Katemera wa DNA: Kudumpha kwa chitetezo chokwanira

Mukudziwa aliyense yemwe ali ndi chifuwa cha chifuwa? Diphtheria? Matenda a Hib? Nthomba? Palibe vuto, anthu ambiri satero. Katemera wathandiza kupewa matenda awa ndi ena ambiri omwe muyenera kuthokoza kuti simunakumane nawo. Chifukwa cha katemera, luso lachipatala lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito magulu athu ankhondo achilengedwe, anthu amakono amanyamula ma antibodies ku matenda omwe mwina sangalandire, kapena kudziwa kuti ali nawo.   

Mu chitetezo chamthupi, ma antibodies ndi ankhondo a thupi, ophunzitsidwa mwapadera zankhondo yolimbana ndi ma virus. Amapangidwa ndi alonda a chitetezo, ma lymphocyte osiyanasiyana otchedwa B cell. B cell ikakumana ndi antigen yochokera ku virus, mwachitsanzo, imayamba kupanga ma antibodies kuti awonetse kachilomboka kuti chiwonongedwe. Ma antibodies awa amapitilira kukhalapo m'thupi kuti apewe kufalikiranso kwamtsogolo. Katemera amagwira ntchito polimbikitsa njirayi popanda kukakamiza wodwala kuvutika ndi zizindikiro za matendawa. 

Ngakhale kuti katemera wapambana kwambiri, anthu ena amaopabe kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya immunological. Chiwopsezo chimodzi chovomerezeka cha katemera wamba omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma virus ofooka ndi kuthekera kosintha ma virus; ma virus amatha kusinthika kukhala mtundu watsopano womwe ungafalikire mwachangu komanso mowopsa. Komabe, pofika nthawi yomwe adzukulu anga ndi zidzukulu zazikulu adzalandire katemera, katemera adzakhala amphamvu kwambiri ndipo amagwira ntchito popanda chiopsezochi.   

Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1990, katemera wa DNA adayesedwa ndikupangidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pagulu la nyama. Mosiyana ndi katemera wakale, katemera wa DNA alibe mankhwala omwe amawateteza, komabe amagwiranso ntchito popanga ma antibodies ku matenda. Bwanji? DNA ya kachilomboka imatha kusinthidwa mofananira ndi ma antigen akale, popanda chiwopsezo chokhala ndi makina a virus m'thupi.   

Kuphatikiza apo, katemera wa DNA amatha kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa mokulirapo, ndipo amakhala okhazikika pakutentha kosiyanasiyana, kulola kugawa kotsika mtengo komanso kosavuta. Katemera wa DNA amathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zachikale zotemera kuti achulukitse kupanga ma antibody. Njirayi yagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa katemera woperekedwa kwa nyama, makamaka zoweta zamalonda, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalandila kuwombera kochulukira kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa ma antibody. Phindu: ma antibodies amphamvu omwe amapangidwa pozungulira koyamba amalepheretsa kuyamwa kwina. 

Nanga ndi chifukwa chiyani, m'zaka 25, katemera wa DNA sanakhale ukadaulo wopita kukatemera? Nchiyani chikulepheretsa njira yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza kwambiri imeneyi kuchoka pa sayansi ya zaumoyo kupita ku mankhwala a anthu? Yankho liri chabe zopereŵera zamakono m’kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi. 

Chitetezo cha mthupi chafufuzidwa kwa zaka 200 zokha, komabe chili ndi zovuta zomwe asayansi amazimvetsabe. Asayansi a zaumoyo wa zinyama amavutika ngakhale masiku ano kuti akwaniritse bwino momwe katemera ayenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito pazamoyo zonse; Katemera mphamvu ndi liwiro la zotsatira zimasiyana pakati pa nyama chifukwa cha machitidwe awo apadera a chitetezo cha mthupi.

Kuphatikiza apo, sizikumveka bwino kuti ndi njira zingati zovuta zoteteza chitetezo chathupi zomwe zingayambike popereka katemera wa DNA m'thupi. Mwamwayi kwa ife, tsiku lililonse asayansi padziko lonse lapansi amapita patsogolo kwambiri kuti akwaniritse mipata ya chidziwitso chokhudza matenda ambiri komanso chitetezo chamthupi cha munthu. Posakhalitsa, katemera wa DNA adzasintha chitetezo chathu, ndikuteteza mibadwo ikubwera.