Kumenya nkhondo kapena kuchotsera zida? Kukonzanso apolisi mzaka za zana la 21: Tsogolo la Apolisi P1

Kaya zikukhudzana ndi zigawenga zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, kuteteza ku zigawenga zowopsa, kapena kungothetsa ndewu pakati pa okwatirana, kukhala wapolisi ndi ntchito yovuta, yopanikiza komanso yowopsa. Mwamwayi, matekinoloje amtsogolo angapangitse ntchitoyo kukhala yotetezeka kwa wapolisi komanso kwa anthu omwe amawamanga.

M’malo mwake, ntchito yaupolisi yonse ikupita ku kugogomezera za kupewa umbanda koposa kugwira ndi kulanga olakwa. Tsoka ilo, kusinthaku kudzakhala kwapang'onopang'ono kuposa momwe ambiri angakonde chifukwa cha zochitika zapadziko lapansi zamtsogolo komanso zomwe zikubwera. Palibe paliponse pamene mkanganowu umaonekera kwambiri kuposa mkangano wapoyera woti apolisi achotse zida kapena kumenya nkhondo.

Kuwunikira nkhanza za apolisi

Khalani Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown ndi Eric Garner ku US, ndi Iguala 43 kuchokera ku Mexico, kapena ngakhale Mohamed Bouazizi ku Tunisia, kuzunzidwa ndi nkhanza za anthu ochepa komanso osauka ndi apolisi sizinafikepo pamlingo wodziwitsa anthu zomwe tikuwona lero. Koma ngakhale kuwonetseredwa kumeneku kungapereke chithunzi chakuti apolisi akukhala ovuta kwambiri posamalira nzika, zoona zake n'zakuti kupezeka kwa teknoloji yamakono (makamaka mafoni a m'manja) kumangowunikira pavuto lodziwika bwino lomwe poyamba linkabisala pamithunzi. 

Tikulowa m'dziko latsopano la 'kudzibisa.' Pamene apolisi padziko lonse lapansi akukulitsa luso lawo lowunikira kuti awonere mita iliyonse ya malo, nzika zikugwiritsa ntchito mafoni awo kuwunika apolisi komanso momwe amachitira m'misewu. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lodzitcha okha Wapolisi pakadali pano amalondera m'misewu yamzindawu ku US kuti ajambule maofisala akanema akamacheza ndi nzika ndikumanga. 

Kuwonjezeka kwa makamera a thupi

Chifukwa cha kusamvana kumeneku, maboma ang'onoang'ono, maboma ndi feduro akuwononga ndalama zambiri kuti asinthe ndikuwonjezera apolisi awo chifukwa chofuna kubwezeretsanso chikhulupiriro cha anthu, kusunga mtendere ndi kuchepetsa zipolowe. Kumbali yowonjezereka, apolisi m'mayiko onse otukuka ali ndi makamera ovala thupi.

Awa ndi makamera ang'onoang'ono omwe amavalidwa pachifuwa cha wapolisi, omangidwa mu zipewa zawo kapena omangidwa mu magalasi awo (monga Google Glass). Amapangidwa kuti azijambula momwe apolisi amachitira ndi anthu nthawi zonse. Ndikadali watsopano pamsika, kafukufuku wapeza kuti kuvala makamera amthupi awa kumapangitsa 'kudzizindikira' kokwezeka komwe kumalepheretsa ndikuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosayenera. 

M'malo mwake, pakuyesa kwa miyezi khumi ndi iwiri ku Rialto, California, komwe maofesala adavala makamera amthupi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa apolisi kudatsika ndi 59 peresenti ndipo malipoti otsutsa apolisi adatsika ndi 87 peresenti poyerekeza ndi ziwerengero za chaka chatha.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, ubwino wa teknolojiyi udzakhalapo, ndipo pamapeto pake zidzapangitsa kuti apolisi atengedwe padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a nzika wamba, zopindulitsa zidzadziwululira pang'onopang'ono muzochita zawo ndi apolisi. Mwachitsanzo, makamera amthupi pakapita nthawi adzakhudza miyambo ya apolisi, kukonzanso miyambo yotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopumira kapena chiwawa. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza kusachita bwino sikungadziwikenso, chikhalidwe chakukhala chete, chibadwa cha "osazembera" pakati pa apolisi chidzayamba kuzimiririka. Anthu pamapeto pake adzayambiranso kudalira apolisi, kudalira omwe adataya panthawi yanthawi ya smartphone. 

Pakadali pano, apolisi nawonso aziyamikira lusoli chifukwa cha momwe amawatetezera kwa omwe amawatumikira. Mwachitsanzo:

• Kuzindikira kwa nzika kuti apolisi akuvala makamera amthupi kumagwiranso ntchito kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nkhanza ndi chiwawa zomwe amawachitira.
• Makanema atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'makhothi ngati chida chodziwika bwino chozenga milandu, chofanana ndi makamera agalimoto a apolisi omwe alipo.
• Makamera amthupi amatha kuteteza msilikaliyo kumavidiyo otsutsana kapena osinthidwa omwe amajambulidwa ndi nzika yokondera.
• Kafukufuku wa Rialto adapeza kuti dola iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito paukadaulo wamakamera amthupi imapulumutsa pafupifupi madola anayi pamadandaulo aboma.

Komabe, pazabwino zake zonse, ukadaulo uwu ulinso ndi gawo lake lochepa. Choyamba, mabiliyoni ambiri a ndalama za okhometsa msonkho adzalowa ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa makamera amthupi / zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa tsiku lililonse. Kenako pamabwera mtengo wosunga machitidwe osungira awa. Kenako pamabwera mtengo wopatsa chilolezo pazida za kamera ndi pulogalamu yomwe amayendera. Pamapeto pake, anthu azilipira ndalama zambiri kuti apolisi azipanga bwino makamerawa.

Pakadali pano, pali nkhani zingapo zamalamulo zozungulira makamera amthupi zomwe opanga malamulo azithetsa. Mwachitsanzo:

• Ngati umboni wamakamera amthupi ukhala chizolowezi m'makhothi, chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati wapolisi wayiwala kuyatsa kamerayo kapena ikulephera? Kodi milandu yomwe woimbidwa mlanduyo aiimbayo idzathetsedwa mwachisawawa? Mwayi ndi masiku oyambilira a makamera amthupi nthawi zambiri amawawona akuyatsidwa nthawi yabwino m'malo momangidwa nthawi yonseyi, potero amateteza apolisi komanso nzika zomwe zitha kuyimba mlandu. Komabe, kukakamizidwa ndi anthu komanso ukadaulo waukadaulo pamapeto pake uwona mawonekedwe a makamera omwe amakhala nthawi zonse, akukhamukira makanema kuchokera kwa wapolisi kachiwiri atavala yunifolomu yawo.
• Nanga bwanji za kukhudzidwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe pakuwonjezeka kwa zithunzi zamakamera zomwe zikutengedwa osati za zigawenga zokha, komanso za nzika zomvera malamulo.
• Kwa wapolisi wamba, kodi kuchuluka kwa mavidiyo ake kungachepetse nthawi yomwe amagwira ntchito kapena kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito, chifukwa kuwayang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse kuntchito kungapangitse kuti akuluakulu awo azilemba zolakwa zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse (tiyerekeze kuti abwana anu akukugwirani nthawi zonse. nthawi iliyonse mukayang'ana Facebook yanu muli kuofesi)?
• Pomalizira, kodi mboni zowona ndi maso sizidzawonekeratu ngati adziŵa kuti zokambirana zawo zidzajambulidwa?

Mavuto onsewa atha kuthetsedwa chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi mfundo zoyeretsedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito makamera amthupi, koma kutengera ukadaulo wokha si njira yokhayo yomwe tingasinthire ntchito za apolisi.

Njira zochepetsera-kukwera zinagogomezedwanso

Pamene makamera amthupi komanso kukakamizidwa kwa anthu kukukwera kwa apolisi, madipatimenti apolisi ndi masukulu ayamba kuwirikiza kawiri panjira zochepetsera maphunziro oyambira. Cholinga chake ndi kuphunzitsa maofesala kuti amvetsetse bwino za psychology, limodzi ndi njira zapamwamba zokambilana kuti achepetse mwayi wokumana ndi ziwawa m'misewu. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, gawo lina la maphunzirowa liphatikizanso maphunziro a usilikali kuti maofesala asachite mantha komanso kuti asangalale ndi mfuti akamamangidwa omwe angakhale achiwawa.

Koma pambali pa maphunzirowa, madipatimenti apolisi apanganso ndalama zambiri pazaubwenzi. Pomanga ubale pakati pa anthu okhudzidwa ndi anthu, kupanga maukonde ozama a anthu odziwa zambiri, ngakhale kutenga nawo mbali kapena kupereka ndalama pazochitika zapagulu, maofesala adzaletsa milandu yambiri kuposa ndipo pang'onopang'ono adzawoneka ngati anthu olandiridwa m'madera omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu m'malo moopseza kunja.

Kudzaza kusiyana ndi magulu achitetezo apadera

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe maboma am'deralo ndi maboma adzagwiritse ntchito polimbikitsa chitetezo cha anthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chitetezo chachinsinsi. Ogwira ntchito za bail ndi osaka ndalama nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko angapo kuthandiza apolisi kutsata ndi kumanga othawa. Ndipo ku US ndi UK, nzika zitha kuphunzitsidwa kukhala osunga mtendere apadera (SCOPs); anthuwa ndi okwera pang'ono kuposa alonda achitetezo chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyang'anira masukulu, madera, ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ngati pakufunika kutero. Ma SCOP awa atenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chakucheperachepera kwa bajeti zomwe ma dipatimenti ena apolisi adzakumana nazo zaka zikubwerazi chifukwa chamayendedwe ngati maulendo akumidzi (anthu ochoka m'matauni kupita kumizinda) ndi magalimoto ongochita (palibenso ndalama zamatikiti apamsewu).

Pamapeto apansi a totem pole, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa alonda a chitetezo kudzapitirizabe kukula, makamaka panthawi ndi m'madera omwe mavuto azachuma akufalikira. Makampani achitetezo akukula kale peresenti 3.1 pazaka zisanu zapitazi (kuyambira 2011), ndipo kukula kukuyenera kupitilira mpaka 2030s. Izi zati, choyipa chimodzi cha alonda aanthu ndikuti pakati pa 2020s adzawona kukhazikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa ma alarm achitetezo apamwamba komanso makina owunikira akutali, osanenapo. Doctor Who, Dalek-akuwoneka ngati alonda a robot.

Zochitika zomwe zingawononge tsogolo lachiwawa

M'kati mwathu Tsogolo la Upandu Nkhani zotsatizana, tikukambitsirana za mmene anthu a m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX adzakhala opanda umbava, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi umbava wolinganizidwa kwambiri. Komabe, posachedwapa, dziko lathu lapansi likhoza kuwona kuchuluka kwa ziwawa zachiwawa chifukwa cha zifukwa zambiri zodutsana. 

Kwa ena, monga tafotokozera m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo la Ntchito tikulowa m'nthawi ya ma automation omwe adzawona maloboti ndi luntha lochita kupanga (AI) akudya pafupifupi theka la ntchito zamasiku ano (2016). Ngakhale mayiko otukuka adzagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ulova kwanthawi yayitali poyambitsa a ndalama zoyambira, mayiko ang'onoang'ono omwe sangakwanitse kupeza chitetezo chamtundu woterewa adzayang'anizana ndi mikangano yambiri ya anthu, kuyambira zionetsero, kumenyedwa kwamagulu, kulanda katundu, kuukira boma, ntchito.

Chiwopsezo cha kusowa kwa ntchito kochititsidwa ndi makinawa chidzangowonjezereka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi. Monga tafotokozera m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo la Chiwerengero cha Anthu Chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chikuyembekezeka kukwera kufika mabiliyoni asanu ndi anayi podzafika chaka cha 2040. Kodi makinawo athetse kufunika kopezera ntchito zopanga zinthu kunja, osatchulaponso kuchepetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za makolala amtundu wa buluu ndi zoyera, kodi chiŵerengero cha mabulonichi chidzadzipeza bwanji? Madera monga Africa, Middle East ndi Asia ambiri adzamva kupsinjika kumeneku chifukwa maderawa akuyimira kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi.

Tikayika pamodzi, gulu lalikulu la achinyamata omwe alibe ntchito (makamaka amuna), opanda zochita zambiri ndi kufunafuna tanthauzo m'miyoyo yawo, adzakhala okonda kutengera chikoka kuchokera kumagulu osintha kapena achipembedzo. Mayendedwe awa amatha kukhala abwino komanso abwino, monga Black Lives Matter, kapena akhoza kukhala amagazi komanso ankhanza, monga ISIS. Poganizira mbiri yaposachedwa, yotsirizirayi ikuwoneka yotheka. Tsoka ilo, ngati zigawenga zingachitike pafupipafupi kwa nthawi yayitali - monga momwe zidachitikira ku Europe konse mu 2015 - ndiye kuti tiwona anthu akufuna kuti apolisi ndi asitikali awonjezeke movutikira momwe amachitira bizinesi yawo.

Kuwombera apolisi athu

Maofesi apolisi m'mayiko otukuka akugwira ntchito zankhondo. Izi siziri zachilendo; kwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, maofesi apolisi alandira zida zochotsera kapena zaulere kuchokera kunkhondo zadziko lawo. Koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Ku US, mwachitsanzo, Posse Comitatus Act idatsimikizira kuti asitikali aku America azikhala osiyana ndi apolisi apanyumba, zomwe zidalimbikitsidwa pakati pa 1878 ndi 1981. mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zauchigawenga, ndipo tsopano nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena mosaloledwa, maulamuliro otsatizanatsatizana athetsa mchitidwe woterowo.

Ndi mtundu wa mishoni, pomwe apolisi ayamba pang'onopang'ono kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo, magalimoto ankhondo, ndi maphunziro ankhondo, makamaka magulu apolisi a SWAT. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a ufulu wachibadwidwe, chitukukochi chikuwoneka ngati chokhudza kwambiri dziko la apolisi. Pakadali pano, malinga ndi momwe madipatimenti apolisi amawonera, akulandila zida zaulere panthawi yolimbitsa bajeti; akulimbana ndi magulu aupandu omwe akuchulukirachulukira; ndipo akuyembekezeka kuteteza anthu ku zigawenga zosayembekezereka zakunja ndi kwawo komwe ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu komanso zophulika.

Izi ndizowonjezera zamagulu ankhondo-mafakitale kapena ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa apolisi ndi mafakitale. Ndi dongosolo lomwe mwina likukulirakulira pang'onopang'ono, koma mwachangu m'mizinda yazachifwamba (ie Chicago) komanso m'magawo omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zigawenga (ie Europe). N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti m'nthawi yomwe magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi anthu atha kupeza mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zophulika kuti awononge anthu wamba, n'zokayikitsa kuti anthu angachitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi izi ndi kukakamizidwa kuti asinthe. .

Ichi ndichifukwa chake, mbali ina, tiwona apolisi athu akugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano ndi njira zatsopano zolimbikitsiranso udindo wawo ngati oteteza mtendere, pomwe mbali ina, mabungwe omwe ali m'madipatimenti awo apitiliza kuchita zankhondo pofuna kulimbikitsa chitetezo. tetezani ku ziwopsezo zowopsa za mawa.

Inde, nkhani ya tsogolo la apolisi simathera apa. M'malo mwake, apolisi ndi mafakitale amapitilira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo. M'mutu wotsatira wa mndandanda uno, tiwona kuchuluka kwa momwe apolisi ndi mabungwe achitetezo akupanga kutiteteza ndi kutiyang'ana tonse.

Tsogolo la mndandanda wa apolisi

Apolisi odzichitira okha m'dera loyang'anira: Tsogolo la apolisi P2

Apolisi a AI aphwanya dziko la cyber: Tsogolo la apolisi P3

Kuneneratu zaumbanda zisanachitike: Tsogolo la apolisi P4