I-Quantumrun

ISIKWELETU SESITHOMBE: I-Quantumrun

I-Real vs. digital ezikoleni ezixubile zakusasa: Ikusasa lezemfundo P4

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
I-LinkedIn

ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 08:18

Ngokwesiko, iningi labafundi lingasebenzisa igama elithi 'ivila' ukuchaza ukuthi isikole sabo sizibandakanya kanjani nobuchwepheshe obusha. Izinkambiso zokufundisa zesimanje sezikhona amashumi eminyaka, uma kungewona amakhulu eminyaka, kuyilapho ubuchwepheshe obusha buye basebenza kakhulu ukuze kulungiswe ukuphathwa kwesikole kunokusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukufunda kwabafundi.

Ngokujabulisayo, lesi simo esikhona simayelana noshintsho ngokuphelele. Emashumini eminyaka ezayo azobona a i-tsunami yezitayela siphushela uhlelo lwethu lwemfundo ukuthi lwenziwe lube ngesimanje noma lufe.

Ukuhlanganisa ngokomzimba kanye nedijithali ukudala izikole ezihlanganisiwe

'Isikole esixubile' yitemu elitholakala emibuthanweni yezemfundo elinemizwa exubile. Kalula nje: Isikole esihlanganisiwe sifundisa abafundi baso ngaphakathi kwezindonga zaso zezitini nodaka nangokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okulethwa ku-inthanethi umfundi anezinga elithile lokulawula.

Ukuhlanganisa amathuluzi edijithali ekilasini kuyinto engenakugwenywa. Kodwa ngokombono kathisha, lo mhlaba omusha onesibindi ubeka engcupheni umsebenzi wokufundisa, ubhidliza izimiso zokufunda zendabuko othisha asebekhulile abazichitha impilo yabo yonke befunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho isikole sincike kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, kuyanda usongo lokugetshengwa noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-IT okunomthelela osukwini lwesikole; ingasaphathwa eyokunyuka kwabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe nabaphathi abadingekayo ukuze kuphathwe lezi zikole ezixubile.

Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bezemfundo abanethemba elikhulu babona lolu shintsho njengento enhle ngokuqapha. Ngokuvumela isofthiwe yokufundisa yesikhathi esizayo iphathe iningi lokugreda nokuhlela izifundo, othisha bangasebenza ngokuphumelelayo nangempumelelo. Bazoba nesikhathi esithe xaxa sokuxoxa nabafundi futhi babhekane nezidingo zabo zokufunda ngabanye.

Ngakho-ke sinjani isimo sezikole ezihlanganisiwe kusukela ngo-2016?

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-spectrum, kunezikole ezihlanganisiwe njengesikhungo sesayensi yamakhompiyutha saseFrance, 42. Lesi sikole sokubhala amakhodi esisezingeni eliphezulu sivulwa ngo-24/7, sakhiwe ngezinto eziningi ongazithola lapho uqala, futhi okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi sizenzakalela ngokuphelele. Abekho othisha noma abaphathi; esikhundleni salokho, abafundi bazihlele babe ngamaqembu futhi bafunde ukubhala ikhodi besebenzisa amaphrojekthi kanye ne-intranethi ye-e-learning enemininingwane.

Ngaleso sikhathi, inguqulo esabalele yezikole ezihlanganisiwe ijwayeleke kakhulu. Lezi yizikole ezinama-TV kuwo wonke amagumbi nalapho kukhuthazwa khona amaphilisi noma kunikezwa khona. Lezi yizikole ezinamalebhu amakhompiyutha agcwele kahle namakilasi okubhala amakhodi. Lezi yizikole ezihlinzeka ngama-electives nama-majors angafundwa ku-inthanethi futhi ahlolwe ekilasini.

Ngokukha phezulu njengoba okunye kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa kwedijithali kungase kubonakale kuqhathaniswa nabangaphandle njenge-42, bekungakaze kuzwakale emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Kodwa njengoba kuhlolisisiwe esahlukweni sangaphambilini salolu chungechunge, isikole esihlanganisiwe sesikhathi esizayo sizothatha lezi zinto ezintsha siziyise kwelinye izinga ngokwethula ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), Izifundo Ezivulekile Eziku-inthanethi Eziyi-Massive (MOOCs), kanye ne-virtual reality (VR). Ake sihlole ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe.

Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ekilasini

Imishini eklanyelwe ukufundisa abantu inomlando omude. USydney Pressey wasungula eyokuqala umshini wokufundisa ngawo-1920, kwalandelwa isazi sokuziphatha esidumile Inguqulo ye-BF Skinner eyakhishwa ngawo-1950. Izinhlobonhlobo zokuphindaphinda zalandela phakathi neminyaka, kodwa konke kwaba izisulu zokugxeka okuvamile ukuthi abafundi abakwazi ukufundiswa emugqeni womhlangano; abakwazi ukufunda besebenzisa izindlela zokufunda ezihleliwe, ezihleliwe.

Ngenhlanhla, lokhu kugxeka akuzange kuvimbe abasunguli abasha ukuthi baqhubeke nokufuna imfundo ephakeme. Futhi ngokungafani noPressey no-Skinner, abasunguli bezemfundo banamuhla banokufinyelela kumakhompyutha amakhulu akhuthazwe yidatha, anika amandla isoftware ye-AI ethuthukisiwe. Yilobu buchwepheshe obusha, obuhlanganiswe nethiyori yokufundisa engaphezu kwekhulu, eheha inqwaba yabadlali abakhulu nabancane ukuthi bangenele futhi baqhudelane kule niche, imakethe ye-AI-in-the-classroom.

Ngasohlangothini lwesikhungo, sibona abashicileli bezincwadi abanjengoMcGraw-Hill Education beziguqula babe izinkampani zobuchwepheshe bezemfundo njengendlela yokuzihlukanisa nemakethe yezincwadi zokufunda ezifayo. Isibonelo, uMcGraw-Hill ubhanga i- i-adaptive digital courseware, ebizwa nge-ALEKS, lokho kuhloselwe ukusiza othisha ngokusiza ekufundiseni nasekufakeni amamaki abafundi ezifundweni ezinzima zeSayensi, Ubuchwepheshe, Ubunjiniyela neMathematika (STEM). Nokho, lokho lolu hlelo olungakwazi ukukwenza ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi nini noma kuphi lapho umfundi engena ebunzimeni bokuqonda isifundo, futhi yilapho uthisha ongumuntu engena khona ukuze anikeze leyo mininingwane yomuntu ngamunye, yangokwezifiso lezi zinhlelo ezingakwazi ukuyisekela. ... okwamanje.

Ngasohlangothini lwesayensi eqinile, ososayensi baseYurophu abayingxenye yohlelo locwaningo lwe-EU, I-L2TOR (ebizwa ngokuthi "El Tutor"), basebenzisana nezinhlelo zokufundisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo, ze-AI. Okwenza lezi zinhlelo zihluke ukuthi, ngaphandle kokufundisa nokulandelela ukufunda kwabafundi, amakhamera abo kanye nemibhobho ethuthukisiwe iyakwazi nokuthatha izimpawu ezithinta imizwa nomzimba njengenjabulo, isithukuthezi, ukudabuka, ukudideka nokunye. Lesi sigaba esingeziwe sobuhlakani bezenhlalo sizovumela lezi zinhlelo zokufundisa ze-AI namarobhothi ukuthi ezwe lapho umfundi eziqondisa noma engasaziqondi izihloko azifundiswayo.

Kodwa abadlali abakhulu kulesi sikhala baqhamuka eSilicon Valley. Phakathi kwezinkampani ezisezingeni eliphezulu kukhona i-Knewton, inkampani ezama ukuzibeka njenge-Google yemfundo yentsha. Isebenzisa ama-algorithms aguquguqukayo ukuze ilandelele ukusebenza kanye nezikolo zokuhlolwa kwabafundi ebafundisayo ukuze bakhe amaphrofayili okufunda ngamunye ebese iwasebenzisela ukwenza ngokwezifiso izindlela zayo zokufundisa. Uma sibeka enye indlela, ifunda imikhuba yokufunda yabafundi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bese ibahambisela izinto zesifundo ngendlela evumelana kangcono nalokho abakuthandayo.

Okokugcina, phakathi kwezinzuzo ezibalulekile zalaba thisha be-AI kuzoba yikhono labo lokuhlola ngempumelelo abafundi ekufundeni kwabo. Okwamanje, izivivinyo ezimisiwe ezisekelwe ephepheni azikwazi ukulinganisa ngempumelelo ulwazi lwabafundi abakude noma abangemuva kakhulu kwejika lekilasi; kodwa ngama-algorithms e-AI, singakwazi ukuqala ukugreda abafundi sisebenzisa ukuhlola okushintshashintshayo okwenziwa ngazinye ezingeni lamanje lokuqonda lomfundi, ngaleyo ndlela sinikeze isithombe esicacile senqubekelaphambili yabo iyonke. Ngale ndlela, ukuhlola okuzayo kuzokala ukukhula kokufunda komuntu ngamunye, esikhundleni sobungcweti besisekelo.

Noma ngabe yiluphi uhlelo lokufundisa lwe-AI olugcina luphethe imakethe yezemfundo, ngo-2025, izinhlelo ze-AI zizoba yithuluzi elivamile ezikoleni eziningi, ekugcineni kuze kufike ezingeni lekilasi. Bazosiza othisha bahlele kangcono izifundo, balandelele ukufunda kwabafundi, benze ukufundisa nokuhlelwa kwezihloko ezikhethiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, futhi bakhulule ngokuphelele isikhathi esanele sokuba othisha banikeze ukusekelwa komuntu siqu kakhudlwana kubafundi babo.

Ama-MOOC kanye nekharikhulamu yedijithali

Nakuba othisha be-AI bengase babe izinhlelo zokulethwa kwemfundo zamakilasi ethu edijithali azayo, ama-MOOC amele okuqukethwe kokufunda okuzobagqugquzela.

Esahlukweni sokuqala salolu chungechunge, sikhulume ngokuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokuthi izinkampani ezanele nezikhungo zemfundo zibone iziqu nezitifiketi ezitholwe kuma-MOOC. Futhi kungenxa yalokhu kuntuleka kwezitifiketi eziqashelwayo ukuthi amanani okuphothula izifundo ze-MOOC ahlale engaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo zomuntu siqu.

Kodwa nakuba isitimela se-MOOC hype kungenzeka ukuthi sesizinzile ngandlela thize, ama-MOOC asevele adlala indima enkulu ohlelweni lwamanje lwezemfundo, futhi azokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eqinisweni, a Ucwaningo lwase-US lwango-2012 ithole ukuthi abafundi abangaphansi kwezigidi ezinhlanu (ikota yabo bonke abafundi base-US) emanyuvesi nasemakolishi bathathe okungenani isifundo esisodwa se-inthanethi. Ngo-2020, ngaphezu kwesigamu sabafundi emazweni aseNtshonalanga bazobhalisa okungenani isifundo esisodwa se-inthanethi emibhalweni yabo.

Isici esikhulu esiphusha lokhu kwamukelwa ku-inthanethi akuhlangene nokuphakama kwe-MOOC; kungenxa yezindleko eziphansi kanye nezinzuzo zokuguquguquka abakunikeza uhlobo oluthile lwemfundo abathengi: abampofu. Isisekelo esikhulu sabasebenzisi sezifundo ze-inthanethi yilabo bafundi abasha nabavuthiwe abangakwazi ukuhlala endaweni, ukufunda isikhathi esigcwele noma ukukhokhela umzanyana (lokhu akubali ngisho nabasebenzisi be-MOOC abavela emazweni asathuthuka). Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nale makethe yabafundi ekhula ngokushesha, izikhungo zemfundo seziqala ukunikeza izifundo eziku-inthanethi eziningi kunangaphambili. Futhi yilokhu kuthambekela okwandayo okuzogcina kubone amadigri agcwele aku-inthanethi abe yinsakavukela, aqashelwa futhi ahlonishwe maphakathi nawo-2020.

Esinye isizathu esikhulu esenza ama-MOOC ahlupheke ngezinga eliphansi lokuphothula ukuthi afuna izinga eliphezulu lokugqugquzelwa nokuzilawula, izimfanelo abafundi abancane abangenazo ngaphandle kwengcindezi yenhlalo yomuntu siqu kanye neyontanga ukuze ibakhuthaze. Le mali yezenhlalakahle iyinzuzo ethule enikezwa izikole zezitini nodaka engafakwanga emfundweni. Amadigri e-MOOC, enyameni yawo yamanje, awakwazi ukunikeza zonke izinzuzo ezithambile ezivela emanyuvesi endabuko nasemakolishi, njengokufunda indlela yokuzethula, ukusebenza ngamaqembu, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukwakha inethiwekhi yabangane abanomqondo ofanayo ingase isekele ukukhula kwakho kochwepheshe esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu kusilela komphakathi, abaklami be-MOOC bazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuguqula ama-MOOC. Lokhu kubandakanya:

The i-altMBA iwukudalwa kwengcweti yokukhangisa edumile, u-Seth Godin, ozuze izinga lokuphothula elingamaphesenti angama-98 ku-MOOC yakhe ngokusebenzisa ukukhetha ngokucophelela kwabafundi, umsebenzi omningi weqembu, nokuqeqeshwa kwekhwalithi. Funda lokhu kuhlukaniswa yendlela yakhe.

Abanye abasunguli bezemfundo, abafana no-CEO we-edX u-Anant Agarwal, bahlongoza ukuhlanganisa ama-MOOC namanyuvesi endabuko. Kulesi simo, iziqu zeminyaka emine zizohlukaniswa zibe izitshudeni zonyaka wokuqala ezifunda ku-inthanethi kuphela, bese kuthi iminyaka emibili ezayo zifunde endaweni engokwesiko yasenyuvesi, kanye nonyaka wokugcina ku-inthanethi futhi, eduze ne-internship noma ukufakwa ngokubambisana.

Kodwa-ke, ngo-2030, isimo esingase sibe khona kuzoba ukuthi amanyuvesi amaningi namakolishi (ikakhulukazi lawo anama-balance sheets angasebenzi kahle) azoqala ukunikeza ama-MOOC asekelwe ngeziqu futhi avale ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zawo kanye namakhempasi awo asebenza ngezitini nodaka. Othisha, ama-TA kanye nezinye izisebenzi ezibasekelayo abazigcinayo ekukhokheni bazogcinelwa abafundi abazimisele ukukhokhela izikhathi zokufundisa zomuntu ngamunye noma zeqembu mathupha noma ngenkomfa yevidiyo. Khonamanjalo, amanyuvesi axhaswe ngezimali kangcono (okungukuthi lawo asekelwa abacebile nabaxhumene kahle) namakolishi okuhweba azoqhubeka nendlela yawo yokuqala yezitini nodaka.

I-Virtual reality ingena esikhundleni sekilasi

Kuyo yonke inkulumo yethu mayelana nokushoda kwezenhlalo okutholwa ngabafundi ngama-MOOC, kunobuchwepheshe obubodwa obunamandla okwelapha lowo mkhawulo: I-VR. Ngo-2025, wonke amanyuvesi namakolishi aphambili emhlabeni kwezesayensi namatheknoloji azohlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-VR kukharikhulamu yawo, ekuqaleni njengento entsha, kodwa ekugcineni njengethuluzi lokuqeqesha elijulile nelokulingisa.

I-VR isivele iyahlolwa kodokotela abangabafundi ukufunda nge-anatomy nokuhlinzwa. Amakolishi afundisa imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi asebenzisa izinguqulo ezikhethekile ze-VR. Amasosha ase-US ayisebenzisa kakhulu ekuqeqesheni indiza nasekulungiseleleni ama-ops akhethekile.

Kodwa-ke, maphakathi nawo-2030s, abahlinzeki be-MOOCs abafana ne-Coursera, i-edX, noma i-Udacity ekugcineni bazoqala ukwakha amakhampasi e-VR amakhulu futhi amangalisayo, amahholo ezinkulumo, nezitudiyo zeshabhu abafundi abavela emhlabeni wonke abangaya kuzo futhi bazihlole besebenzisa ama-avatar abo abonakalayo. ngehedisethi ye-VR. Uma lokhu sekuba ngokoqobo, ingxenye yomphakathi engekho ezifundweni zanamuhla ze-MOOC izoxazululwa kakhulu. Futhi kwabaningi, le mpilo yekhempasi ye-VR izoba okuhlangenwe nakho okusemthethweni nokwanelisayo kwekhampasi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wezemfundo, i-VR ivula ukuqhuma kwamathuba amasha. Cabanga nje Ibhasi Lesikole Somlingo likaNksz Frizzle kodwa empilweni yangempela. Amanyuvesi aphezulu kusasa, amakolishi, nabahlinzeki bemfundo yedijithali bazoqhudelana ngokuthi ubani ongahlinzeka abafundi ngolwazi oluheha kakhulu, olufana nempilo, olujabulisayo, nolufundisayo lwe-VR.

Cabanga ngothisha wezomlando echaza ithiyori yomjaho ngokwenza abafundi bakhe bame phakathi kwesixuku enxanxatheleni yezitolo eWashington babukele u-Martin Luther King, Jr. ethula inkulumo yakhe ethi 'Nginephupho'. Noma uthisha webhayoloji wacishe wanciphisa ikilasi lakhe ukuze ahlole ingaphakathi lemvelo yomuntu. Noma uthisha wesayensi yezinkanyezi oqondisa umkhumbi-mkhathi ogcwele abafundi bakhe ukuze bahlole umthala wethu i-Milky Way. Amahedisethi abonakalayo esizukulwane esilandelayo azokwenza wonke lawa mathuba okufundisa abe ngokoqobo.

I-VR izosiza imfundo ifinyelele enkathini entsha yegolide kuyilapho iveza abantu abanele emathubeni e-VR ukwenza lobu buchwepheshe bukhange kubantu abaningi.

Isengezo: Imfundo ngaphezu kuka-2050

Selokhu sabhala lolu chungechunge, abafundi abambalwa baye babhala bebuza ngemicabango yethu mayelana nokuthi imfundo izosebenza kanjani esikhathini esizayo, esidlule ngo-2050. Kuzokwenzekani uma siqala ukwenza izakhi zofuzo izingane zethu zibe nobuhlakani obukhulu, njengoba kushiwo encwadini yethu Ikusasa Lokuziphendukela Kwabantu uchungechunge? Noma lapho siqala ukufaka amakhompiyutha anikwe amandla i-inthanethi ngaphakathi kobuchopho bethu, njengoba kushiwo ekugcineni komsila wethu. Ikusasa Lamakhompyutha futhi Ikusasa le-inthanethi uchungechunge'.

Izimpendulo zale mibuzo zihambisana kakhulu nezindikimba eseziveziwe kulo lonke lolu chungechunge Lwekusasa Lezemfundo. Kulezo zingane zakusasa, ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo, ezihlakaniphile ezizoba nedatha yomhlaba ngokungenantambo ebuchosheni bazo, kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngeke zisasidinga isikole ukuze zifunde ulwazi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukutholwa kolwazi kuzoba ngokwemvelo futhi kulula njengokuphefumula umoya.

Nokho, ulwazi lulodwa alunamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuhlakanipha nolwazi lokucubungula kahle, ukuhumusha nokusebenzisa ulwazi olushiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi besikhathi esizayo bangase bakwazi ukulanda imanuwali ebafundisa ukuthi bangalakha kanjani ithebula lepikiniki, kodwa abakwazi ukulanda ulwazi namakhono emoto adingekayo ukuze bafeze leyo phrojekthi ngokomzimba nangokuzethemba. Sekukonke, yilokho ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wangempela kolwazi okuzoqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bakusasa bayaqhubeka nokwazisa izikole zabo.

Sekukonke, ubuchwepheshe obubekwe ukuthi bunike amandla uhlelo lwethu lwezemfundo lwesikhathi esizayo, esikhathini esiseduze neside, buzokwenza intando yeningi inqubo yokufunda iziqu ezithuthukile. Izindleko eziphezulu nezithiyo zokufinyelela imfundo ephakeme zizokwehla kangangokuthi imfundo izogcina isiyilungelo elingaphezu kwelungelo lalabo abakwaziyo ukuyikhokhela. Futhi kuleyo nqubo, ukulingana komphakathi kuzothatha elinye futhi igxathu elikhulu eliya phambili.