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Real vs. digito m'sukulu zosakanikirana za mawa: Tsogolo la maphunziro P4

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
LinkedIn

Lachiwiri, 09/15/2020 - 08:18

Mwamwambo, ophunzira ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti 'ulesi' pofotokoza momwe sukulu yawo imayendera ndiukadaulo watsopano. Mfundo zamakono zophunzitsira zakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, ngati si zaka mazana ambiri, pamene matekinoloje atsopano akhala akugwira ntchito kuti athetse kayendetsedwe ka sukulu kusiyana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo maphunziro a ophunzira.

Mwamwayi, mkhalidwe uwu uli pafupi kusintha kwathunthu. Zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi zidzawona a tsunami ya trends kukankhira dongosolo lathu la maphunziro kuti likhale lamakono kapena kufa.

Kuphatikiza zakuthupi ndi digito kuti mupange masukulu osakanikirana

'Sukulu yophatikizika' ndi liwu lomwe limapezeka m'magulu a maphunziro ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Mwachidule: Sukulu yophatikizika imaphunzitsa ophunzira ake mkati mwa makoma a njerwa ndi matope komanso pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoperekera pa intaneti zomwe wophunzirayo amatha kuzilamulira.

Kuphatikiza zida za digito mukalasi ndizosapeweka. Koma malinga ndi mmene aphunzitsi amaonera, dziko latsopano lolimba mtima limeneli likhoza kusokoneza ntchito ya uphunzitsi, n’kusokoneza mfundo zachikhalidwe zimene aphunzitsi okalamba amaphunzira kwa moyo wawo wonse. Kuphatikiza apo, sukulu ikadalira kwambiri zaukadaulo, m'pamenenso chiwopsezo cha kuthyolako kapena kusokonekera kwa IT kumakhudza tsiku lasukulu; osatchulanso kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo ndi oyang'anira omwe akufunika kuti ayendetse masukulu osakanikirana awa.

Komabe, akatswiri amaphunziro omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo chowonjezereka amawona kusinthaku kukhala koyenera. Polola mapulogalamu ophunzitsira amtsogolo kuti azigwira ntchito zambiri zamakalasi ndikukonzekera maphunziro, aphunzitsi amatha kugwira ntchito moyenera komanso moyenera. Adzakhala ndi nthawi yochulukirapo yocheza ndi ophunzira ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zawo zamaphunziro.

Nanga masukulu ophatikizana ali bwanji mu 2016?

Kumapeto kumodzi kwawonetsero, pali masukulu osakanikirana monga French computer science Institute, 42. Sukulu yamakono yamakono iyi imatsegulidwa 24/7, idapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe mungapeze poyambitsa, ndipo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, ndizodzipanga zokha. Palibe aphunzitsi kapena olamulira; m'malo mwake, ophunzira adzipanga okha m'magulu ndikuphunzira kulemba ma code pogwiritsa ntchito mapulojekiti ndi intranet yophunzirira bwino kwambiri ya e-learning.

Pakadali pano, kufalikira kwa masukulu ophatikizana ndikodziwika kwambiri. Awa ndi masukulu okhala ndi ma TV m'chipinda chilichonse komanso komwe mapiritsi amalimbikitsidwa kapena kuperekedwa. Awa ndi masukulu okhala ndi ma lab apakompyuta odzaza bwino komanso makalasi olembera. Awa ndi masukulu omwe amapereka ma electives ndi majors omwe amatha kuphunziridwa pa intaneti ndikuyesedwa mkalasi.

Zongoyang'ana pang'onopang'ono monga zina mwazosintha zama digito zingawonekere poyerekeza ndi zotuluka ngati 42, sizinamveke zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Koma monga momwe tawonera m'mutu wapitawu wa mndandanda uno, sukulu yosakanikirana yamtsogolo idzapititsa patsogolo lusoli kupyolera mu kuyambitsa nzeru zamakono (AI), Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), ndi zenizeni zenizeni (VR). Tiyeni tifufuze chilichonse mwatsatanetsatane.

Kupanga nzeru m'kalasi

Makina opangidwa kuti aziphunzitsa anthu ndi mbiri yakale. Sydney Pressey anapanga woyamba makina ophunzirira m'ma 1920, kutsatiridwa ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino Mtundu wa BF Skinner inatulutsidwa mu 1950s. Kubwerezabwereza kosiyanasiyana kunatsatira m'zaka zambiri, koma onse adagwidwa ndi chitsutso chofala chakuti ophunzira sangaphunzitsidwe pamzere; sangaphunzire pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzirira za robotic.

Mwamwayi, kutsutsa uku sikunaletse akatswiri kuti apitirize kufunafuna maphunziro opatulika. Ndipo mosiyana ndi Pressey ndi Skinner, oyambitsa maphunziro amasiku ano ali ndi mwayi wopeza makompyuta akuluakulu opangidwa ndi data, omwe amapereka mapulogalamu apamwamba a AI. Ndiukadaulo watsopanowu, wophatikizidwa ndi chiphunzitso chazaka zana, chomwe chikukopa osewera akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono kuti alowe ndikupikisana nawo pamsika wa AI-mu-kalasi.

Kuchokera kumbali yamabungwe, tikuwona osindikiza mabuku ngati McGraw-Hill Education akudzisintha kukhala makampani aukadaulo wamaphunziro ngati njira yodzipatulira kutali ndi msika womwe watsala pang'ono kufa. Mwachitsanzo, McGraw-Hill akugulitsa ndalama adaptive digito courseware, yotchedwa ALEKS, cholinga chake n’chothandiza aphunzitsi pothandiza kuphunzitsa ndi kukweza ana asukulu pamaphunziro ovuta a Science, Technology, Engineering ndi Mathematics (STEM). Komabe, zomwe pulogalamuyi singachite ndikumvetsetsa nthawi kapena pomwe wophunzira akuvutika kuti amvetsetse phunziro, ndipo ndipamene mphunzitsi waumunthu amabwera kudzapereka chidziwitso chamunthu payekhapayekha, zomwe mapulogalamuwa sangathe kuthandizira. … pa.

Pa mbali ya sayansi yovuta, asayansi aku Europe omwe ali gawo la kafukufuku wa EU, L2TOR (kutchulidwa kuti "El Tutor"), akugwira ntchito modabwitsa, machitidwe ophunzitsira a AI. Chomwe chimapangitsa machitidwewa kukhala apadera ndi chakuti, pambali pa kuphunzitsa ndi kutsata maphunziro a ophunzira, makamera awo apamwamba ndi maikolofoni amathanso kutenga zizindikiro zamaganizo ndi thupi monga chimwemwe, kunyong'onyeka, chisoni, chisokonezo ndi zina. Chidziwitso chowonjezera ichi chanzeru zamagulu chidzalola makina ophunzitsira a AI ndi maloboti kuti azindikire wophunzira akamamva kapena sakumvetsetsa mitu yomwe akuphunzitsidwa.

Koma osewera akulu kwambiri mderali amachokera ku Silicon Valley. Pakati pa makampani apamwamba kwambiri ndi Knewton, kampani yomwe ikuyesera kudziyika ngati Google ya maphunziro a achinyamata. Imagwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu osinthika kuti iwunikire momwe amachitira komanso mayeso ochuluka a ophunzira omwe amaphunzitsa kuti apange mbiri yawoyawokha yophunzirira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusintha njira zake zophunzitsira. Kuyika njira ina, imaphunzira zizolowezi zophunzirira za ophunzira pakapita nthawi ndiyeno imapereka zida zamaphunziro kwa iwo m'njira yomwe ili yoyenera pazokonda zawo zophunzirira.

Pomaliza, pakati pazabwino za aphunzitsi a AIwa ndi kuthekera kwawo kuyesa ophunzira bwino pamaphunziro awo. Panopa, mayeso opangidwa ndi mapepala sangayese bwino chidziwitso cha ophunzira omwe ali patsogolo kwambiri kapena kuseri kwa kalasi; koma ndi ma aligorivimu a AI, titha kuyamba kukweza ophunzira pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kosinthika komwe kumapangidwa payekhapayekha malinga ndi momwe wophunzira akumvera, potero akupereka chithunzi chomveka bwino cha kupita patsogolo kwawo konse. Mwanjira iyi, kuyesa kwamtsogolo kudzayesa kukula kwa kuphunzira payekha, m'malo mwa luso loyambira.

Mosasamala kanthu za njira yophunzitsira ya AI yomwe pamapeto pake idzalamulira msika wamaphunziro, pofika chaka cha 2025, machitidwe a AI adzakhala chida chodziwika bwino m'masukulu ambiri, pamapeto pake mpaka mkalasi. Athandiza aphunzitsi kukonzekera bwino maphunziro, kutsata maphunziro a ophunzira, kusinthiratu kaphunzitsidwe ndi kusanja mitu yosankhidwa, komanso kumasula nthawi yokwanira kuti aphunzitsi azipereka chithandizo chamunthu payekha kwa ophunzira awo.

MOOCs ndi maphunziro a digito

Ngakhale aphunzitsi a AI atha kukhala njira zoperekera maphunziro m'makalasi athu amtsogolo a digito, ma MOOC amayimira zomwe zingawalimbikitse.

M'mutu woyamba wa mndandanda uno, tidalankhula za momwe zidzakhalire kwakanthawi kuti mabungwe ndi mabungwe ophunzirira azindikire madigiri ndi ziphaso zomwe apeza kuchokera ku MOOCs. Ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ziphaso zozindikirika kuti mitengo yomaliza maphunziro a MOOC yakhalabe yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi maphunziro amunthu payekha.

Koma ngakhale sitima ya MOOC hype mwina idakhazikika pang'ono, ma MOOCs ali kale ndi gawo lalikulu pamaphunziro apano, ndipo idzangokulirakulira pakapita nthawi. Ndipotu, a 2012 US maphunziro adapeza kuti mamiliyoni asanu a undergrads (gawo limodzi mwa kotala la ophunzira onse aku US) m'mayunivesite ndi makoleji atenga kosi imodzi yapaintaneti. Pofika chaka cha 2020, opitilira theka la ophunzira akumayiko akumadzulo adzalembetsa kosi imodzi pa intaneti pazolemba zawo.

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikukankhira kukhazikitsidwa kwapaintaneti sichikukhudzana ndi kukwezeka kwa MOOC; ndi chifukwa chotsika mtengo komanso mwayi wosinthika womwe amapereka kwa mtundu wina wa maphunziro ogula: osauka. Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pamaphunziro a pa intaneti ndi ophunzira atsopano komanso okhwima omwe sangakwanitse kukhala kunyumba, kuphunzira nthawi zonse kapena kulipira wolera ana (izi sizikuwerengeranso ogwiritsa ntchito a MOOC ochokera kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene). Kuti athe kutengera msika wa ophunzira womwe ukukula mwachangu, mabungwe amaphunziro ayamba kupereka maphunziro apa intaneti kuposa kale. Ndipo ndizomwe zikuchulukirachulukirazi zomwe pamapeto pake zidzawona madigiri athunthu pa intaneti kukhala odziwika, odziwika ndikulemekezedwa pakati pa 2020s.

Chifukwa china chachikulu chomwe ma MOOCs amavutikira kumaliza maphunziro awo ndikuti amafuna kuti azilimbikitsidwa komanso kudzilamulira okha, mikhalidwe yomwe ophunzira achichepere alibe popanda kukakamizidwa ndi anzawo kuti awalimbikitse. Likulu lachitukuko ndi phindu lachete lomwe masukulu a njerwa ndi matope amapereka lomwe silinawerengedwe pamaphunziro. Madigiri a MOOC, mu thupi lawo lamakono, sangapereke zabwino zonse zofewa zomwe zimachokera ku mayunivesite achikhalidwe ndi makoleji, monga kuphunzira momwe mungadziwonetsere nokha, kugwira ntchito m'magulu, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kumanga maukonde a abwenzi omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana omwe. ikhoza kuthandizira kukula kwanu kwaukadaulo.

Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la chikhalidwe cha anthu, opanga MOOC akuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira ma MOOC. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

The altMBA ndi chilengedwe cha katswiri wotchuka wa zamalonda, Seth Godin, yemwe wakwanitsa 98 peresenti ya omaliza maphunziro a MOOC yake pogwiritsa ntchito kusankha mosamala ophunzira, ntchito zambiri zamagulu, ndi kuphunzitsa bwino. Werengani nkhaniyi za njira yake.

Ena oyambitsa maphunziro, monga edX CEO Anant Agarwal, akufuna kuphatikiza ma MOOC ndi mayunivesite azikhalidwe. Munthawi imeneyi, digiri ya zaka zinayi igawika kukhala ophunzira achaka choyamba omwe amangophunzira pa intaneti, kenako zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi akuphunzira kuyunivesite yachikhalidwe, ndi chaka chomaliza pa intaneti kachiwiri, pamodzi ndi maphunziro a internship kapena ma co-op.

Komabe, pofika chaka cha 2030, zomwe zidzachitike ndizakuti mayunivesite ndi makoleji ambiri (makamaka omwe ali ndi mapepala osagwira bwino ntchito) ayamba kupereka ma MOOC ochirikizidwa ndi digiri ndikutseka masukulu awo okwera mtengo kwambiri komanso masukulu ovutitsa kwambiri a njerwa ndi matope. Aphunzitsi, ma TA ndi othandizira ena omwe amapitilizabe kulipira amasungidwa kwa ophunzira omwe ali okonzeka kulipirira maphunziro awo pawokha kapena gulu pawokha kapena kudzera pavidiyo. Pakadali pano, mayunivesite omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri (mwachitsanzo, omwe amathandizidwa ndi olemera komanso olumikizidwa bwino) komanso makoleji aukadaulo apitiliza njira yawo yoyamba ya njerwa ndi matope.

Zowona zenizeni zimalowetsa m'kalasi

Pazokamba zathu zonse zakusokonekera komwe ophunzira amakumana ndi ma MOOCs, pali ukadaulo umodzi womwe ungathe kuchiza izi: VR. Pofika chaka cha 2025, mayunivesite onse apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi asayansi ndi matekinoloje ndi makoleji adzaphatikiza mtundu wina wa VR mumaphunziro awo, poyambira ngati chinthu chachilendo, koma pamapeto pake ngati chida chophunzitsira ndi kuyerekezera.

VR ikuyesedwa kale pa madotolo ophunzira kuphunzira za anatomy ndi opaleshoni. Makoleji ophunzitsa zamalonda zovuta amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yapadera ya VR. Asitikali aku US amazigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pophunzitsa ndege komanso pokonzekera ma ops apadera.

Komabe, pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2030, opereka ma MOOCs monga Coursera, edX, kapena Udacity pamapeto pake ayamba kumanga masukulu akuluakulu a VR, mabwalo ophunzirira, ndi masitudiyo amisonkhano omwe ophunzira ochokera padziko lonse lapansi amatha kupita nawo ndikuwunika pogwiritsa ntchito ma avatar awo. kudzera pamutu wa VR. Izi zikachitika, zomwe zikusowa pamaphunziro amakono a MOOC zidzathetsedwa kwambiri. Ndipo kwa ambiri, moyo wapampasi wa VR uwu ukhala wovomerezeka komanso wokwaniritsa pasukulupo.

Kuphatikiza apo, pamalingaliro amaphunziro, VR imatsegula kuphulika kwa zotheka zatsopano. Tangoganizani Basi ya Ms. Frizzle Magic School koma m'moyo weniweni. Mawa mawa mayunivesite apamwamba, makoleji, ndi opereka maphunziro a digito adzapikisana pa omwe angapatse ophunzira zochitika za VR zokopa kwambiri, zamoyo, zosangalatsa, komanso zamaphunziro.

Tangoganizani mphunzitsi wa mbiri yakale akufotokoza za nthano za mtundu pouza ophunzira ake kuti aime pakati pa anthu mumsika wa Washington akuwonerera Martin Luther King, Jr. akukamba mawu ake oti 'Ndili ndi maloto'. Kapena mphunzitsi wa biology akuchepetsa kalasi yake kuti afufuze zamkati mwa thupi la munthu. Kapena mphunzitsi wa zakuthambo amene amatsogolera chombo chodzadza ndi ophunzira ake kuti afufuze mlalang’amba wathu wa Milky Way. Mahedifoni am'tsogolo amtsogolo apangitsa kuti zonse izi zitheke.

VR ithandiza maphunziro kuti afike m'badwo watsopano wamtengo wapatali ndikuwulula anthu okwanira ku kuthekera kwa VR kuti ukadaulo uwu ukhale wokopa kwa anthu ambiri.

Zowonjezera: Maphunziro opitilira 2050

Chiyambireni kulemba mndandanda uno, owerenga ochepa adalemba ndikufunsa za malingaliro athu za momwe maphunziro adzagwirira ntchito mpaka mtsogolo, 2050 yapitayi. Kodi chidzachitike ndi chiyani tikadzayamba kupanga majini ana athu kuti akhale ndi luntha lapamwamba, monga tafotokozera m'mabuku athu. Tsogolo la Chisinthiko cha Anthu mndandanda? Kapena tikayamba kuyika makompyuta omwe ali ndi intaneti m'mitima mwathu, monga tafotokozera mchira wathu. Tsogolo Lamakompyuta ndi Tsogolo la intaneti mndandanda'.

Mayankho a mafunsowa amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mitu yomwe yalongosoledwa kale munkhani za Tsogolo la Maphunziro. Kwa iwo amtsogolo, osinthidwa chibadwa, ana anzeru omwe adzakhala ndi chidziwitso cha dziko lapansi popanda zingwe muubongo wawo, ndizowona kuti safunikiranso sukulu kuti aphunzire zambiri. Pofika nthawiyo, kupeza chidziwitso kudzakhala kwachilengedwe komanso kosavuta ngati mpweya wopumira.

Komabe, chidziwitso chokha ndi chachabechabe popanda nzeru ndi luso lokonzekera bwino, kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zanenedwazo. Komanso, ophunzira amtsogolo atha kutsitsa buku lomwe limawaphunzitsa momwe angapangire tebulo la pikiniki, koma sangathe kutsitsa zomwe zidachitika komanso luso lagalimoto lofunikira kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi molimba mtima komanso molimba mtima. Mwazonse, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zenizeni padziko lonse lapansi zomwe ziwonetsetse kuti ophunzira amtsogolo apitiliza kulemekeza masukulu awo.

Muzonse, ukadaulo wokhazikitsidwa kuti upangitse dongosolo lathu lamaphunziro lamtsogolo, posachedwapa, lidzakhazikitsa demokalase njira yophunzirira madigiri apamwamba. Kukwera mtengo ndi zolepheretsa kupeza maphunziro apamwamba zidzatsika kwambiri kotero kuti pamapeto pake maphunziro adzakhala oyenera kuposa mwayi kwa omwe angakwanitse. Ndipo m’menemo, kufanana kwa anthu kudzatenga sitepe linanso lalikulu patsogolo.