala m'ndende popanda kuopa chiwawa kuchokera kwa akaidi ena. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri n’chakuti akaidi a m’derali akhoza kusinthidwa maganizo awo n’cholinga choti azikhulupirira kuti anakhala zaka zambiri m’ndende momwemo, patangodutsa masiku ochepa chabe. Ukadaulo umenewu ukhoza kuloleza ziganizo zazaka mazana ambiri—mutu womwe tidzakambirana m’mutu wotsatira. 

Tsogolo lachigamulo ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende likuyenda bwino kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, kupita patsogolo kumeneku kudzatenga zaka zambiri kuti kuchitike, chifukwa mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka kumene komanso aulamuliro sangakhale ndi zothandizira kapena chidwi chofuna kusintha izi.

Zosinthazi sizachabe, komabe, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zidachitika mwamalamulo matekinoloje amtsogolo komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kudzakakamiza anthu. Werengani zambiri m’mutu wotsatira wa nkhanizi.

Tsogolo la mndandanda wamalamulo

Zomwe zidzasinthanso kampani yamakono yamakono: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P1

Zida zowerengera malingaliro kuti athetse zikhulupiriro zolakwika: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P2    

Kuweruza kwachiwembu kwa achifwamba: Tsogolo Lamalamulo P3  

Mndandanda wamalamulo amtsogolo omwe makhothi a mawa adzaweruza: Tsogolo la malamulo P5