I-copyright yemidiya yokwenziwa: Ingabe kufanele sinikeze amalungelo akhethekile ku-AI?

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• February 13, 2023

Umthetho we-copyright uyinkinga eyinhloko yazo zonke izimo ezibucayi ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nemidiya yokwenziwa. Ngokomlando, bekubhekwa njengokungekho emthethweni ukudala nokwabelana ngokufana ncamashi nokuqukethwe okune-copyright—kungaba isithombe, ingoma, noma uhlelo lwe-TV. Kodwa kwenzekani lapho amasistimu e-artificial intelligence (AI) edala kabusha okuqukethwe ngokunembe kangangokuthi abantu abakwazi ukubona umehluko?

Umongo we-copyright yemidiya yokwenziwa

Uma i-copyright inikezwa umdali wayo ngomsebenzi wokubhala noma wobuciko, kuyilungelo elikhethekile. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-copyright nemidiya yokwenziwa kwenzeka lapho i-AI noma imishini idala kabusha umsebenzi. Uma lokho bekungenzeka, bekungeke kuhlukaniseke kokuqukethwe kwasekuqaleni. 

Ngenxa yalokho, umnikazi noma umdali ngeke abe namandla okulawula umsebenzi wabo futhi angakwazi ukwenza imali ngawo. Ukwengeza, isistimu ye-AI ingaqeqeshelwa ukubona lapho okuqukethwe kokwenziwa kwephula umthetho we-copyright, bese ikhiqiza okuqukethwe kusondele kulowo mkhawulo ngangokunokwenzeka kuyilapho isahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezomthetho. 

Emazweni isiko lawo elisemthethweni liwumthetho ojwayelekile (isb., i-Canada, i-UK, i-Australia, i-New Zealand, ne-US), umthetho we-copyright ulandela ithiyori ye-utilitarian. Ngokwalo mbono, abadali banikezwa imiklomelo nezikhuthazo ngokushintshanisa ukuvumela ukufinyelela komphakathi emisebenzini yabo ukuze kuzuze umphakathi. Ngaphansi kwalo mbono wobunikazi, ubuntu abubalulekile kangako; ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlangano ezingezona ezomuntu zingathathwa njengababhali. Kodwa-ke, akukabikho imithetho efanele ye-copyright ye-AI kulezi zindawo.

Kunezinhlangothi ezimbili engxoxweni yokwenziwa ye-copyright yemidiya. Olunye uhlangothi luthi amalungelo empahla yobuhlakani kufanele ahlanganise umsebenzi okhiqizwe yi-AI kanye nokusunguliwe njengoba lawa ma-algorithms azifundele wona. Olunye uhlangothi luthi ubuchwepheshe busathuthukiswa ngokugcwele, kanti abanye kufanele bavunyelwe bakhele kulokho okutholakele.

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Inhlangano ecubungula imithelela yelungelo lokukopisha lemidiya yokwenziwa yi-United Nations (UN) World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Ngokusho kwe-WIPO, esikhathini esidlule, kwakungekho mbuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani ophethe i-copyright yemisebenzi eyenziwe ngekhompyutha ngoba lolu hlelo lubhekwa njengethuluzi elisiza enqubweni yokudala, efana nepeni nephepha. 

Izincazelo eziningi zokwangempela kwemisebenzi enamalungelo obunikazi zidinga umbhali ongumuntu, okusho ukuthi lezi zingcezu ezintsha ezikhiqizwe yi-AI kungenzeka zingavikelwa ngaphansi komthetho okhona. Amazwe amaningana, okuhlanganisa iSpain neJalimane, avumela kuphela umsebenzi owenziwe ngumuntu ukuthi ube nesivikelo esingokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho we-copyright. Kodwa-ke, ngentuthuko yakamuva kubuchwepheshe be-AI, izinhlelo zekhompiyutha zivame ukwenza izinqumo ngesikhathi senqubo yokudala kunabantu.

Nakuba abanye bengase bathi lo mehluko awubalulekile, indlela yomthetho yokusingatha izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko obuqhutshwa ngomshini ingaba nomthelela omubi kwezentengiselwano. Isibonelo, i-AI isivele isetshenziselwa ukudala izingcezu zomculo wokwenziwa, ubuntatheli, kanye nemidlalo. Ngokombono, le misebenzi ingaba yisizinda somphakathi ngoba umbhali ongumuntu akazenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, noma ubani angazisebenzisa ngokukhululekile futhi aphinde azisebenzise.

Ngokuthuthuka kwamanje kukhompyutha, namandla amakhulu okuhlanganisa atholakalayo, umehluko phakathi kokuqukethwe okukhiqizwa umuntu nomshini ungase ubonakale ngokushesha. Imishini ingafunda izitayela kumasethi wedatha abanzi wokuqukethwe futhi, uma inikezwa isikhathi esanele, izokwazi ukuphindaphinda abantu kahle ngendlela emangalisayo. Khonamanjalo, i-WIPO isebenza ngokuzikhandla namazwe angamalungu e-UN ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokubhekana nalolu daba.

Ngasekupheleni kuka-2022, umphakathi ubone ukuqhuma kwezinjini ezikhiqiza okuqukethwe okunamandla e-AI ezivela ezinkampanini ezifana ne-OpenAI ezingadala ubuciko bangokwezifiso, umbhalo, ikhodi, ividiyo, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zokuqukethwe ngomyalo olula wombhalo.

Imithelela ye-copyright yemidiya yokwenziwa

Imithelela ebanzi yokuthuthuka kwemithetho ye-copyright njengoba ithinta imidiya yokwenziwa ingase ihlanganise: 

• Abaculi namaciko akhiqizwe yi-AI anikezwa ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lobunikazi, okuholela ekusungulweni kwezihlabani zedijithali. 
• Ukwephulwa kwamacala okuphulwa kwe-copyright ngamaciko angabantu ngokumelene nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza okuqukethwe kwe-AI ezenza i-AI ikwazi ukudala izinguqulo ezihluke kancane zomsebenzi wabo.
• Igagasi elisha lokuqalisa elisungulwa ezizungeze izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhulayo ezikhulayo zokukhiqizwa kokuqukethwe okukhiqizwa yi-AI. 
• Amazwe anezinqubomgomo ezihlukene eziphathelene ne-AI kanye nelungelo lobunikazi, okuholela ezintubeni, ekulawuleni okungalingani, kanye ne-arbitrage yokukhiqiza okuqukethwe. 
• Izinkampani ezidala imisebenzi esuselwe kumisebenzi yobuciko yakudala noma ama-symphonies aqedayo abaqambi abadumile.

Imibuzo ongaphawula ngayo

• Uma ungumculi noma umdali wokuqukethwe, umi kuphi kule mpikiswano?
• Yiziphi ezinye izindlela okuqukethwe okukhiqizwa yi-AI okufanele kulawulwe ngazo?