ʻO nā smartphones e hoʻololi i ka mākeke o ʻApelika

ʻO ka ʻāina i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ʻo ia paha ka hoʻokele waiwai nui e hiki mai ana

He mea hoʻonani ke kelepona. ʻOiai maikaʻi paha ka loaʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole ia he mea e pono ai ʻoe e ola—inā ʻoe e noho ana i ka makahiki 2005.  Akā i kēia lā, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka atamai ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pūnaewele.

He nui nā noi o ke kelepona: leka uila, leka uila, mele, waihona kālā ma ka pūnaewele, palekana home, ʻoihana pūnaewele, nā nūhou a me nā wikiō pōpoki. Aia kēia mau mea a pau i loko o kou ʻeke, ma kou mau lima, ma ka piko o kou manamana lima. A ʻoiai ke nānā aku nei mākou i kā mākou hilinaʻi kelepona ʻike ʻia me ka hilahila a me ka hōʻole ʻana, ua wehe maoli kēia ʻāpana ʻenehana i nā puka he nui. Ke kono nei ke kelepona i nā ala hou a me nā hana hou e hana ai i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā. He mea paahana ia e paipai i ka ike. He oiaio keia ma Aferika. Me ka māhuahua ʻana o ka mākeke a me ka ulu ʻana o ka papa waena, ua mākaukau ʻo ʻApelika no ka hoʻololi kelepona.

Hoʻomohala a me ʻenehana ma Africa

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lāhui he nui ma Asia, ʻEulopa a i ʻole ʻAmelika, ʻo ʻApelika kahi wahi e hiki ai ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka mākeke ma kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka hapa nui o ke koena o ka honua. He ʻatikala ma ʻO ka Economist e pili ana iā ʻApelika ʻo "ka palena aʻe," aʻo kahi ʻāpana hou CNN ʻike ʻo ia i ka papa waena o ʻApelika ma ke ʻano he "demographic i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki loa o ka honua." I loko o kēia mākeke ulu wikiwiki, e komo i ka ʻenehana kelepona.

Ua hōʻike ʻo International Data Corporation (IDC) i ka mākeke kelepona ma ʻApelika manaʻo ʻia e pālua i ka makahiki 2017 - kahi pae o ka ulu ʻana i hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ka hapa nui o ke koena o ka honua. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu o kēia ulu wikiwiki ʻana ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kelepona ʻoi loa ma ʻApelika. He ʻatikala ma ke Kahu hoʻonoho i ke kumukūʻai o kahi kelepona ma ʻApelika ma kahi o 50 kālā. E lawe i kahi mākeke me ka nui o ka ulu ʻana, ka piʻi ʻana o ka papa waena a me nā kelepona paʻa liʻiliʻi i loaʻa ākea - e hui pū i kēia mau mea a hiki koke mai ka ʻino maikaʻi loa. Ua kūpono nā kūlana no nā pae i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mobile-driven ma Africa.

'White-space' a me ka huli pūnaewele

Ke nānā nei i ka waiwai waiwai o ka ʻāina, ua ʻimi nā ʻoihana inoa nui e hoʻonui i ko lākou hele ʻana ma ka mākeke ʻApelika. Ua hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia ka polokalamu nunui Microsoft i ka 4Afrika Initiative, he papahana lōʻihi e hana ana i ka hoʻokūkū o ka ʻāina i ka honua. ʻO ka nui o nā papahana i hana ʻia ma o 4Afrika e alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻenehana kelepona. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka 'Pāhana Nā Pākē' manaʻo e hoʻonui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pūnaewele wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe ma Kenya, ʻoiai ma nā wahi i nele i ka uila. Ke hana pū nei me ke Keʻena ʻIke ʻIke o Kenya a me Indigo Telecom Ltd. (He mea hoʻolako pūnaewele pūnaewele), manaʻolana ʻo Microsoft no ka White Spaces Project e hoʻonui i ka uhi ākea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ka lā a me nā 'wahi keʻokeʻo' (nā alapine hoʻolaha TV ʻole).

I ka hana ʻana i nā papahana o kēia ʻano, e hana nui ka ʻenehana kelepona. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka uila ma nā wahi he nui, ʻike nui ʻia ka pūnaewele ma o nā polokalamu kelepona, hiki ke lawe ʻia a hoʻouka ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole. Wahi a i kahi hōʻike na Ericsson Mobility, “70 pākēneka o nā mea hoʻohana kelepona ma nā ʻāina i noiʻi ʻia ma ka ʻāina e mākaʻikaʻi i ka pūnaewele ma kā lākou mau polokalamu, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 6 pākēneka e hoʻohana nei i nā kamepiula papapihi.” Hōʻike kēia ʻike i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana o ʻApelika i kēia manawa e hahai ana i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa loa mai ke koena o ka honua; ʻoiai mākou i ka honua hoʻomohala i hele mai e ʻike i ka uila ma ke ʻano he kumu ma luna o ka ʻenehana āpau e hoʻomaha ai, nui nā wahi o ʻApelika e ʻike nei i ka ʻike pūnaewele a me ka ʻenehana kelepona hele mai. imua o komo nui i ka uila. ʻO ke kauoha e lawe mai i ka pūnaewele i ia mau wahi he hoʻokahi wale nō hiʻohiʻona o ke ala hoihoi, ala like i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a ʻApelika.

Nā Manaʻo Pilikino: Ka Hoʻoikaika Mobile-Driven Mobilization

ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka ʻenehana paʻalima, i hui pū ʻia me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pūnaewele puni honua, hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena politika maoli - maikaʻi kekahi, ʻoi aku ka pōʻino. Ma kahi pepa i kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻenehana a me ka hana hui: ka hopena o ka uhi kelepona kelepona ma luna o ka hoʻomāinoino politika ma ʻApelika, "Ke manaʻo nei ʻo Jan Pierskella lāua ʻo Florian Hollenbach e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kelepona paʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka poʻe e hoʻonohonoho a hoʻoikaika iā lākou iho. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻino i nā wahi me ka uhi kelepona paʻa. ʻO kekahi o nā laʻana i haʻi ʻia e ka haʻawina ʻo Algeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda a me Zimbabwe.  

Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i kēia ʻikepili (mai ka makahiki 2007-2008) i nā kipi hou o ka Arab Spring, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana kelepona i mea nui. In Ka Hawewe ʻEhā o ka Demokalaka? Digital Media a me ka Arab Spring, Ua kākau ʻo Philip Howard lāua ʻo Muzammil Hussain "ʻo nā kelepona paʻa ke kī nui e hoʻopili ai i nā āpau kamaʻilio: hiki iā lākou ke lawe maʻalahi a hūnā, hiki ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻopaʻa a hoʻouka i nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō, a hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia ma ke alanui."

E ʻike anei mākou i nā kipi like ʻole e hana nei ma waena o sub-Saharan Africa i ka piʻi ʻana o ka uhi kelepona? ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ʻo nā kelepona kelepona nā mea hana hoʻoikaika waiwai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka hopena politika o ke kelepona kelepona mai kēlā me kēia hihia, mai kēlā me kēia ʻāina.

Mobile 'Revolution'?

ʻOiai ka manaʻo pāʻoihana a me ka politika o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka mobile ma ʻApelika, pono e makaʻala kekahi i ʻole e lele i nā hopena e pili ana i ka mana o kēia ʻenehana.  Wilson Prichard he polopeka ma ke Kulanui o Toronto. Ke hana nei ma ke Keʻena ʻEpekema Political a me ke Kula ʻo Munk of Global Affairs, aia ka noiʻi a Prichard ma ke kahua o ka hoʻomohala honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ma lalo o Saharan Africa. Mai ka huakaʻi mua ʻana i ʻApelika i nā makahiki 2000, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana kelepona ma ka ʻāina mai kahi kokoke ʻole. "He mea kupaianaha ke komo ʻana o ka ʻenehana," wahi a Prichard. ʻO kēia piʻi wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana kelepona ua komo i kahi ākea o nā ʻoihana ʻApelika, e hoʻopiʻi ana i nā hana mahiʻai a me ke kālepa like.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke ulu nui nei ka ʻenehana kelepona ma ʻApelika. No Polofesa Prichard, ʻo ka nīnau nui ʻaʻole ʻo ka nui o nā poʻe ʻApelika i loaʻa nā kelepona paʻa, akā: "Pehea e hiki ai i kēia ʻenehana ke hoʻololi?"  I ka wā e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻōlelo ʻo Prichard "he ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ke kelepona o ka puzzle" a he mea nui ia e "ʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻonui" i ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana kelepona. "ʻAʻole hiki i ke kelepona ke hoʻoponopono i kou mau pilikia a pau," wahi a Prichard, "[akā] e wehe ana ia i kahi horizon i pani ʻia ma mua." ʻAʻole pono mākou e ʻike i nā kelepona ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika no ka hoʻololi hou ʻana, akā he mau mea hana e hāʻawi ai i nā "pono ​​hoʻonui a me kekahi mau manawa hou."

ʻO ka mea hana kipi a ʻaʻole paha, ʻike ʻo Prichard " aia nā kelepona hele ma waho; ke laha nei. ʻOiai he mea paʻakikī ke wānana pololei i ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana kelepona ma ʻApelika, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana kelepona e lawe mai i nā loli nui ma ka ʻāina. E like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, aia kekahi o kēia mau loli.

ʻO ka 'Continent Mobile-Only'

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana kelepona ma ʻApelika ua lilo i kumuhana o a Pāʻani TED. ʻO Toby Shapshak ka mea hoʻopuka a hoʻoponopono o Nā meaʻai, he nūpepa ʻenehana i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ʻApelika Hema. Ma kāna kamaʻilio TED i kapa ʻia "ʻAʻole pono ʻoe i kahi App no ​​kēlā" Ua kapa ʻo Shapshak iā ʻApelika he ʻāina "mobile-only", a kuhikuhi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ka ʻāina ʻo "[novation] i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe - ka hana hou no ka pono," wahi a Shapshank. "Ke hoʻoponopono nei nā kānaka i nā pilikia maoli ma ʻApelika. No ke aha mai? No ka mea, pono mākou; no ka mea, he pilikia maoli ko makou.

Ua hoʻomaka wau i kēia ʻāpana ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i nā kumu he mea kupaianaha nā smartphones. Ma mua o ka hīmeni ʻana i nā hoʻomaikaʻi o ke kelepona, kamaʻilio ʻo Shapshak e pili ana i nā mea hou i ʻApelika i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kelepona hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi. Haʻi ʻo ia M-PESA he laʻana: he ʻōnaehana uku ia e "hana ma kēlā me kēia kelepona hiki, no ka mea hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka SMS." Kāhea ʻo Shapshak i nā kelepona "ʻo nā kelepona o ʻApelika." I ko mākou hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana, ʻike ka hapa nui o mākou i ka honua i kūkulu ʻia i nā kelepona hiʻona he mau mea hoʻohenehene; ma ʻApelika, ʻo kēia mau kelepona nā mea hana no ka ʻenehana ʻenehana. Ma muli paha o kēia ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa - ʻike ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mobile ma ʻApelika no ka mea ke ʻimi ʻia nei nā ala āpau a pau, a ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā mea hana āpau e hana ai i kēlā mākaʻikaʻi.

Ua hoʻopau ʻo Shapshak i kāna kamaʻilio ʻana me ka ʻeli ʻana i ka honua i hoʻomohala ʻia: "Lohe ʻoe i ke komohana e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana hou ma ka ʻaoʻao - ʻoiaʻiʻo ke hana nei ma ka ʻaoʻao, no ka mea ma ka waena ke hoʻonui nei nā mea a pau iā Facebook." Wahi a Shapshak, pono mākou e ʻimi i ʻApelika no nā hana hou a ʻokiʻoki i ka ʻenehana. ʻAʻole wale ka ulu ʻana o ʻApelika - ke kuhikuhi nei paha ka ʻāina i ke ala i ka wā e hiki mai ana no ke koena o ka honua. ʻO Microsoft 4 ʻApelika hoʻolaha maikaʻi: "hiki i ka ʻenehana ke hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana no ʻApelika, a hiki i ʻApelika ke hoʻolalelale i ka ʻenehana no ka honua."