Amasosha noma akhiphe izikhali? Ukuguqula amaphoyisa ekhulwini lama-21: Ikusasa lamaphoyisa P1

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sibhekene nezinhlangano zobugebengu ezithuthukayo, ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula okwesabekayo, noma ukuqeda impi phakathi kwabashadile, ukuba yiphoyisa kuwumsebenzi onzima, ocindezelayo futhi oyingozi. Ngenhlanhla, ubuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo bungenza umsebenzi uphephe kokubili esikhulwini nakubantu abababophayo.

Eqinisweni, umsebenzi wobuphoyisa usuwonke usuguqukela ekugcizeleleni ekuvinjweni kobugebengu ngaphezu kokubamba nokujezisa izigebengu. Ngeshwa, lolu shintsho luzoba kancane kancane kunalokho iningi elingathanda ngenxa yezehlakalo zomhlaba zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezitayela ezivelayo. Akukho lapho lokhu kungqubuzana kugqama khona kakhulu kunenkulumompikiswano yomphakathi mayelana nokuthi amaphoyisa kufanele akhiphe izikhali noma ahlome.

Ukukhanyisa isihluku samaphoyisa

Yiba njalo UTrayvon Martin, Michael Brown futhi U-Eric Garner e-US, i Iguala 43 kusuka eMexico, noma ngisho Mohamed Bouazizi e-Tunisia, ukushushiswa kanye nodlame lwabancane nabampofu ngamaphoyisa akukaze kufinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme lokuqwashisa umphakathi esikubonayo namuhla. Kodwa nakuba lokhu kuvezwa kungase kunikeze umbono wokuthi amaphoyisa aya eba nzima kakhulu ekuphatheni izakhamuzi, iqiniso liwukuthi ukuba khona kwendawo yonke yobuchwepheshe besimanje (ikakhulukazi ama-smartphone) kukhanyisa inkinga evamile ngaphambili eyayicashe emthunzini. 

Singena ezweni elisha ngokuphelele 'lokucasha.' Njengoba amaphoyisa emhlabeni wonke ehlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bawo bokuqapha ukuze abuke yonke imitha yendawo yomphakathi, izakhamizi zisebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini bazo ukugada amaphoyisa nendlela aziphatha ngayo emigwaqweni. Isibonelo, inhlangano ezibiza ngokuthi Iphoyisa Buka okwamanje ugada imigwaqo yedolobha kulo lonke elase-US ukuze aqophe izikhulu zevidiyo njengoba exhumana nezakhamizi futhi ebopha. 

Ukunyuka kwamakhamera omzimba

Ngenxa yalokhu kuphikisa komphakathi, ohulumeni basekhaya, bezifundazwe kanye nohulumeni batshala izimali ezengeziwe ukuze baguqule futhi bakhulise amaphoyisa abo ngenxa yesidingo sokubuyisela ukwethembana komphakathi, ukugcina ukuthula kanye nokunciphisa udlame emphakathini. Ngasohlangothini lokuthuthukisa, amaphoyisa kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile afakwe amakhamera agqokwe umzimba.

Lawa amakhamera amancane agqokwa esifubeni sesikhulu, akhelwe ezigqokweni zawo noma afakwe ezibukweni zawo zelanga (njenge-Google Glass). Zenzelwe ukurekhoda ukuxhumana kwephoyisa nomphakathi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngenkathi umusha emakethe, izifundo zocwaningo zithole ukuthi ukugqoka lawa makhamera omzimba kudala izinga eliphezulu 'lokuzazi' okukhawulela futhi okungase kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungamukelekile. 

Eqinisweni, phakathi nokuhlolwa kwezinyanga eziyishumi nambili eRialto, eCalifornia, lapho izikhulu zazigqoke amakhamera omzimba, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezikhulu kwehle ngamaphesenti angama-59 futhi imibiko emelene nezikhulu yehle ngamaphesenti angama-87 uma iqhathaniswa nezibalo zonyaka odlule.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinzuzo zalobu buchwepheshe zizobonakala, ekugcineni ziholele ekuthathweni kwabo emhlabeni wonke yiminyango yamaphoyisa.

Ngokombono wesakhamuzi esivamile, izinzuzo zizoziveza kancane kancane ekusebenzelaneni kwazo namaphoyisa. Isibonelo, amakhamera omzimba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi azothonya imikhuba yamaphoyisa, abumbe kabusha izinkambiso ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kwamadolo noma udlame. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukungaziphathi kahle kungeke kusabonakala, isiko lokuthula, umuzwa wemvelo 'wokungacuphi' phakathi kwamaphoyisa uzoqala ukushabalala. Umphakathi uzogcina usuphinde wathembela emaphoyiseni, ukwethemba okulahlekele ngesikhathi sokukhula kwenkathi yama-smartphone. 

Khonamanjalo, amaphoyisa nawo azobubonga lobu buchwepheshe ngendlela obuvikela ngayo kulabo abasebenzelayo. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Ukuqwashiswa kwezakhamizi ukuthi amaphoyisa agqoke amakhamera omzimba nakho kusiza ukunciphisa inani lokuhlukumeza kanye nodlame aluqondise kuwo.
• Izithombe zingasetshenziswa ezinkantolo njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokushushisa, elifana namadeshikhamera ezimoto zamaphoyisa akhona.
• Izithombe zekhamera yomzimba zingavikela isikhulu ezithombeni ezingqubuzanayo noma ezihleliwe ezishuthwe isakhamuzi esichemile.
• Ucwaningo lwe-Rialto luthole ukuthi idola ngalinye elichithwe kubuchwepheshe bekhamera yomzimba yonga cishe amadola amane ezinkantolo zezikhalazo zomphakathi.

Kodwa-ke, kuzo zonke izinzuzo zabo, lobu buchwepheshe bubuye bube nesabelo esifanelekile sokwehla. Kokukodwa, izigidigidi zamadola engeziwe zabakhokhi bentela zizongena ekugcineni inani elikhulu lezithombe zekhamera yomzimba/idatha eqoqwe nsuku zonke. Bese kuza izindleko zokugcina lezi zinhlelo zokugcina. Bese kuza izindleko zokunikeza amalayisense lawa madivaysi ekhamera kanye nesoftware asebenza kuyo. Ekugcineni, umphakathi uzokhokha imali eningi ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ukusebenza kwamaphoyisa lawa makhamera.

Khonamanjalo, kunenqwaba yezindaba ezingokomthetho ezizungeze amakhamera omzimba okumele abenzi bomthetho bawaxazulule. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Uma ubufakazi bezithombe zekhamera yomzimba buba yinto evamile ezinkantolo, kuzokwenzekani kulawo macala lapho isikhulu sikhohlwe ukuvula ikhamera noma ingasebenzi kahle? Ingabe amacala abekwe ummangalelwa azohoxiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo? Kungenzeka ukuthi izinsuku zokuqala zamakhamera omzimba azowabona evuliwe ngezikhathi ezifanele kunaso sonke isigameko sokuboshwa, ngaleyo ndlela evikela amaphoyisa kanye nezakhamuzi ezingase zibeke icala. Kodwa-ke, ukucindezela komphakathi kanye nezindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ekugcineni zizobona ukuthambekela okubheke kumakhamera ahlala evuliwe, asakaza amavidiyo avela esikhulwini okwesibili lapho egqoke umfaniswano wawo.
• Kuthiwani ngokukhathazeka kwenkululeko mayelana nokwanda kwezithombe zamakhamera ezithathwa njengezigebengu kuphela, kodwa nezakhamuzi ezithobela umthetho.
• Esiphathini esijwayelekile, kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukwanda kwaso kwezithombe zevidiyo kunganciphisa isilinganiso saso somsebenzi noma ukuqhubekela phambili komsebenzi, njengoba ukuqapha ngaso sonke isikhathi emsebenzini kuzoholela ekutheni abaphathi baso babhale iziphambeko eziqhubekayo emsebenzini (cabanga ukuthi umphathi wakho uhlala ekubamba. njalo uma ubheka i-Facebook yakho ngenkathi usehhovisi)?
• Ekugcineni, ingabe abazibonela ngawabo bayobe mancane amathuba okuba beze uma bazi ukuthi izingxoxo zabo zizoqoshwa?

Zonke lezi zinkinga ekugcineni zizoxazululwa ngentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubomgomo ezithuthukisiwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwekhamera yomzimba, kodwa kuye ngobuchwepheshe bubodwa ngeke kube ukuphela kwendlela esiguqula ngayo izinsizakalo zethu zamaphoyisa.

Amaqhinga okwehlisa izinga agcizelelwe kabusha

Njengoba ikhamera yomzimba kanye nengcindezi yomphakathi ikhula emaphoyiseni, iminyango yamaphoyisa kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zizoqala ukwehla ngokuphindwe kabili kumaqhinga okwehlisa izinga ekuqeqeshweni okuyisisekelo. Umgomo uwukuqeqesha izikhulu ukuze zithole ukuqonda okuthuthukisiwe kwengqondo, okuhambisana namasu okuxoxisana athuthukile ukuze kukhawulwe amathuba okuhlangana okunodlame emigwaqweni. Okuxakayo ukuthi ingxenye yalokhu kuqeqeshwa izophinde ihlanganise nokuqeqeshwa kwezempi ukuze izikhulu zizizwe zingethukile futhi zijabule ngezibhamu ngesikhathi sezigameko zokuboshwa ezingase zibe nodlame.

Kodwa ngokuhambisana nalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali koqeqesho, iminyango yamaphoyisa izophinde ikhulise utshalomali ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi. Ngokwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwabagqugquzeli bomphakathi, ngokwakha inethiwekhi ejulile yezimpimpi, ngisho nokubamba iqhaza noma ukuxhasa imicimbi yomphakathi, izikhulu zizovimbela ubugebengu obuningi kunokuba futhi kancane kancane zibonakale njengamalungu amukelekile emiphakathini esengozini kakhulu kunezinsongo zangaphandle.

Ukugcwalisa igebe ngamasosha azimele

Elinye lamathuluzi ohulumeni basekhaya nowezifundazwe abazolisebenzisa ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi ukusetshenziswa okunwetshiwe kwezokuphepha ezizimele. Osebenza ngebheyili kanye labazingeli bemali basetshenziswa njalo emazweni amanengi ukuze basize amapholisa ekuthungatheni kanye lokubopha ababalekile. Futhi e-US nase-UK, izakhamizi zingaqeqeshelwa ukuba ngabalondolozi bokuthula abakhethekile (ama-SCOPs); laba bantu basezingeni eliphezulu kunonogada ngoba baya ngokuya besetshenziswa ukugada amakhampasi ezinkampani, izindawo ezingomakhelwane, kanye namamnyuziyamu njengoba kudingeka. Lawa ma-SCOP azodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa isabelomali esinciphayo eminye iminyango yamaphoyisa ezobhekana nayo eminyakeni ezayo ngenxa yemikhuba efana nendiza yasemaphandleni (abantu abasuka emadolobheni beya emadolobheni) kanye nezimoto ezizihambelayo (ayisekho imali yamathikithi omgwaqo).

Emaphethelweni aphansi e-totem pole, ukusetshenziswa konogada kuzoqhubeka nokukhula ekusetshenzisweni, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi nasezifundeni lapho ukucindezeleka komnotho kugcwele khona. Imboni yezinkonzo zokuphepha isikhulile kakade 3.1 amaphesenti kule minyaka emihlanu edlule (kusukela ngowezi-2011), futhi ukukhula kungenzeka kuqhubeke okungenani kuze kufike kowezi-2030. Sekushiwo lokho, okunye okubi konogada babantu ukuthi maphakathi no-2020s bazobona ukufakwa kanzima kwe-alamu yokuphepha ethuthukisiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha ezikude, ingasaphathwa. Udokotela Who, onogada berobhothi ababukeka njenge-Dalek.

Amathrendi abeka engcupheni ikusasa elinodlame

Kuwethu Ikusasa Lobugebengu eziwuchungechunge, sixoxa ngokuthi umphakathi wamaphakathi nekhulu leminyaka uzokhululeka kanjani ekwebeni, ezidakamizweni, kanye nobugebengu obuhleliwe. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, umhlaba wethu ungase ubone ukugcwala kobugebengu obunobudlova ngenxa yezizathu eziningi eziphambanayo. 

Kokunye, njengoba kuvezwe esihlokweni sethu Ikusasa Lomsebenzi series, singena enkathini yokuzenzakalela okuzobona amarobhothi nobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) kudla cishe ingxenye yemisebenzi yanamuhla (2016). Nakuba amazwe asethuthukile ezozijwayelanisa nezinga eliphezulu lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngokusungula a imali engenayo eyisisekelo, izizwe ezincane ezingakwazi ukukhokhela inetha lokuphepha komphakathi lalolu hlobo zizobhekana nezinhlobonhlobo zezingxabano zomphakathi, kusukela emibhikishweni, ezitelekeni zezinyunyana, ukuphanga uquqaba, ukuketulwa kwezempi, imisebenzi.

Leli zinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi eligqugquzelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo lizoba libi kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu emhlabeni. Njengoba kubonisiwe esihlokweni sethu Ikusasa Labantu Uchungechunge, inani labantu emhlabeni kulindeleke ukuthi likhule lifinyelele ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye ngo-2040. Ingabe kufanele ukuzenzekelayo kuqedwe isidingo sokukhipha imisebenzi yokukhiqiza, ingasaphathwa eyokunciphisa uxhaxha lwekhola evamile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe, lesi sibalo samabhaluni sizozisekela kanjani? Izifunda ezifana ne-Afrika, i-Middle East kanye neningi lase-Asia zizoyizwa le ngcindezi uma kubhekwa lezo zifunda zimelela ingxenye enkulu yokwanda kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Ihlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​iqoqo elikhulu lentsha engasebenzi (ikakhulukazi abesilisa), elingenamsebenzi omningi futhi elifuna injongo ekuphileni kwalo, lizothambekela ekuthonyweni yizinhlangano zamavukelambuso noma ezenkolo. Lokhu kunyakaza kungase kungabi nalutho futhi kube kuhle, njenge-Black Lives Matter, noma kungaba negazi futhi kube nonya, njenge-ISIS. Uma kubhekwa umlando wakamuva, lokhu kwakamuva kubonakala kungenzeka kakhulu. Ngeshwa, uma kwenzeka uchungechunge lwezehlakalo zobuphekula zivame ukwenzeka esikhathini eside—njengoba kwenzeka ngokuphawulekayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngo-2015—lapho sizobona umphakathi ufuna amaphoyisa awo kanye nabezobunhloli baba nolaka endleleni abaqhuba ngayo ibhizinisi labo.

Ukulwela amaphoyisa ethu

Iminyango yamaphoyisa kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile ilwela impi. Lokhu akuwona neze umkhuba omusha; emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, iminyango yamaphoyisa ithole izisetshenziswa eziyinsalela ezehlisiwe noma zamahhala emabuthweni abo ezwe. Kodwa kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. E-US, isibonelo, uMthetho we-Posse Comitatus waqinisekisa ukuthi amasosha aseMelika agcinwa ehlukene nombutho wamaphoyisa asekhaya, isenzo esaphoqelelwa phakathi kuka-1878 no-1981. Nokho kusukela kumthethosivivinywa wobugebengu oqinile wokuphatha u-Reagan, impi ngokumelene nobugebengu. izidakamizwa, ukwesaba, futhi manje impi yabokufika ngokungemthetho, abaphathi abalandelanayo basiqede ngokuphelele lesi senzo.

Kuwuhlobo oluthile lwemishini, lapho amaphoyisa eqale kancane ukusebenzisa imishini yezempi, izimoto zamasosha, nokuqeqeshwa kwezempi, ikakhulukazi amaqembu wamaphoyisa e-SWAT. Ngokombono wenkululeko yomphakathi, le ntuthuko ibonakala njengesinyathelo esiphathelene nombuso wamaphoyisa. Khonamanjalo, ngokombono weminyango yamaphoyisa, bathola imishini yamahhala ngesikhathi sokuqinisa isabelomali; babhekene nezinhlangano zobugebengu ezithuthukayo; futhi kulindeleke ukuthi bavikele umphakathi kumaphekula angalindelekile angaphandle nasekhaya ngenhloso yokusebenzisa izikhali ezinamandla neziqhumane.

Lo mkhuba uwukunwetshwa kwesakhiwo samasosha nezimboni noma ngisho nokusungulwa kwesakhiwo samaphoyisa nezimboni. Kuwuhlelo okungenzeka ukuthi lukhula kancane kancane, kodwa ngokushesha emadolobheni obugebengu obuphezulu (okungukuthi, i-Chicago) nasezifundeni ezihloselwe kakhulu amaphekula (okungukuthi, i-Europe). Ngokudabukisayo, enkathini lapho amaqembu amancane kanye nabantu ngabanye bengakwazi ukufinyelela, futhi begqugquzelwa ukusebenzisa, izikhali ezinamandla neziqhumane ukuze kubulawe abantu abaningi, mancane amathuba okuthi umphakathi uthathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nalo mkhuba ngengcindezi edingekayo yokuwuhlehlisa. .

Yingakho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sizobona amabutho ethu amaphoyisa esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha namaqhinga ukuze aphinde agcizelele indima yawo njengabavikeli bokuthula, kuyilapho ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingxenye ezingaphakathi kweminyango yazo zizoqhubeka nokulwa emzamweni wokuvikela ukuthula. zivikele ezinsongweni eziyingozi zakusasa.

Yebo, indaba ngekusasa lomsebenzi wamaphoyisa ayigcini lapha. Eqinisweni, inxanxathela yezimboni zamaphoyisa idlulela ngalé kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zempi. Esahlukweni esilandelayo salolu chungechunge, sizohlola isimo sokugada esikhulayo lapho amaphoyisa nezinhlangano zezokuphepha ezithuthukisayo zisivikela futhi zisibuke sonke.

Ikusasa lochungechunge lwamaphoyisa

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Ukubikezela ubugebengu ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke: Ikusasa lamaphoyisa P4